INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Chrisna L. Fucio

v2.07012022 1
 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY

Vision

Laguna University shall be a socially responsive educational institution of

choice providing holistically developed individuals in the Asia-Pacific Region.

Mission

Laguna University is committed to produce academically prepared and

technically skilled individuals who are socially and morally upright.

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Course Code: CC1100 – Introduction to Computing

Course Description:
This course provides an overview of the computing industry and computing
profession, including research and applications in different fields; an appreciation
of computing in different fields such as Biology, Sociology, Environment and
Gaming; an understanding of ACM requirements; an appreciation of the history of
computing; and knowledge of the key components of computer systems
(organization and architecture), malware, computer security, internet and internet
protocols, HTML 4/5 and CSS.

This introductory lecture/lab course provides students with a basic

understanding and experience with computer usage. Students will be introduced to
the basic functions of the computer and software packages used for productivity,
the desktop and operating system environment, keyboarding and hands-on
experience will be provided through hands-on lab activities which includes on
operating word processor, spreadsheet, and application software packages and the
use of Internet in email and searching the web and basic web development using
HTML.

Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO):

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
1. Explain fundamental principles, concepts and evolution of computing
systems as they relate to different fields
2. Expound on the recent developments in the different computing knowledge
areas
3. Analyze solution employed by organizations to address different computing
issues

Course Requirements:
▪ Class Standing - 60%
▪ Major Exams - 40%
_________
Periodic Grade 100%

Final Grade = Total CS + Final Exam x 70% + 30% of the Midterm

Grade

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 Table of Contents

Module 1: OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION

AND TECHNOLOGY
Introduction 1
Learning Outcomes 1
Lesson 1. What is Computer? 2
Lesson 2. Nature of Computers 4
Lesson 3. Uses of Computers 5
Lesson 4. History of Computers 8
Lesson 5. Capabilities of Computers 12
Lesson 6. Limitations of Computers 13
Lesson 7. Disadvantages of using the computer 14
Assessment Task 17
Summary 20
Reference 20

Module 2: PARTS OF COMPUTER

Introduction 22
Learning Outcomes 22
Lesson 1. Parts of Computer 22
Lesson 1.1 Systems 23
Lesson 1.2 Data Processing 31
Assessment Task 36
Summary 40
Reference 40

Module 3: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Introduction 41
Learning Outcomes 41
Lesson 1. Classifications of Computer 41
Assessment Task 50
Summary 53
Reference 53

Module 4: NUMBER SYSTEM AND DATA REPRESENTATION

Introduction 54
Learning Objectives 54
Lesson 1. Number System 54
Lesson 1.1 Unitary System 55
Lesson 1.2 Decimal Number System 56
Lesson 1.3 Binary Number System 60
Lesson 1.4 Octal Number System 65
Lesson 1.5 Hexadecimal Number System 70
Assessment Task 75

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Summary 81
Reference 81

List of Tables

Table Description Page No.

4.1 Octal Number Representation in Binary Numbers 69

4.2 Hexadecimal Number Representation 70
4.3 Hexadecimal Numbers Representation in Binary 74
Numbers

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 List of Figures

Figure Description
Page No.

1.1 Computer System 2

1.2 Devices that comprise the computer system 3
1.3 IPO 3
2.1 Input Hardware 25
2.2 Processing and Memory Hardware 26
2.3 Output Hardware 27
2.4 Secondary Storage Hardware 27
2.5 Communication Hardware 28
2.6 Application Software 29
2.7 System Software 30
2.8 IPO - Data Processing Cycle 31
2.9 Expanded Data Processing Cycle 32
3.1 General-Purpose Computer 43
3.2 Special-Purpose Computer 44
3.3 Computers by Data Handled 44
3.4 Analog Computers 45
3.5 Digital Computers 45
3.6 Hybrid Computers 46
3.7 Microcomputers 47
3.8 Minicomputers 48
3.9 Mainframes Computer 48
3.10 Personal Computers 49
3.11 Super Computer 49

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 MODULE 1
OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY

Introduction

In the earlier years, ICT have given society with a massive array of new and latest
communication capabilities. For instance, people can carry continuously with others in
diverse countries utilizing modernizations, for example, texting, voice over IP (VoIP), and
video-conferencing and interpersonal interaction sites like Facebook.

Despite the very fact that there is no single, meaning of ICT, the term is commonly
recognized to mean all gadgets, organizing components, applications and frameworks that
consolidated permit individuals and associations (i.e., organizations, ventures, private and
government offices) to communicate in the computerized world.

According to Tech Terms (2020), ICT (Information and Communication

Technologies) introduces to advances that give access to data /information through
broadcast communications. It is like Information Technology (IT), yet centers basically
around correspondence innovations. This incorporates the Internet, remote systems, mobile
phones, and other correspondence mediums.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Have a better understanding of what computer is.

2. Explain the key historical development of computer.
3. Learn the definition and nature of computer.
4. Become familiar with the functions of computer and principal areas of computer use.
5. Know what are the capabilities, limitations and disadvantages of using computer.

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Lesson 1. What is Computer?

✓ WHY DO WE NEED COMPUTERS?

In everyday living – training, work, delight, amusement, communication, showcasing,

business and etc., computer is constantly present. With the coming of globalization,
advanced upset has happened. Man must be computer proficient in fact that is the interest
of time and if he doesn't go with the tide, he will be left behind (edu.gcfglobal.org, n.d.).

Three measurements to evaluate the level of computer literacy (edu.gcfglobal.org, n.d.).

1. AWARENESS. Once you begin to learn about computers, you will be conscious of
their importance, adaptability and rifeness in our society.

2. KNOWLEDGE. You will distinguish what computer is and how they work. This
requires knowing some technical terminologies in order to know the computer
language.

3. INTERACTION. The most ideal approach to comprehend computers is to use it

directly for some simple applications, such as doing research via internet, mailing
and communicating with love ones.

➢ WHAT IS A COMPUTER? (edu.gcfglobal.org, n.d.)

✓ A computer is an electronic machine,

operating under the control of instructions
(software) stored in its own memory unit, that
can acknowledge information (input), controls
information (process), and produce
information (output) from the processing. For
the most part, the term is utilized to depict an
assortment of gadgets that work all together.
Figure 1.1 Computer System
Source: www.thedrinksbusiness.com

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 ✓ An electronic device intended to control data and information in order to accomplish
a desired outcome based on the stored program or commands. Based on Computer
Basics: What Is a Computer?, (n.d.), from edu.gcfglobal.org)
✓ An intelligent machine that is capable of connecting and communicating.
✓ A powerful tool that can be used as basis for decision making.
✓ A system that may be custom designed to well-known information (input), method it
into useful data (output), and keep it (in an auxiliary stockpiling gadget) for safety's
sake or reuse.

✓ Devices that comprise the Computer System

Figure 1.2. Devices that comprise a Computer System

Source: https://slideplayer.com

✓ WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO? (www.computernetworkingnotes.com, n.d.)

Computers will perform four general operations that comprise the data and information
process cycle.
✓ Four Functions of Computer:
1. Input data / information
2. Process data / information
3. Output data / information
4. Stores data/ information
Figure 1.3. IPO
Source: https:// computernetworkingnotes.com
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 Based on Networking Tutorials. (n.d.) from www.computernetworkingnotes.com, taking
data and procedures from a user, getting ready the records in line with directions, and
displaying or placing away the treated records, are the 4 great factors of a computer. These
capacities are in any other case known as the information work, system work, yield
capability, and capability work, separately.

