B COURSE OUTCOME (CO) CHAPTER

1. Fluid Properties (CO1)

TOPIC

CO1 1
A Describe fluid properties and the
1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics: definition of fluids, application, dimension and units
1.2 Fluid Properties: Pressure, compressibility, density, specific weight, specific gravity,
A fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
concept
surface tension, dynamic viscosity, kinematics, viscosity

2 2. Fluid Statics (CO2)

2.1 Absolute Pressure and Gauge Pressure
2 CO2 2.2 Relationship between Pressure and Elevation
2.3 Pressure Measurement: Barometer and Manometer (Computation of Pressure Using
Analyze fluid mechanics system
7 and pressure measurement
Simple Manometer, U-Tube Manometer & Incline Manometer)
2.4 Hydrostatic force on Horizontal Flat Surfaces, Rectangular Wall
devices.
1
(vertical and inclined wall)
2.5 Determination the Centre of Pressure on the Surfaces
2.6 Hydrostatic y on Submerged Plane Area and Submerged Curved Surface
3 2.6 Buoyancy and Stability

3. Fluid Kinematics (CO3)

3
CO3 3.1 Introduction to Fluid Flow Rate

F Apply and analyze fluid 3.2 The Continuity Equation on Control Volume
3.3 The Bernoulli’s Equation
mechanics theories such as
3.4 Bernoulli’s Equation and Flow Measurements: Pitot Tube, Venturi Meter Pipe Orifices
L Bernoulli’s Theorem, Continuity
Equation, Darcy-Weisbach
and Orifices

U Equation and Reynold’s Number

in Fluid Mechanics system
4 4. Momentum Equation and its Applications (CO3)
4.1 Derivation of Momentum Equation

I
4.2 The Force of Impacts on: Flat Plate, Inclined Plane and Curved Vane

5. Analysis of Flow Pipelines (CO4)

5
D 5.1 Flow Classifications: Turbulent, Laminar, Transition
5.2 Introduction to Energy Loss in Pipe Flows
5.3 Energy Loss in Laminar Flows and Application of Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
5.4 Energy Loss in Turbulent Flows and Application of Darcy-Weisbach Equation

M
5.5 Various Equations for Friction Factor and Reynold's Number for Laminar and Turbulent
Flows. The use of Moody Chart to Obtain the Relationship between Friction Factor,
Reynold's Number and Relative Roughness.
E Design of Pipeline Diameter and Flow rate

C CO4 6 6 Steady Flow in Pipeline System (CO4)

6.1 Minor Losses Due to Disruptions in Normal Flow (e.g.: sudden enlargement and

H Analyze the pipeline systems as constriction of diameters, pipe inlet and outlet, bends and connections)
related to civil engineering and its 6.2 Derivation of Hydraulic Grade Line and Total Energy Line
6.3 Use of Total Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line for Flows to the Atmosphere,
A application for water distribution
through a Pipeline connecting two reservoirs
6.4 Flow through a Pipeline: pipeline in Series and Parallel
N 7 7. Water Distribution in Pipelines (CO4)

I
7.1 Hardy Cross (Loop) Method using Darcy Weisbach and Hazen William
7.2 Node (Branching Pipes) Method using Darcy Weisbach and Hazen William
7.3 Software application (Epanet)
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF FLOW
IN PIPELINES (CO4)

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEARNING OUTCOME
Define, apply and analyse:

1. Flow classifications: turbulent, laminar & transition

2. Energy loss in laminar flows and application of Hagen-
Poiseuille equation.
3. Energy loss in turbulent flows and application of Darcy-
Weisbach equation.
4. Various equations for friction factor and Reynold’s
number for laminar and turbulent flows. The use of
Moody chart to obtain the relationship between
friction factor, Reynold’s number and relative
roughness.
5. Design of pipeline diameter and flowrate.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 4 - war

5.1 Flow Classifications: Turbulent,
Laminar & Transition

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Turbulent Laminar & Transition Flow
Laminar
▪ Smooth streamlines and highly ordered motion.

Turbulent
▪ Velocity fluctuations and highly disordered motion.
▪ Most flows encountered in practice are turbulent.

Transition
▪ The flow fluctuates between laminar and turbulent flows.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Turbulent Flow
The elements of fluid appear to be mixing chaotically
within the stream.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Laminar Flow
▪ The flow appear to be smooth and steady.
▪ The stream has a fairly uniform diameter and there is
a little or no evidence of mixing of the various parts
of the stream.
▪ The fluid appears to be flowing in continuous layers
with little or no mixing from one layer to the adjacent
layers.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Laminar flow
The highly ordered fluid motion
characterized by smooth layers of fluid.
The flow of high-viscosity fluids such as
oils at low velocities is typically laminar.

Transitional flow
A flow that alternates between being
laminar and turbulent.

Turbulent flow
The highly disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high velocities and is
characterized by velocity fluctuations.
The flow of low-viscosity fluids such as
Laminar, transitional & turbulent air at high velocities is typically
flows over a flat plate. turbulent. BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war
Laminar & Turbulent Flow (cont)
The behavior of colored fluid injected into the flow in
laminar and turbulent flows in a pipe.

