Chapter 2 Fluid Statics
Chapter 2 Fluid Statics
Chapter 2 Fluid Statics
CO1 1
A Describe fluid properties and the
1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics: definition of fluids, application, dimension and units
1.2 Fluid Properties: Pressure, compressibility, density, specific weight, specific gravity,
A fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
concept
surface tension, dynamic viscosity, kinematics, viscosity
F Apply and analyze fluid 3.2 The Continuity Equation on Control Volume
3.3 The Bernoulli’s Equation
mechanics theories such as
3.4 Bernoulli’s Equation and Flow Measurements: Pitot Tube, Venturi Meter Pipe Orifices
L Bernoulli’s Theorem, Continuity
Equation, Darcy-Weisbach
and Orifices
I
4.2 The Force of Impacts on: Flat Plate, Inclined Plane and Curved Vane
M
5.5 Various Equations for Friction Factor and Reynold's Number for Laminar and Turbulent
Flows. The use of Moody Chart to Obtain the Relationship between Friction Factor,
Reynold's Number and Relative Roughness.
E Design of Pipeline Diameter and Flow rate
H Analyze the pipeline systems as constriction of diameters, pipe inlet and outlet, bends and connections)
related to civil engineering and its 6.2 Derivation of Hydraulic Grade Line and Total Energy Line
6.3 Use of Total Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line for Flows to the Atmosphere,
A application for water distribution
through a Pipeline connecting two reservoirs
6.4 Flow through a Pipeline: pipeline in Series and Parallel
N 7 7. Water Distribution in Pipelines (CO4)
I
7.1 Hardy Cross (Loop) Method using Darcy Weisbach and Hazen William
7.2 Node (Branching Pipes) Method using Darcy Weisbach and Hazen William
7.3 Software application (Epanet)
2 CHAPTER 2 : FLUID STATICS (CO2)
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
pressure, P = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
Prove B
PzSinq
Px = Py = Pz q ds
Pz
dy
q
PzCosq
Px
Thickness
A C
dx
Py
Prove
h
A B
dh
D C
Pressure in a liquid at
rest increases linearly
with distance from the
free surface.
∆𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉 = ρ𝒈𝒉
p= gh,
p 500 x 103
h= = = 50.968 m of water
ρg 1000 x 9.81
p 500 x 103
h= = = 3.748 m mercury
ρg 13.6 103 x 9.81
p 500 x 103
h= = = 5.858 m of fluid = 8.7
ρg 8.7 x 1000 x 9.81
*example 3-2 Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
30
Example 2.3b*
*example 3-3 Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
31
*example 3-3 Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
32
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉
𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆𝟏 𝒈 𝒂 + 𝒉 − 𝝆𝟐 𝒈𝒉 − 𝝆𝟏 𝒈𝒂 = 𝑷𝟐
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = 𝝆𝟐 − 𝝆𝟏 𝒈𝒉
pressure at B = pressure at C
𝑷𝑩 = 𝑷𝑪
pressure at C = pressure at D
𝑷𝑪 = 𝑷𝑫
𝑷𝑨 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝒂 = 𝑷𝑩 + 𝝆𝒈 𝒉𝒃 − 𝒉 + 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒉
𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒉𝒃 − 𝒉𝒂 + 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒏 − 𝝆 gh
1.50
cm
PA = 1.20 PB = 1.75
kgf/cm2 1.60
cm kgf/cm2
* Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
47 Exercise 2.3b
Q3-52 pg117*
* Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
48 Exercise 2.3c
Q3-45 pg115*
* Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
49 Exercise 2.3d
Q3-48 pg116*
* Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
50
2.4 Hydrostatic force on Horizontal
Flat Surfaces, Rectangular Wall
(vertical and inclined wall)
Hydrostatic Law
Rate of increase of pressure in vertical direction is equal to weight
density.
𝑑𝑃
= 𝜌𝑔
𝑑ℎ
න 𝑑𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔 න 𝑑ℎ
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
Centre of Pressure hp
the point of application of the resultant force on the surface.