All computer processing requires data, which is a of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as
numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information. Information is collection data that is
organized, meaningful, and useful.

For more information about the WHAT IS COMPUTER look the PowerPoint presentation
provided by your instructor and watch a video presentation at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cXEOWAStq4&list=PLpQQipWcxwt-
bPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=1

Lesson 2. NATURE OF COMPUTER (computernetworkingnotes.com, n.d.)

✓ WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?

The three fundamentals’ characteristics of computer:

1. Speed – PCs provides the process speed essential to our fast society.

2. Reliability – capable of manufacturing correct and timely results.

3. Storage Capability – capable of saving tremendous volumes of data/information that

may be placed and retrieved resourcefully.

These three characteristics have the following by-products:

1. Productivity – more jobs can be performed at almost the same duration of time.
Multi-tasking results to greater productivity.

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 2. Decision-making – computer gives updated options so that it will make the user
select the best option.

3. Cost-reduction – computer facilitates us to maintain down the fee of labor, power

and paperwork. As a result, computer systems assist lessen the fee of products
and services

Lesson 3. USES OF COMPUTER

According to Lankisch, Karen, et.al. (2020), on their “Our digital world: introduction to
computing” Computers are used in most businesses to create memos and letters, analyze
expenses and sales figures, research and organize data, and communicate with customers.
At home, you may have played a computer game, sent email, or watched a movie on your
computer. But you may not be aware of how computers are used by people who work in
different industries or by people with specialized interests. The principal areas of computer
use are the following:

1. Graphics - computers offer image illustration of applied mathematics reports

through graphics, higher analysis are often achieved.

2. Retailing - computers are utilized, they’re usually applied to administrative

exercises, parenthetically, wages and compensations, recording physical
developments of merchandise into stores, distribution centers and, on the way,
perceptive advancement on get orders, doing accounts, and then forth. ... The link-
attached terminal could be a model.

4. Energy – energy firms use computers to search for out oil, coal, gas and metal.
electrical businesses use laptop computer to observe massive power networks.

5. Paperwork - within the schools, teachers work on lecturers and clerks use
computers to store, retrieve, show and print student records. For instance, once a
student gets a grade in associate assignment it's entered into a laptop computer,
the computer then calculates the combination grade for that course.

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6. Transportation - one huge utilization of computer in transportation is Global
Positing System, or GPS. These components a screen that shows a guide your
vehicle's movement through satellites signals and through this it will pinpoint your
zone between 100 feet. Today, a few mobiles have likewise this system.

7. Law enforcement – most recent advancements in modernized law requirement

grasp national unique mark documents such as national fingerprint files, and
laptop computer modeling of DNA, which might be utilized to match traces from
alleged criminal body, and to blood throughout against the law scene.

8. Money – banks and financials, instances of however computers are utilized in the
money market and places addressing cash. ATM - once you create a withdraw
from associate ATM, you're utilizing a laptop. Digital currency - once depositing
cash during a bank, its holds on as a digital record.

9. Agriculture – farmers will currently use little laptop o facilitate with the asking, crop
data, price per acre, feed combos and market value checks. Cows’ rancher’s cam
conjointly use laptop for data regarding farm animal breeding and performance.

10. Government – national government use computer to forecast weather, estimate

climate, manage parks, process employees, manufacture agency security and
protection frameworks, give advantage checks and gather charges. Neighborhood
governments likewise use PC in tallying polling forms throughout selections.

11. Education – computers will act with students to boost the educational method. With
multidimensional communications using sound, print, graphics and color, the
computer has become a good educational tool in the home, in the classroom and
business. One of the most widely recognized utilization of PCs in training today
includes the continuous utilization of instructive programming and projects that
encourage customized online guidance for understudies. Projects like iReady use
computers to evaluate understudies in perusing and math.

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12. Home – desktop computer/ PCs are being utilized at home to save records, make
letters, prepare spending plan, draw pictures, edit pamphlets and associate with
others. PC games, a significant use of PCs at home is playing. What's more,
telecommuting, individuals can deal with the workplace work at home.

13. Health and Medicine – hybrid computers facilitate monitor the gravely unwell at the
Intensive Care Unit and supply cross-sectional assessments of the body.
Physicians may use computers to help in identification. In fact, computers have
shown to diagnose heart attacks properly a lot of ofttimes than physicians. Tiny
“computer on a chip” are being embedded in artificial hearts and different organs.
Once organs are planted within the body, the pc monitors crucial inputs, appreciate
pressure and flow, then takes corrective action to make sure stability of operation
in exceedingly continuous feedback.

14. Robotics – computers have prepared for robots to take over a significant number of
the employments that are disagreeable or excessively hazardous for people, for
example, opening bundles accepted to contain bombs. Mechanical technology is
the utilization of PC controlled robots to perform manual undertakings. Robots are
normally utilized by the military and business organization to complete tasks that
are hazardous for people, such as defusing bombs, exploring shipwrecks, and
mines. It is similarly used to perform repetitive occupations, for example, on a
sequential construction system.

15. Sciences and Research – scientific researches have long benefited from the high-
speed capabilities of computer systems. Scientist use computers as a device in
experimentation and design. Aerospace engineers use computer to simulate the
consequences of wind tunnel and to analyze the aerodynamics of an airplane
prototype. Chemist use computer graphics to create three (3) dimensional
perspectives of an experiment molecule.

16. Connectivity – permits someone to speak with other people who have computers,
regardless of whether for business or personal reasons. Furthermore, desktop

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 computers will offer the person the choice of engaging at their homes rather than
in town workplace.

17. Human Connection – kids specifically think about the pc their main professional
tool. Disabled persons with the assistance of the computers are productive and a
lot of capable.

18. Artificial Intelligence – today’s computer can imitate many human movements such
as reading, gasping calculating, speaking, remembering, comparing numbers and
drawings. Researcher are working to expand these capabilities by developing
computers and programs that can imitate human intelligence. This general area of
research is called artificial intelligence. Example: Ridesharing Applications such
as Uber and Grab, business Flights Use Associate in Nursing AI Autopilot,
Google's AI-Powered Predictions, Spam Filters, good Email Categorization,
Plagiarism Checkers, Robo-readers and Mobile Check Deposits.

Lesson 4. HISTORY OF COMPUTER (Williamson, 2021)

According to Williamson (2021), History of computers: A brief timeline, computers is

classed into generations, each generation lasted for an exact quantity of time, and in each
replacement associated improved computers or an improvement to the prevailing computer

✓ Zeroth Generation: 1642 – 1945:

1642 PASCALINE by Blaise Pascal, Pascaline is a machine driven one function
calculator (addition only) and power-driven by a hand operated crank.
1646 LEIBNIZ MACHINE by Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. Comprised of
stepped cylinder that could perform the four fundamental procedure and
square root.
11801 POWER LOOM by Joseph Marie Jacquard. Power loom also known as
Jacquard Loom First fully automated and programmable Loom. Used punch
cards to “program” the pattern to be woven into cloth
1822 DIFFERENCE ENGINE by Charles Babbage, this engine was numerical

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 tables were developed by hand utilizing enormous numbers of human
“computers” (one who computes).
1837 ANALYTICAL ENGINE by Charles Babbage. It was the 1 st described a
general purpose, operated on the design until his death in 1871, had four
components the store (the mill (computation unit), the input (punch card
reader) and output section (punched and printed output)
1843 Augusta Ada Byron Countless of Lovelace, was recognized as the world’s first
computer programmer. She developed the modern programming language is
called Ada is named in her honor for Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
1887 TABULATING MACHINE by Herman Hollerith were utilized for the 1890 U.S.
Census Registration in about 6 weeks contrasted and with 7 ½ years for the
1880 Census which was manually calculated.
1936 Z1 COMPUTER by Konrad Zuse, a German engineering student who built a
series of Automatic Calculating Machines using electromagnetic relays. First
freely programmable computer, electro-mechanical punch tape control.