Laminar flow is encountered when highly

viscous fluids such as oils flow in small pipes or
narrow passages.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

laminar flow at low flow rate

turbulent flow at high flow rate

same as above but with a short

shutter exposure to capture
individual eddies.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Transition flow
Laminar and turbulent flow
regimes of candle smoke.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war
Reynold’s Number
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on
the geometry, surface roughness, flow velocity, surface
temperature, and type of fluid.

The flow regime depends mainly on the ratio of inertial

forces to viscous forces (Reynolds number).

𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝐯𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝑫 𝝆𝐯𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑫

𝑹𝒆 = = =
𝑽𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒗 𝝁

𝝁 Dynamic viscosity, μ (mu)

𝝂=
Kinematic viscosity, 𝝂 (nu) 𝝆

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Reynold’s Number (cont)
The Reynolds number can be viewed as the ratio of
inertial forces to viscous forces acting on a fluid
element.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Reynold’s Number (cont)
At large Reynolds
The inertial forces, which are proportional to the fluid density
and the square of the fluid velocity, are large relative to the
viscous forces, and thus the viscous forces cannot prevent
the random and rapid fluctuations of the fluid (turbulent).

At small or moderate Reynolds numbers

The viscous forces are large enough to suppress these
fluctuations and to keep the fluid “in line” (laminar).

Critical Reynolds number, Recr:

The reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent.
The value of the critical reynolds number is different for
different geometries and flow conditions.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Hydraulic Diameter
For flow through noncircular pipes,
the Reynolds number is based on
the hydraulic diameter.

𝟒𝑨𝒄
𝑫𝒉 =
𝑷

The hydraulic diameter

Dh = 4Ac/p is defined such that
it reduces to ordinary
diameter for circular tubes.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Used Of Reynold’s Number In PIPE SYSTEM
Application
If the Reynolds number for the flow is less than 2000, the flow
will be laminar.

Re < 2000 : laminar flow

If the Reynolds number is greater than 4000, the flow can be

assumed to be turbulent.

Re > 4000 : turbulent flow

In the range of Reynolds numbers between 2000 and 4000, it

is impossible to predict which type of flow exists; therefore this
range is called the critical region.

2000 < Re < 4000 : critical flow / region

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

 Differences Among Laminar, Turbulent &
Transition Flow In PIPE SYSTEM
Laminar Turbulent Transition
▪ Re < 2000 ▪ Re > 4000 ▪ 2000 < Re < 4000
▪ 'low' velocity ▪ ‘high velocity ▪ from low to high velocity
▪ Fluid particles move in ▪ Particle paths completely ▪ Particles move from
straight lines irregular straight to irregular

▪ Rare in practice in water ▪ Most common type of flow ▪ Occur in critical flow
systems region

Laminar Transition Turbulent

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war
5.2 Introduction to Energy Loss in Pipe
Flows

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

 The general energy equation:

Energy Loss In Pipe Flow

The general energy equation

𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒉𝑨 − 𝒉𝑹 = + + 𝒛𝟐 +𝒉𝑳
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒉𝑨 − 𝒉𝑹 − 𝒉𝑳 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

Where :
hA = energy added to the fluid with a mechanical device
such as pump ; this is often referred to as the total head of
pump
hR = energy removed from the fluid by a mechanical device
such as a fluid motor
hL = energy losses from the system due to friction in pipes or
minor losses due to valves and fittings

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

5.3 Energy Loss in Laminar Flows &
Application of Hagen- Poiseuille
Equation

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

 Hagen–Poiseuille Equation
valid only for laminar flow (Re < 2000)

𝟑𝟐𝝁𝑳𝒗
𝒉𝑳 =
𝜸𝑫𝟐

Friction loss in laminar flow

𝐿 𝑣 2 32𝜇𝐿𝑣
𝑓× × =
𝐷 2𝑔 𝛾𝐷 2

32𝜇𝐿𝑣 𝐷2𝑔 64𝜇𝑔

𝑓= 2
× 2
=
𝛾𝐷 𝐿𝑣 𝑣𝐷𝛾

64𝜇 64 𝑣𝐷𝜌
𝑓= = 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣𝐷𝜌 𝑅𝑒 𝜇
𝛾
𝜌=
𝑔
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war
5.4 Energy Loss in Turbulent Flows &
Application of Darcy-Weisbach
Equation

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 -
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 Darcy-Weisbach Equation
valid for both laminar and turbulent flows*

𝒍 𝒗𝟐
𝒉𝒍 = 𝒇 × ×
𝑫 𝟐𝒈

where :

f = friction factor (dimensionless)

l = length of flow stream (m or ft)

d = pipe diameter (m or ft)

v = average velocity of flow (m/s or ft/s)

hl = energy losses from the system due to friction

(N·m/N, m, lb·ft/lb, or ft)

*Note: for circular pipe flowing full

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war
Friction Loss In Turbulent Flow
Pipe roughness-design value

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

5.5 - Various Equations for Friction Factor
and Reynold’s Number for Laminar &
Turbulent Flows.
- The use of Moody Chart to Obtain
the Relationship between Friction Factor,
Reynold’s Number & Relative Roughness.
- Design of Pipeline Diameter & Flow
rate.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Colebrook Equation
Turbulent flow only

Explicit Haaland equation

(4000<Re<108)
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war
Moody Diagram

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 -
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Other Type Of Moody Diagram

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 -
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Pipeline Diameter And Flow Rate
Determine the flow rate, Q

When v and f are unknowns, use Darcy-Weisbach and Moody

Diagram to find the value.