Total pressure
the force exerted by a liquid on a surface which may be plane or
curved surface.
Principles of Moments
The moment of the resultant force about an axis is equal to
the sum of moments of the components about the same
axis.
𝑭𝑹 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒉/𝟐 𝑨 = 𝜸 𝒉/𝟐 𝑨
The fluid is gasoline (sg=0.68) and the total depth is 3.7m. The
wall is 12.2m long. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant
force on the wall and the location of the center of pressure.
* Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
Step 1: 𝐹𝑅 = 𝛾 ℎ/2 𝐴
ℎ 6.671 𝑘𝑁 3.700 𝑚
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔 𝐴= × × 45.140 𝑚2 = 557.089 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑚3 2
Two centre of pressure: vertical and inclined distance from the bottom
The above figure shows a dam 30.5 m long that retains 8 m of fresh
water and is inclined at an angle of 60°. Calculate the magnitude of
the resultant force on the dam and the location of the center of
pressure.
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔 ℎ/2 𝐴 = 𝛾 ℎ/2 𝐴
9.81 𝑘𝑁 8𝑚
𝐹𝑅 = × × 281. 759𝑚2 = 11.056 𝑀𝑁
𝑚3 2
Step 2: The vertical and inclined centre of pressure from the bottom
D
C πD2 D πD4
Circle
4 2 64
C πr2 4r
Semi-Circle 0.1102r4
2 3π
r 4r/3π
C B B4
Square B2
B/2 2 12
C H BH3
Rectangle BH
2 12
H/2
BH H BH3
Triangle C 2 3 36
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics H/3
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
B
63 Submerged Vertical Plane Area
Free surface of liquid
Pressure distribution
h
b
hc hp
dF dh
FR C
profile
p
Resultant pressure FR
distribution
dF dh
Pressure
FR
profile
𝐼 C
ℎ𝑝 = 𝐴ℎ0
𝑐 p
𝐼𝑐 + 𝐴ℎ𝑐2 𝑰𝒄
ℎ𝑝 = = 𝒉𝒄 +
𝐴ℎ𝑐 𝑨𝒉𝒄
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
65 Example 2.4c
3m
4m
3m
2m
Lc
dA
p C y
dy
Resultant pressure FR
𝐹𝑅 = 𝛾𝐴 𝐿𝑐 sin 𝜃 = 𝜸𝒉𝒄 𝑨
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
69 Position of the centre of pressure
from free surface of liquid hp
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑴𝑹 = 𝑭 𝑹 × 𝑳 𝒑
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics
𝑤𝑠 3
ℎ𝑝 = + ℎ𝑐
12𝑤𝑠ℎ𝑐
𝒔𝟐
𝒉𝒑 = + 𝒉𝒄
𝟏𝟐𝒉𝒄 BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
74 Vertical Component
Vertical forces including weight of liquid acting
downward W and upward force FV.
𝑭𝑽 = 𝜸𝑽 (𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍)
Resultant Force
D C There is water on a
quardrant of a circle surface
2m AB having radius 3m.
A Calculate the horizontal and
O
vertical force per metre
width (run). Assume width as
3m Fx 1 m.
B
* Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J. M.,”Fluid Mechanics”, 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, 2014
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-Ch 2-war
78 2.7 Buoyancy and Stability
Buoyancy
A body in a fluid, whether floating or submerged, is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Buoyant force:
The upward force a fluid exerts on a body immersed in it. The
buoyant force is caused by the increase of pressure with depth in
a fluid.
𝑭𝒃=𝜸𝒇𝑽𝒅=𝑾𝒊𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒅𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚
▪ The buoyant force acting on the plate is equal to the weight of the
liquid displaced by the plate.
▪ For a solid of uniform density, its weight Ws also acts through the
centroid, but its magnitude is not necessarily equal to that of the
fluid it displaces. (Here Ws > W and thus Ws > FB; this solid body
would sink.)
Metacentre (M)
The point about which a body starts oscillating when the body
floating in a liquid is tilted by a small angle
Height of strip = x . θ