✓ First Generation: 1937 – 1946:

1942 ABC COMPUTER by John Alford and Clifford Berry, ABC computer who was
the first in computing bit it is not always as easy as ABC
1944 COLOSSUS MARK I & II, are widely recognized as the first programmable
electric computers, and were utilized at Bletchley Park to decode German
codes encrypted by the Lorenz SZ40/42.
1946 ENIAC 1 Computer by John Presper Eckert Jr. and John William Mauchly,
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), the first general
purpose (programmable to solve any problem) electric computer - contained
over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1500 relays weighed 30 tones and drew 140 kW
of power to operate.
1947 TRANSISTOR by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The
first transistorized computer was built at M.I.T.’S Lincoln Laboratory, a 16-bit
machine along the lines of Whirlwind 1. The transistor replaces bulky vacuum
tubes with a smaller, more reliable, and power saving solid state circuit.
1951 UNIVAC, UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was developed and can
store 12,000 digits in random access mercury -delay lines. It was the 1st

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 computer to employ magnetic tape.

✓ Second Generation: 1947 – 1962:

1953 IBM 701 EDPM COMPUTER, IBMI (International Business Machines) released
in the market with its 1st large scale electronic computer and it was planned to be
incomparable with IBM's existing punch card processing system.
1954 FORTRAN by John Backus & IBM, it was the first successful high-level
programming language, and compiler, that ran on IBM 701 computers.
FORmula TRANslator was designed to make calculating the answers to
scientific and math problems easier.
1962 SPACEWAR COMPUTER GAME by Steve Russell, developed the first
computer game and word processor the first computer game running on a DEC
PDP at MIT invents because the PDP-1 had a typewriter interface, editors like
TECO (Text Editor and Corrector) were written for it. While, Steve Pinner and L.
Peter Deutsch produced the first “word processor” called Expensive Typewriter
(MIT's PDP-1 cost $100,000).
1964 The MOUSE AND WINDOW CONCEPT by Douglas Engelbart, establishes the
world’s first “mouse”, nicknamed after the “tail”. SRI (Stanford Research
Institute) received a patent on the mouse in 1970, and licensed it to apple for
$40,000.
1958 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce
at Fairchild semiconductor independently invent the first integrated circuits or
“the chip”.
1958 SILICON IC’s by Robert Noyce, allowed dozens of transistors to be put on a
single chip. This packaging made it possible to build computers that were
smaller, faster and cheaper than their transistorized predecessors.

✓ Third Generation: 1963 – 1980:

1969 ARPANET by ARPA, (Advanced Research Projects Agency) now DARPA
begins. It was the first four nodes were located at UCLA Stanford Research
Institute UC Santa Barbara University of Utah.
1971 FLOPPY DISK by Allan Shugart and IBM, Nicknamed the FLOPPY for its
“Flexibility”.

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 1973 ETHERNET by Robert Metcalfe invents Ethernet Computing Networking so that
multiple computers can talk to a new laser printer. At first, Ethernet utilized a
large coaxial cable and ran at 3Mbit/sec.
1975 PERSONAL COMPUTERS, Scelbi Mark-8 Altair and IBM 5100 computers are
first marketed to individuals (as opposed to corporations). Followed by the Apple
I, II, TRS-80, and Commodore Pet computers by 1977
1976 APPLE I sold for only $600. APPLE I, I and TRs-80 and Commodore Pet
Computers, first consumer computer sold in USA.
1978 VISICALC SPREADSHEET by Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston, the first
individual productivity software, is the “killer applications” for personal
computers, especially for small commercial owners.
1979 WORDSTAR SOFTWARE by Seymour Rubenstein and Rob Barnaby, first
individual productivity software, word processor is one of the “killer applications”
for personal computers, especially for small commercial owners.
1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) was born and in 1981 IBM
introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use

✓ Fourth Generation: Very Large-Scale Integration (1975 to 1990).

1980 VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) had made it possible to put first tens of
thousands, then hundreds of thousands and finally millions of transistors on a
single chip. This progress led to smaller and faster computers.
1981 The IBM PC is introduced running the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS -
DOS) along with CP/M -86. The IBM PC's open architecture made it the de -
facto standard platform, and it was eventually replaced by inexpensive clones.
1983 Apple Lisa Computer, The first home computer with GUI (Graphical User
Interface)
1984 The APPLE MACINTOSH, featuring a simple graphical interface using the 8-
MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU and a built-in 9-inch B/W screen.
1985 MICROSOFT begins the friendly war with Apple

✓ Fifth Generation: (Present and Beyond).

Based on www.blogspot.com (n.d.), History of Computer - fifth-generation computers
are work in progress stag. These computers will be utilized ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale

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Integration) chips and there will be development on intelligent and expert system to create
intelligent computers which can have vision, learning ability, object recognition and synthesis
ability, natural language understanding ability. The input and output in the computers will be
in the form of speech and graphic

For more information about the HISTORY OF COMPUTER look the PowerPoint
presentation provided by your instructor and watch “The History of Computing” a video
presentation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M6lANfzFsM

Lesson 5. CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER

According to www.toppr.com (n.d.) capabilities of a computer system are the qualities

of the computer that put it in a positive light and make the user experience more efficient.
Computer is indeed unique. Many have envisioned PC frameworks as having human or
superhuman qualities. Such perspectives will in general overstate certain PC abilities. The
PC has likewise been depicted to be an idiotic machine since it is reliant completely on the
individuals who control it. Computer can broaden man's intellectual prowess due to the
accompanying capacities and properties which have prompted the individual’s pictures
made about it.

1. Ability to perform certain logic operations. Computer is an image manipulator. It

manipulates the logical ways in which are documents like letters, numbers, words,
sentences, mathematical expressions and different symbols that individuals have
given which meanings. The computers make a “decision” by selecting between
different potential courses of action. This ability to check is a crucial computer
capability as a result of additional refined queries are often answered by using of
comparison choices.

2. Ability to provide new time dimensions. PCs works in one-step at a time, it includes
adds, subtract, multiples, divides numbers or even extracting square root. The
computer is so fast that it saves a tremendous amount of time. Thus, man is freed
from calculating to use his time more creatively. His time dimension has been

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 broadened. Man can now obtain information that could not been produced at all or
that could have been produce in time to be of any value.

3. Ability to store and retrieve information. PCs stores each facts and guidelines in
internal storage. The ease with which instructions can be changed gives the
computer great flexibility. The access time required for information to be recalled
from internal storage and be available for use is measured in microseconds or more
precise units.

4. Ability to control errors. PCs can assess that a person would make one error in each
five hundred to a thousand operations with a table calculator. A computer, on the
other hand, can perform hundreds of thousands of arithmetic operations every
second and can run errorless for hours and day at a time.

5. Ability to check itself. PCs have the ability to break down its own work. Through
parity checking, computers check on data/information once they enter storage, and
leave within the form of output. The parity check works by computer that involves in
examination of each character’s code to determine whether bits (binary digits or 0s
and 1s) have been added or lost by mistakes.