Step 1: determine d/

Step 2: assume f value from moody diagram (use turbulent flow)
Step 3: use that f value in Darcy equation to get v trial
Step 4: use v trial to get Re
Step 5: use Re to get new f from moody diagram
Step 6: repeat step 1 to 5 until the new f value is similar to the
previous f value
Step 7: determine Q value using the suitable v value.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Determine The Diameter Pipe
When v, f and D are unknowns

Step 1: Use Darcy equation and Re to get new Equations (1)

and (2)
𝟖𝑳𝑸 𝟐𝒇 𝟒𝑸
𝒅𝟓 = (𝑬𝒒𝒏. 𝟏) 𝑹𝒆 = (𝑬𝒒𝒏. 𝟐)
𝒉𝑳 𝝅 𝟐 𝒈 𝝅𝝊𝑫

Step 2: Assume f value from Moody Diagram (use Turbulent

Flow)
Step 3: Use Equation (1) to get D
Step 4: Use Equation (2) to get Re
Step 5: Get ɛ/D
Step 6: Use Re and ɛ/D to get new f value from Moody diagram
Step 7: Use new f value and repeat Step 1 to 6
Step 8: The final value of D is solved when f value remains the
same
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war
Example 5.5a
Determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent if
saturated water at 73°C flows in a 0.025m diameter
tube with a flow rate of 285 L/min.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Example 5.5b
Determine the range of average velocity of flow for
which the flow would be in the critical region if oil is
flowing in a 52.5 mm diameter steel pipe. The oil has a
specific gravity of 0.89 and  = 1x10-1N.s/m2)

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Example 5.5c
Determine the friction factor f if water at 70°C is flowing
at 9.14 m/s in an uncoated ductile iron pipe having an
inside diameter of 25 mm.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

 Moody Diagram

3 2

1
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 -
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 BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 -
BAA2713 - Fluid Mechanics
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Example 5.5d
Determine the energy loss if glycerine at 25°C flows 30 m
through a 150-mm-diameter pipe with an average
velocity of 4.0 m/s.

Given: ρ = 1258 kg/m3

µ = 9.60 × 10-1 Pa.s

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Example 5.5e
One coarse pipe with diameter 100 mm and 120 m long
flows an oil at total head loss 5 m. Determine the flow of
oil through the pipe.
( Use:  = 1 x 10-5 m2/s,  = 0.25 mm, first f trial = 0.0065)

When v and f are unknowns, use darcy-weisbach and moody diagram to find the value.
Step 1: determine d/
Step 2: assume f value from moody diagram (use turbulent flow)
Step 3: use that f value in darcy equation to get v trial
Step 4: use v trial to get re
Step 5: use re to get new f from moody diagram
Step 6: repeat step 1 to 5 until the new f value is similar to the previous f
Value
Step 7: determine Q value using the suitable v value.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Example 5.5f
Determine the diameter of cast iron pipe to deliver water
along 180 m at 85 L/s with total head loss 9 m. ( Use:  = 1.14
mm2/s and first f trial = 0.006)

When v, f and D are unknowns,

Step 1: Use Darcy equation and Re to get new Equations (1) and (2)

8𝐿𝑄 2 𝑓 4𝑄
𝑑5 = 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 1 𝑅𝑒 = 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 2
ℎ𝐿 𝜋 2 𝑔 𝜋𝜐𝐷

Step 2: Assume f value from Moody Diagram (use Turbulent Flow)

Step 3: Use Equation (1) to get D

Step 4: Use Equation (2) to get Re

Step 5: Get ɛ/D or D/ɛ

Step 6: Use Re and ɛ/D to get new f value from the Moody chart

Step 7: Use new f value and repeat Step 1 to 6

Step 8: The final value of D is solved when f value remains the same
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war
Example 5.5g
Determine the f if 0.082m diameter of cast iron pipe to
deliver water along 180 m at 85 L/s with total head loss 9
m. ( Use:  = 1.14 mm2/s)

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war

Pipe roughness-design value

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 -
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COURSE OUTCOME (CO3)

Apply and analyze fluid mechanics

theories such as Bernoulli’s Theorem,
Continuity Equation, Darcy-
Weisbach Equation & Reynold’s
Number in Fluid Mechanics system.

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 5 - war