Design Flexible ATJ 5I85 2013 2022

D I FF I C U LT R OA D S O F T E N
L E A D TO
B E AU T I F U L D E ST I N AT I O N S
ATJ 5/85 Design Method
(2013 revision)
• New flexible and semi flexible pavements containing one or more
bound layers
• New flexible for low volume roads, consisting of unbound or new
cement stabilized granular materials
• New flexible and semi-flexible heavy duty pavements for severe
loading conditions
Data required:
• Type and volume of commercial vehicles
• Design life
• Sub-grade type and strength
• Type and properties of paving materials
• Environment which pavement will be exposed to
Criteria
Traffic
• Data
• Number of commercial vehicles during Year 1 of Design Period, which is the
expected year of completion of construction.
• Vehicle class and axle load distribution.
• Directional and lane distribution factors.
• Traffic growth factors.
Design Procedure
1. From traffic count , determine:
• ADT (3 days, 24 hours per day. If traffic count covers time
period of 0600 to 2200 hours, multiply the count with 1.2)
• % PCV with un-laden weight > 1.5 tons (PCV) and break down
into vehicle categories.
• Traffic Growth factor (r) for CV
2. From geometric design – number of lanes and terrain condition
Number of lanes (in ONE Lane distribution factor, L

direction)
One 1.0
Two 0.9
Three or more 0.7
Type of Terrain Terrain factor, T
Flat 1.0
Rolling 1.1
Mountainous/steep 1.3
3. Design period
• 10 years for low volume and rural road.
• 20 years for high volume and urban road
4. Design traffic (1st year of design period)
ESALY1 = ADT x 365 x PCV x LEF (3.7) x L x T
ESALY1 = number of ESALs for base year (design lane)

ADT = Average Daily Traffic
PCV = Percentage of CV (un-laden weight > 1.5 tons)
LEF = Load Equivalent Factor (including Tire Factor)
L = Lane Distribution Factor
T = Terrain Factor
If traffic distribution by vehicle type is available:
ESALY1 = [ADTcv1 x LEFcv1 + ADTcv2 x LEFcv2 +…+ ADTcv3 x
LEFcv3] x 365 x L x T
5. Design Traffic (Number of ESALs) for the Design Period
ESALDES = ESALY1 x [(1 + r)n – 1)]/r
ESALDES = design traffic for the design lane in one direction

r = annual traffic growth rate factor for design period
n = number of years in design period
OR
ESALDES = ESALY1 x TGF
Total Growth Factor (TGF)
6. Decide traffic category
Normal distribution with single tailed analysis, the following normal

deviate values shall apply:
• 60% Probablility: Mean – 0.253 x STD
•70% Probablility: Mean – 0.525 x STD
• 85% Probablility: Mean – 1.000 x STD
•statistical analysis shall be used to evaluate laboratory or field test
results for use as input for pavement design (sub-grade, sub-base,
road base and bituminous courses)
7. SG categories
• Min 5% CBR for T1- T3
• If not, at least 0.3 meter of SG shall be replaced or
stabilized to ensure the minimum value is met.
• Large volume traffic T4 and T5, min CBR 12%
8. Get T and S, choose from catalogue
• Mechanistic Design using Elastic Layer Programs

• Asphalt Institute SW-1 (based on Manuals MS-1; MS-11; MS-17;
MS-23)
• Pavement Design: A Guide to the Structural Design of Road
Pavements, STANDARDS AUSTRALIA and AUSTROADS, 2004, in
conjunction with CIRCLY Version 5.0
• SHELL SPDM Version 3.0
• Pavement Design and Analysis by Yang H. Huang, Second Edition,
2003 in conjunction with KENLAYER
• Layer Elastic Theory using RUBICON TOOLBOX Version 2.9.8.
• 3 types of pavement :
• Conventional flexible pavement with granular base.
• Deep-strength flexible (composite) pavement with
bituminous surface course(s) and a base stabilized with
Portland cement, bituminous emulsion, or a combination
of both.
• Full-depth asphalt pavement with bituminous base course
T1 : < 1 million ESALs
T2 : 1- 2 million ESALs
T3: 2 -10 million ESALs
T4 : 10 – 30 million ESALs
T5 : > 30 million ESALs
T5 : > 30 million ESALs
( Polymer Modified Asphalt)
Conceptual outline of Pavement Structure
Properties of Paving Materials
• Bituminous Wearing and Binder Courses
• Bituminous Road base
• similar to binder and wearing course except a lower
temperature used for this layer
• Crushed Aggregate and Wet Mix Road Base
• Performance -> shear strength, stiffness and by material
breakdown that may occur during construction and heavy
traffic
• similar composition but construction practices are different
• Min CBR 80%, elastic modulus 350±100 Mpa
• Stabilized Road base
• In situ or Plant
• 2 types:
• STB 1 . Aggregates stabilised primarily with cement or lime . 3% to
5% Portland cement.
E = 1800 MPa; v = 0.40
• STB 2. Aggregates stabilised primarily with a bituminous
emulsion/foamed bitumen + cementitious. Bituminous emulsion
or foamed bitumen and a maximum of 2% Portland cement. E=
1200 MPa; v 0.35
Other options for Low Volume Roads
Example 1
• Traffic count data: ADT 2700 vehicles both directions (24 hour
period)
• PCV: 16% ( no detailed break down by vehicle type)
• Terain : rolling
• Design life: 20 years
• Annual traffic growth: 4%
• CBR mean =18.5% , standard deviation= 4.4%, 85% probability
Example 2
• Design a road pavement for a 4-lane freeway (concession toll-road) with an
average daily traffic of 7286 vehicles, of which 20% are commercial vehicles
with an un-laden weight > 1.5 tons

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D I FF I C U LT R OA D S O F T E N

Number of lanes (in ONE Lane distribution factor, L

ESALY1 = ADT x 365 x PCV x LEF (3.7) x L x T

ESALY1 = number of ESALs for base year (design lane)

ESALDES = ESALY1 x [(1 + r)n – 1)]/r

ESALDES = design traffic for the design lane in one direction

Normal distribution with single tailed analysis, the following normal

• Mechanistic Design using Elastic Layer Programs

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