Lesson 6. LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER

According to www.toppr.com (n.d.), limitations are the drawbacks of the computer

system in which humans outperform them. Computers are so prevailing and even called
amazing tools, they have also a limitation. Thus, they can’t be utilized generally, among the
important limitations of computers are:

1. Dependence on prepared instructions. The PC performs exclusively what's

customized to attempt to do and nothing else. It will never do things by itself.

2. Inability to derive meanings from objects. A PC doesn’t have emotions. Doesn’t have
emotions. It cannot recognize and react to living objects.

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 3. Inability to generate information. The computer can't create data and information all
alone. It is unable to assume and understand related aspects of a given situation and
receive intends to accomplish an objective or game-plan.

4. It cannot correct wrong instructions. The PC will do precisely what you train it to do,
in any case pf what you mean. It can't interpret the right guidelines from an
inappropriate direction. It doesn't have capacity to choose and perform just the
correct ones.

Lesson 7. DISADVANTAGES OF USING THE COMPUTER

Based on e-Class (n.d.), the use of computer also presents some danger for people
and environment. Some disadvantages of computers are the following:

1. Public Safety – people around the world are utilized computers to share publicly their
photos, videos, journals, music, and different personal data. A number of these
unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victim to crimes committed by
dangerous strangers through e-mail messages and on internet sites.

2. Health risks - inappropriate usage of computers can cause accidents or issues of the
hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, neck, and back. Two behavioral health risks are
computer addiction and technology overload.

3. Impact on the Environment – improper disposal of computer parts and computer

waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the surroundings. When
computers are discarded in landfills, they can release toxic materials and potentially
dangerous levels of lead, mercury, and flame retardants.

4. Use of power / impact on labor force – regardless of the fact that computers have
improved productivity in many ways and made a whole industry with a huge number
of new openings for latest jobs, the abilities of a large number of workers have been
replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that workers keep their education up-to-

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 date. A separate impact on the labor force is that some companies are outsourcing
jobs to foreign countries instead of keeping their homeland labor force employed.

5. Privacy violations - almost every life occasion is saved in a computer, in clinical

records, credit reports, charge/tax records, and so forth. In several instances,
wherever personal and confidential records weren’t protected properly, people have
found their privacy violated and identities are stolen.

6. Green computing – computers include reducing the electricity consumed and natural
waste generated one employing a PCs. Policies that help green computing include
recycling, regulating manufacturing processes, extending the life of computers, and
immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers. When you
purchase a new computer, some stores offer to dispose of your old computer
properly (www.wpuict.wordpress.com, 2011).

✓ WHY COMPUTERS SOMETIMES FAIL?

According to Fossum (n.d.), most computer breakdowns are caused by human error.
From forgetting to check a UPS battery charge, to accidentally pushing the Emergency
Power Off button, a simple mistake could cause a facility to stop all activity, and even lose
data. In smaller systems, failing to install voltage transient protection is a major cause of
equipment breakdown.

Despite the widespread use of computers, there are repeatedly once computerized
application fails to fulfill their purposes of increased speed, accuracy and significant
data/information. The reasons for these problems are diverse, among the most common are:

1. Input Errors - (GIGO) Garbage IN Garbage OUT. When the information/data is type
into a computer it ought to be especially error-free, if it’s to be managed correctly.
The vast majority of so-called “Computer error” end result from erroneously entered
input.

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2. Errors in instructing a computer. PCs work on information/data employing a set of
instructions equipped by a programmer which are used to read data, process it and
yield output. At times, programs contain error or “bugs” that do not become evident
until a specific set of circumstances arises. The greatest danger here is the program
that appears to work but doesn’t the output that is “almost right”.

3. The communication gaps. One principal cause why automated process regularly fails
to satisfy their required objectives is because computer professionals and the people
who will actually utilize the information, called “users”, do not understand each
other’s needs or have not communicated successfully.

4. Improper controls. As the use of computer for wide ranging applications continue to
grow, the need for proper control and security measures increases dramatically. The
result has been an increase in errors, some resulting in innocent mistakes, other
causes by deliberate attempts to defraud by computer.

5. Lack of standards. The lack of standards leads to issues once a corporation gets
new instrumentation, hires new computer professionals like IT administrator or
programmer and tries to produce some consistent set of procedures to be adopted
by its computing workers. There are times that prepared software for an application
may not work on a certain brand of computer system because it is only designed to
be used on particular set of equipment.

6. Lack of adequate manufacturer support. Problem encountered in implementing the

system and maintaining it are handled by the manufacturer or distributors are not
always able to maintain purchased equipment, usually due to lack of spare parts,
trained technician or that the particular machine model is no longer in productions.

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 Assessment Task

Activity No. 1

Graphics Money Medicine

Retailing Agriculture Robotics
Energy Government Sciences
Paperwork Education Connectivity
Transportation Home Human
Law enforcement Health Connection

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Activity No. 2
Choose the correct answer, write the letter on the space provided.

a. Analytical Engine f. William Shockley

b. Artificial Intelligence g. John Presper Eckert Jr.
c. Floppy Disk h. Douglas Engelbart
d. Fortran i. Steve Russel
e. Tabulating Machine j. Jack Kilby

____ 1. One of the machines that Charles Babbage invented and designed, it’d had been
programmed the usage of punch-cards and could have covered capabilities along with
consecutive control, loops, conditionals and branching. If constructed, it has been the
first “computer” as we think about them today.

____ 2. Invented by Herman Hollerith used for 1890 U.S. CENSUS

____ 3. Allan Turing considered as Father of theoretical computer science and was invented
the __?

____ 4. John Backus and IBM invent the first programming language and compiler that ran
on IBM701 computer.

____ 5. Invented by Allan Shugart and IBM and it was nicknamed the FLOPPY for its
“Flexibility”

____ 6. Who invented the Transistor in 1947 and awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics?

____ 7. Who invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)?

____ 8. Who establish the world’s first “mouse”, nicknamed after the “tail”?

____ 9. Who invented the Space war Computer Game running on DEC PDP-1?

____ 10. He was awarded at the National Medal of Science and National Inventors Hall of
Fame because of Integrated Circuit.

18
Activity No. 3

1. Differentiate computer to a mobile phone?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

2. How do the four functions of the computer perform?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

3. Based on the content of limitations of computer and capabilities of computer, can you
site other limitations and capabilities?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Give two disadvantages of using computers in terms of health risks and give an
example.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

5. Define the two behavioral health risk of computer addiction and technology overload.
Give an example.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

19
 Summary

This module has introduced you the overview of ICT – a rapidly changing ad exciting
environment. We have discussed:
✓ What is computer?
✓ Nature of computers
✓ Principal areas of computer use
✓ The History of computers
✓ Capabilities of computers
✓ Limitations of computers
✓ Disadvantages of using computers

References

o Capabilities and Limitations of Computer Systems (n.d.) from

https://www.toppr.com/guides/accountancy/application-of-computers-in-
accounting/capabilities-and-limitations-of-computer-
o e-Class. (n.d.). Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers Retrieved August 19,
2020, from https://wpuict.wordpress.com/2011/12/13/advantages-and-disadvantages-
of-computers/
o Fossum, Jan (n.d.).13 REASONS WHY COMPUTERS FAIL from
https://blog.hsb.com/2015/10/15/why-computers-fail/
o History of Computer: 4th & 5th – GENERATION COMPUTER (1975 – 1990 –
Present). (n.d.). Retrieved August 9, 2020, from
http://histryofcomputr.blogspot.com/2010/12/fifth-generation-computer-1991-
present.html
o Lankisch, Karen, et.al. (2020) Our digital world: introduction to computing

o Limitations of Computer: https://theintactone.com/2019/10/12/cf-u1-topic-3-limitations-

of-computers/

20
o Networking Tutorials. (n.d.). Retrieved August 7, 2020, from
https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/networking-tutorials/
o Tech Terms, T. C. D. (2020). ICT (Information and Communication Technologies)
Definition. Retrieved from https://techterms.com/definition/ict
o The History of Computing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cXEOWAStq4&list=PLpQQipWcxwt-
bPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=1
o Williamson, Timothy. (2021) History of computers: A brief timeline. Retrieved from
https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html

21
 MODULE 2
PARTS OF COMPUTER

Introduction

Computer are comprised of hardware and software. The term “computer” originates
on or after the word to compute, meaning to calculate. It is one word which is utilized
habitually nowadays, and it is normal information that the across-the-board utilization of
computers is tremendously affecting all parts of human life, both from an individual and a
social perspective. This is on the grounds that they are an essential piece of our ordinary
presence. In the school, banks, shops, railroad stations, emergency clinic, government
organizations, business or your own home, PCs are available all over, making our work
simpler and quicker for us. As they are such necessary pieces of our lives, we should know
what they are and how they work. In this module we are going to discuss the parts of
computer that includes the system and data processing system.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Describe the computer’s part.

2. Identify and explain the six elements of computers and communication systems.
3. Learn the details of data processing.

Lesson 1. PARTS OF COMPUTER

According to Lankisch, et.al., (2020), a computer is a complex machine. A computer

and correspondence framework have six components’ parts such as people, procedure,
data / information, hardware, software, and communication. This module will give you that
the computers can be an instrument for pretty much anybody from a businessman,
craftsman, maid and student - an incredibly powerful and flexible tool.

22
Lesson 1.1 SYSTEM (Lankisch, et.al., 2020)

System is a set of related components and operations that have interacts to perform a
task.

➢ Six Elements of Computer and Communication System:

1. People 4. Hardware
2. Procedures 5. Software
3. Data and Information 6. Communication

1. PEOPLE - the most significant part of, and beneficiaries of, a PCs and
communication system.

✓ Two types: professional and end-user

A computer programmer might be a one who compose programs. Most individuals

don’t compose programs, we tend to use programs written by other people. This
means we are the users – those who buy and use computer software and
applications.
.
2. PROCEDURES - are guidelines of how things are done. These are the phases for
accomplishing a result. A few rules are might be communicated in manuals or
documentations.

✓ Manuals are called documentations which contain procedures and rules to follow
when using hardware or software.

3. DATA - are considered the raw materials (regardless of whether or not in paper,
electronic or completely different structures) processed by the computer.

INFORMATION - is a collection of manipulated data or otherwise summarized data

that is useful for decision-making.

23
 ✓ Characteristics of useful Information:
a. Relevant
b. Timely
c. Accurate
d. Concise
e. Complete

4. HARDWARE - contains of all gear and equipment in a computer system. It refers to

the physical instrument or parts of electronic data processing. (Lankisch, et.al., 2020)

✓ Five Categories of Hardware are:

1. Input Hardware
2. Processing and Memory Hardware
3. Output Hardware
4. Secondary Storage Hardware
5. Communication Hardware

➢ Input Hardware – includes of machinery that let the users to enter data/
information into the computer in a form that the computer can read.

Example:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanners
• Graphic Tablet
• Digital Camera
• Voice Recognition (Microphone)
• Joystick Figure 2.1. Input Hardware

• Webcam Source: www.knowcomputing.com

• Stylus

➢ Processing and Memory Hardware - The brain of the computer are the
processing and the main memory devices, built within the computer system

25
 unit. The SYSTEM UNIT or SYSTEM CABINET, houses the electronic
circuitry called the CPU (Central Processing Unit), which does the actual
processing and the main memory supports the processing.

Example:
• CPU
• Primary Memory

Figure 2.2. Processing and Memory Hardware

Source: https://slideplayer.com

✓ CPU (Central Processing Unit) – is the processor or the computing a part of the
computer. It controls and manipulates data to produce information. The CPU is
usually a single fingernail size “chip” referred to as “microprocessor” and
alternative parts necessary to make it work and mounted on a main circuit board
called a “mother board” or “system board”.
✓ CPU consist of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) does arithmetic compares values,
and logically determines their quality. It can also distinguish between positive
and negative numbers and Control Unit (CU) interprets the program instruction
and monitors their execution. It also determines the time when data/information
are read into memory, when arithmetic is performed on the date and when
output is printed.
✓ PRIMARY MEMORY it is the work as the storage – memory also called MAIN
MEMORY) RAM (Random Access Memory) or primary storage. Memory is the
computer “work space” wherever information/data and programs for immediate
process are command. Once the computer is turned on the operating system is
derived to the RAM. It is VOLATILE – data/information within it is lost once
computer’s power is turned off.

26
 ➢ Output Hardware - Output Hardware comprise of machines that interpret
data/information managed by the computer into a form that individuals can
understands. There are Three Principal Types of Output Hardware: Screen,
Printer and Sound

Example:
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker
• Headset
• Earphone

Figure 2.3. Output Hardware

Source: www.knowcomputing.com

➢ Secondary Storage Hardware – also called External Storage, it contains of

devices that store data/information and instructions on disk or tape. Some use
the term “storage media”.

Example:
• Diskette
• Hard disk
• Magnetic tape
• Flash drive/ flash memory
• DVD- Digital Video Disc
• Optical Disk
• External Drives
• Memory Card

Figure 2.4 Secondary Storage Hardware

Source: https://slideplayer.com

27
 ➢ Communication Hardware - Computer communications are the following types:
a. Wired Connection- corresponding to telephone wire or cable. (fiber optic
and coaxial cable)
b. Wireless Connection – corresponding to via radio waves. (router,
cellphones with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth)

Example:
• Modem
• Router
• Fiber Optic

Figure 2.5 Communication Hardware

Source: https://slideplayer.com

MODEM (MOdulator DEModulator) is a communication hardware needed to

interpret a computers digital signal into analog form for transmission over
telephone wires (Digital transmission is used to represent data/information in a
separate or digital form).

5. SOFTWARE – is a program that contains series of procedures that tell the computer
how to achieve a task (Lankisch, et.al., 2020).

✓ Two major types of software:

1. Application Software
2. System Software

➢ APPLICATION SOFTWARE - The type of software that individuals utilized to

perform a general-purpose task, corresponding to data processing software
used to prepare the text for document, desktop publishing or payroll
processing. We use application software to get our work done, from writing and
calculating to analyzing and presenting information. But we also use
application software for fun, to play games, listen to music, view photos, and

28
 read books. We can use software on a computer, tablet, or even a mobile
phone. (Lankisch, et.al., 2020).

✓ There are two kinds of application software:

1. Customized Software - Software intended for a selected client. Simply

just in case we have to hire a computer programmer or software
developer to create a system software for the certain customer
2. Packaged Software Is the kind of “off-the-shelf” programed developed
available to the public. Example are word processing and spreadsheet
programs.

✓ Application software is composed of different computer programs that allow

users to perform different task like the following:

o Spreadsheets o Electronic Mail (e-mail)

o Word processing o Graphics Design
o Presentations and o Desktop Publishing (DTP)
Movie Makers o Personal Information Management
o Photo Editors (PIM)
o Web Browsing o Project Management
o Database o Games

✓ Example of Application Software:

• MS word, Word Perfect, Lotus Word Pro
• MS Excel, Lotus1-2-3, Quatro Pro
• MS PowerPoint, and Movie Makers
• Adobe Photoshop, GIMP
• Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera
• MS Access, dBase, Fox Pro, Oracle, Paradox
• MS Outlook, Netscape Mail
• Paintshop Pro, Photo paint
• MS Publisher,
Figure 2.6 Application Software
• MS Outlook, Lotus Organizer
Source: https://turbofuture.com/

29
 • MS Project 2000,
• Candy Crash, Tetris, Farmville, DOTA, Ragnarök, etc.

You can also watch video of Computer Basics: Understanding Applications at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYgy4rjV4J0&list=PLpQQipWcxwt-
bPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=7 to learn more about the application
software.

➢ SYSTEM SOFTWARE - comprise of several programs, that runs and manages

computer, it is also known as “OPERATING SYSTEM”. System software
performs basic computing functions, including starting your computer and
loading the operating system, which provides the interface between you and
the machine. It also provides tools for configuring and maintaining your
computer system and managing programs and files (Lankisch, et.al., 2020).

✓ The Operating System (OS) work as the main control program that runs the
computer. The reason for the working framework is to authorized system
applications to work by normalizing access to shared resources, for example,
disks and memory.

Examples of Operating System are:

• MS-Disk Operating System
• Windows 95, 98, 2000,
• MS Windows VISTA, XP, NT, Me
• LINUX
• UNIX
• MAC OS
• Android
Figure 2.7. System Software
Source: https://turbofuture.com/

You can also watch video of Computer Basics: Understanding Operating

System to learn more about the system software.

30
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTdSs8kQqSA&list=PLpQQipWcxwt-
bPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=6

6. COMMUNICATION – is electronic transfer of data/information on or after one place

to different of all six elements of computer-and-communication system.
Communication is maybe the foremost active frontier at this time.

Lesson 1.2 DATA PROCESSING

Brown and Sargeant (2021), data are usually processed for a particular purpose,
often so that it can be analyzed. The computer processing involved uses different operations
to produce new data from the source data.
✓ Data processing is the management of data/information into more valuable form.
✓ It is considered as paperwork, and that includes the collecting, processing and
distributing of facts and figures to attain a desired result.
✓ It comprises of numerical calculations as well as operations for instance, the
analyzing, verifying, classifying and the transmission of data/information from one
place to another.
✓ The three-part functions of data processing are:
1. The provision of source data by the staff as a basis for computer processing.
2. The transformation of data into information for management.
3. The management information which is the output of a data processing
operation.

➢ DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

Data Processing Cycle could be a sequence of steps administered to extract
useful data/information. Each step ought to be taken in order, this order is cyclic.
Nevertheless, of the kind of data processed or the equipment used, all data
processing systems contains of a minimum of three basic steps which are the input,
processing and output. These three stages constitute the data processing cycle.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 2.8 IPO - Data Processing Cycle
Source: https://slideplayer.com

31
 ✓ INPUT – in this phase the raw data/information or enter records are
organized in some convenient sort of process.
✓ PROCESSING – in this phase the input data/information are
modified and combined to other data/ information, to produce data in a more
useful form.
✓ OUTPUT – the outcomes of the previous process steps are collected.

➢ EXPANDED DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

There are three stages that added to the fundamental data processing cycle to acquire
the expanded data processing cycle. These three additional steps are origination,
distribution and storage. The output and storage stage will affect to the duplication of the
data/information collection stage, leading to another cycle of data processing. The cycle
provides an interpretation on however the data/information transforms from origination to
distribution and ultimately, utilized in efficient decisions.

Note:
FLOWLINES
between processing
& storage =
interaction of the
two steps

Figure 3.9 Expanded Data Processing Cycle

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/

✓ ORIGINATION – this can be the step that deals with the process of
gathering the original data. (an original recording of data/ information is called
“source document”)

32
 ✓ DISTRIBUTION – this stage refers to the distribution of the output
data/information, (recording of the output data is often called “report
document”)
✓ STORAGE – is that the vital in several data processing procedures. Data
processing outcomes are typically placed in storage to be used as input file for
additional processing at later date.

➢ AREAS OF DATA PROCESSING

Data processing could be categorized as either scientific or business in nature.

1. Business Data Processing – is described by the requirement to determine and

process documents of data for producing useful information. It includes a huge
volume of data, limited arithmetic operations and a comparatively massive capacity
of output.

2. Scientific Data Processing – in science, data processing comprises volume of input

and plenty of logical or arithmetic calculations. In contrast to business problems and
issues, most of scientific problem are non-repetitive requiring a “one-time”
resolution.

➢ DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS

Processing contains of the actual operations performed on the input data. These
operations include:

1. Recording – it refers to the exchange of data/information onto some procedure or

type of document.

2. Verifying – when the data is recorded in manual procedure, it’s important that
documented data/information be carefully checked for any errors.

3. Duplicating – this activity comprises in repeating the data/information onto several

forms or archive document.

33
 4. Classifying - this activity isolates information/data into various classifications;
recognizing and organizing things like trademark into gathering, classifications or
classes.

5. Sorting – arrangement of data/information in an exceedingly specific order. It’s

sometimes important to organized them to predetermined sequence to facilitate
process.

6. Calculating – arithmetic manipulation of the data/information.

7. Summarizing and Reporting – a set of data/information is reduced and sure

conclusion from the data/information are describe in a meaningful format. Reducing
the volume of data/information to a more usable form – summarizing.

8. Merging – in this operation, it takes two or additional groups of data/information, all

sets having been sorted by a similar key, and place them along to make one sorted
set of data/information.

9. Storing – putting similar data/information into files for future reference.

10. Retrieving – recovering/finding saved data and/or information when once required.

11. Feedback – it is the comparison of the output(s) and objectives set ahead.

➢ METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING

The four primary stages of application development are:

1. Batch Processing – could be a method/ strategy within which data/information to be

handled or arranged to be executed are collected into groups to allow convenient,
efficient and serial processing.

34
2. Online Processing – refers to equipment or devices underneath the direct
management of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It’s been developed
as an answer to the batch processing deficiencies.

3. Real-Time Processing – a technique of data processing which has the ability of a

quick response to get data/information from process, it can perform computations
and return a response quickly enough to have an effect on the result of the activity or
process or method.

4. Distributed Processing – the foremost advanced level of computer data processing,

usually it includes remote terminals connected to a huge central computer system to
assist the user conduct inquiries regarding accounts, process jobs or others.

35
 Assessment Task

Activity No. 1

DIRECTION: Identify the following digital devices. Write IH -Input Hardware, PMH -
Processing and Memory Hardware, OH -Output Hardware, SSH -Secondary Storage
Hardware or CH - Communication Hardware for each device.

1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10. 20.

36
Activity No. 2
DIRECTION: Identify if it is I for Input or O for Output for each device.

1. Monitor 6. Mouse

2. Keyboard 7. Speakers

3. Scanner 8. Camera

4. Stylus Pen 9. Touchpad

5. Printer 10. Headphone

Activity No. 3

1. Explain the expanded data processing thru example.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

37
2. EXPLORE the different parts of computers. Give at least five parts and explain how it
works.
1. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

38
Activity No. 4

CROSS WORD PUZZLE: Complete the crossword puzzle below

Across
4. The comparison of the output(s) and goal set in advance
6. Placing similar data into files for future reference.
7. This operation separates data into various categories.
8. Usually a manual operation, it is important that recorded data be carefully checked for any
errors.
10. Reducing masses of data to a more usable form of?
11. Recovering stored data and/or information when needed

39
Down
1. Arithmetic manipulation of the data.
2. A collection of data is condensed & certain conclusion from the data are represented in a
meaningful format
3. This operation takes two or more sets of data, all sets having been sorted by the same
key, and put them together to form a s
5. This operation consists in reproducing the data onto many forms or document.
9. Refers to the transfer of data onto some form or document.
10. Arranging data in a specific order.

Summary
This module discussed the parts of computer which includes the:
✓ System which includes the six elements of computer and communication system:
the people, procedures, data/Information, hardware, software, and communications
with their types and examples.
✓ Data Processing which includes the cycles (also the expanded data processing
cycle), Areas, Methods and Operations of Data processing (recording, verifying,
calculating, reporting and summarizing, merging, storing, sorting, retrieving,
classifying, duplicating and feedback)

References
o Brown, Graham and Sargent, Brian (2021) “Cambridge international as level:
information technology”
o Computer Basics: Understanding Applications from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYgy4rjV4J0&list=PLpQQipWcxwt-
bPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=7
o Computer Basics: Understanding Operating System from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTdSs8kQqSA&list=PLpQQipWcxwt-
bPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=6
o Lankisch, Karen, et.al. (2020) Our digital world: introduction to computing

40
 MODULE 3
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Introduction

Based on Classification of Computers from computerassignmentcms.wordpress.com/,

(n.d.), there is lot of variety of computers and also range of models accessible is rapidly
growing. To some extent this variety is redundant, several machines are similar in capacity.
However, to better level the variety of computers is associated to significant differences in
capabilities and functions. The difference between the several classes of computers has
been dependent upon controversy. Computers can be classified in according to their
purpose, kind of processing or kinds of data they use and to the size/dimension of the
device and speed of its internal operations. Speed of operation is commonly the primary
important consideration when making a decision which equipment to select for a specific
task. With the present machines, it’s usually obvious that the greater the machine, the
quicker the working operating speed.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Become familiar with the types and classifications of computers.

Lesson 1. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

We see many Computers nearby, but they all are different from each other. In this
lesson, we are going to know about the basics and classification of computers which
included all the different types of computers (digitalworld839.com, n.d). Computers are
dependent on their data/information in terms of processing abilities. They are classified
according to purpose, data handling and functionality / capacity (Lankisch, et.al., 2020).

41
➢ THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS
1. By PURPOSE
The main purpose of the computer is for calculations, store, retrieve and process
data/information. A computer has computer language that tells the computer what to
do and how to do its purpose. Digital computers may be applied either special or
general purpose.
• Two Types:

a. GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS – the aim of the machines have

capacity of managing a wide range of issues, and can act because of
projects made to address various issues. It can store various programs of
methods and it has the capacity to perform different of tasks.

Example:
• D
e
s
k
t
o
p

C
Computer and Laptop

Figure 3.1 General-Purpose Computer

Source: https://slideplayer.com

b. SPECIAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS – this computer is intended to perform

a task. The programs of directions are designed into, or permanently stored
within the machine. Most special-purpose computers have the ability of

42
 performing just one task. They’re often cited to as “ dedicated”, because of
their restrictions to the performance of the precise task at hand.

Example:
• ATM Machine, Washing Machine, Cash Register

Figure 3.2 Special-Purpose Computer

Source: https://slideplayer.com

2. By DATA HANDLED

There are two kinds of computer processing, each is made of different kind of
circuitry, and different purposes. The type of data/information, is capable of
manipulating (specifically, whether the system is according to data handling),
computers are analog, digital or hybrid.

✓ T
h
r
e
Figure 3.3. Computers by Data Handled
e Types: Source: https://slideplayer.com

a. ANALOG COMPUTERS – the term “analog” is from the word “analogous” that
signifying “similar” are utilized for scientific, engineering and process-control
purposes since they manage with quantities that constantly variable, they give
approximate results. Specifically, this computer is suitable for solving

43
 problems that involve relationships between variable amounts in systems that
change with time. This computer convert data into voltages and compute by
measuring the changes in voltages.

Example:
• SPEEDOMETER in an automobile, the rotation of a shaft is converted into
an approximation of the speed of the automobile, which is shown on an
indicator in kilometers per hour.
• Service station gasoline pump which translates the flow of pumped fuel into
two measurements – the price of the delivered gas to the nearest centavo
and the quantity of pumped fuel to the nearest tenth or hundredth of a
letter.

Figure 3.4. Analog Computers

Source: https://slideplayer.com

b. DIGITAL COMPUTERS – this machine is specializing in counting. Digital

computers are able to add, subtract, multiply, divide and compare. And they
will be programmed to distinguish and manipulate numeric symbols that have
been translated into their special machine language. It is also capable of
storing data/information inasmuch as needed, can performed logical
operations, editing input data/information and printing outputs of its processing
at high speed.

Example:
• Basic Operations (subtract, multiply, divide, addition)

44
 Figure 3.5 Digital Computers
Source: https://slideplayer.com

c. HYBRID COMPUTERS – this computer is the combination of the measurement

capabilities of the analog computer and logical and control capabilities of digital
computer. It gives an effective and cost-effective method of working out special
types of problems in science and various areas of engineering. Also, hybrid
computers encompass special devices to convert analog voltages into digital
voltage and vice-versa.

Example:
• ECG- extensive care unit

Figure 3.6 Hybrid Computers

Source: https://slideplayer.com

45
3. By CAPACITY

The term “CAPACITY” deals with the volume of information/data processing

capability that the computer can handle. Their performance is based by the:
1. Quantity of data/information that can be saved in the computer memory
2. Speed of internal process of the computer
3. Kinds of peripheral devices
4. Amount and kind of software package accessible for the users of the
computer.

Units of Measurement for Capacity:

✓ Computer deals with “ON” and “OFF” (high-voltage and low voltage)
electrical states, that are represented within the hardware in terms of 0’s
and 1’s, so-called bits.
✓ Bits are combined in group of eight character referred as bytes.
✓ Computer system has the data/information that is saved in the computer
storage, which is represented by bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes
and terabytes.
a. Kilobytes (K or Kb) is equivalent to approximately 1000 bytes (or
characters) = 1024 (210) bytes
b. Megabyte is about 1 million bytes
c. Gigabyte is about 1 billion bytes
d. Terabyte (T or TB) is bout trillion bytes
e. Petabyte (PB) is about 1 quadrillion bytes

Capacity – is measurement of the numbers/amount of jobs (applications) that it

can run instead by volume of data that it can process.

a. MICROCOMPUTER – is a small-sized computer in which a microprocessor is

built. These microcomputers are electronic parts with base integrated circuit.
Designed for hobbyist; is a digital computer system under “read-only memory” and
“random-access memory”. It is designed for hobbyists. Now they are beginning to
compete with minicomputers in the market, and are especially attractive to small

46
 business operations. The combination of their substantial computational power,
low cost and flexibility makes them ideal for applications in which relatively small
amounts of data must be handled.

Figure 3.7 Microcomputers

Source: https://slideplayer.com

b. MINICOMPUTER – these computers are close to mainframe computers, in

connection with speed and storage capacity limit. Were at first used for laboratory
process control applications, OS developed for minicomputer system is to support
both multiprogramming and virtual storage. Microcomputers usually have from 8K
to 256K memory storage locations, and a relatively established applications
software. PDP-8, the IBM System 3 and the Honeywell 200 and 1200 computers
are typical examples of minicomputer.

PDP-8 Computer IBM System 3

Figure 3.8 Minicomputers
Source: https://slideplayer.com

47
c. MAIN FRAMES COMPUTER – in terms of computer language, large computer is
also called mainframe. It has the ability of processing or handling data/information
at very high-speed millions of commands per second and have access to billions
of characters of data/information. A key attribute of large computer is that they can
exist together and work in massive data/information stores are being kept on
“large servers”. In the large server, the mainframe is still the most accurate way to
manage massive types of data.

Figure 3.9 Mainframes Computer

Source: https://slideplayer.com

d. PERSONAL COMPUTER – these computers are referred to as microcomputer or

home computers. Workstation’s computer is used by engineer, financial traders
and graphic designers are small enough to fit on a desktop but approach the
power of the mainframe. Computers that were developed for private use is
commonly referred as PCs for short. Based on external appearance different
kinds of personal computers have multiplied. They can be classified as follows:
desktop type, laptop type, notebook type (the size of A4 or B5 paper, thin and
light), and palm-top type.

Figure 3.10 Personal Computers

Source: https://slideplayer.com
48
e. SUPERCOMPUTER – it is the mightiest computer and the most expensive are
known as super computers. It can a process trillions of instructions per second
because it is biggest and fastest machines. It can utilize billions or even trillions of
calculations are needed. Supercomputers are machine that have capabilities way
on the far side even the traditional large-scale systems. Their speed is in the 100-
million instructions per second range. These machineries are important for
applications ranging from nuclear device development to exact weather
forecasting.

Figure 3.11 Super Computers

Source: https://slideplayer.com

49
 Assessment Task

Activity No. 1:
MAZE PUZZLE

Activity No. 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. These computers have the capability to do a variety of tasks depending on the type
of program or software that are provided is called _______________________?
a. General-Purpose Computer
b. Analog Computer
c. Hybrid Computer
d. Minicomputer

50
2. Can be used for multiple purposes, capable of performing office works as well as
scientific and engineering calculations.
a. General-Purpose Computer
b. Analog Computer
c. Hybrid Computer
d. Minicomputer

3. Gigabyte is _________________?
a. Thousands of bytes
b. Billions of bytes
c. Millions of bytes
d. Trillion of bytes

4. All arithmetic computations depend ultimately on counting. It handles numbers in

discrete form.
a. General-Purpose Computer
b. Analog Computer
c. Hybrid Computer
d. None of the choices

5. The main purpose of the computer is for calculations, store, retrieve and process
data/information. A computer has computer language that tells the computer what to
do.
a. by-capacity
b. by-data handled
c. by-purpose
d. None of the choices

6. Give examples of analog and digital devices (5 example each)

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

51
Activity No. 3
WORD SCRAMBLE: Please unscramble the words below
CLUE FOR
SCRAMBLED WORDS

52
 Summary

This module discussed the classifications of computer: it deals with computer by

purpose, by data handled and by the capacity.

As indicated by purpose, computers are either general purpose or special purpose.

General purpose computers are intended to do a range of tasks and it has the capability to
store numerous programs, but lack in speed and efficiency. While special purpose
computers are considered to handle a specific problem or to perform a specific task, and
built only for this machine. In data handling computers includes the analog, digital or hybrid
computers. And for functionality / capacity this type of computers is classified as:
Microcomputer, Minicomputer, Mainframe, personal computer and supercomputer.

References
o Computerassignmentcms (n.d.) Classifications Of Computers- Introduction retrieved
from https://computerassignmentcms.wordpress.com/2012/09/03/classifications-of-
computers/
o Digital world (n.d.) Classification of Computers according to Size, Type and Purpose
from https://digitalworld839.com/
o Lankisch, Karen, et.al.: (2020). Our digital world: introduction to computing
o Pete Bell (2017) Information and Communication Technology Student Book

53
 MODULE 4
NUMBER SYSTEM AND
DATA REPRESENTATION

Introduction

Once the user’s type some letters or words even symbols in the PC, the computer will
interpret them in numbers as computers can understand just numbers. A computer can
recognize the positional number system where there is only a limited symbol called digits
and that symbols represent different values depending on the position they possess in the
number.

The value of every digit in a number can be determined using: the digit, the position of
the digit in the number and the base of the number system (where the base is characterized
as the entire number of digits available in the number system).

From this section of the module, you will learn the different number system and how
these numbers are converted from one number system to another. We will also learn among
these different number systems which could be used to represent numerical data when
using computers.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Have a better understanding of number system; and
2. Demonstrate how to converts numbers into different number systems.

Lesson 1. NUMBER SYSTEM

According to www.geeksforgeeks.org (n.d.) Number System is a method of

representing Numbers on the Number Line with the help of a set of Symbols and rules.

54
These symbols range from 0-9 and are termed as digits. Number System is used to perform
mathematical computations ranging from great scientific calculations to calculations like
counting the number of Toys for a Kid or Number chocolates remaining in the box. Number
Systems comprise of multiple types based on the base value for its digits.

The number system that we tend to presently use has given by the mathematicians,
engineers, scientist and researcher with an excellent advantage over the civilization. It has
proven to be an important factor in the rapid advancement of modern science and
technology. The earliest numerals which have found consist of either vertical or horizontal
marks. The decimal number 1 is an example of this sort of symbol. Roman numerals and the
Chinese characters are good examples of symbols used as the basis for numerals. Since
digital computer deals with numbers, it is important to know what kind of numbers can be
handled most easily when using these machines.

➢ WHAT IS NUMBER SYSTEM?

✓ Number can classify into “sets” called number system.

✓ According to www.include.help.com (n.d.), Computer Number systems are the
method to represent numbers in the computer system architecture, every value that
you are saving or getting into/from computer memory has a defined number system.
Computer architecture supports following number systems.
• Unitary System
• Binary number system
• Octal number system
• Decimal number system
• Hexadecimal (hex) number system

Lesson 1.1 UNITARY SYSTEM

In counting, the simplest system is not decimal system but as /one to one comparison
between the objects to be counted and the count, or tally. A long series of tallying marks is
simplified by breaking up the long series of tallying marks into groups of five, by making
diagonal stroke through each set of mark marks as:

55
Lesson 1.2 DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Based on Basics of Computers - Number System (n.d.) from www.tutorialspoint.com,

Decimal number system is a base 10 number system having 10 digits from 0 to 9. This
means that any numerical quantity can be represented using these 10 digits. Decimal
number system is also a positional value system. This means that the value of digits will
depend on its position.

This system is nothing more than a code where each distinct quantity is assigned
symbols. In the decimal system the ff. digits are used: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. These
numbers are called Arabic Numerals (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

✓ Decimal Integer defined as a string of decimal digits.

✓ Decimal Fraction is a string of decimal digits together with an embedded decimals

point.

Decimal Integer can be expressed as the total sum of every of its digit’s times a
power of ten.

➢ Expanded Notation of the Integer

Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.), expanded notation is just writing a number as multiples of
1's, 10's, 100's etc. You take the digits and multiply them by their place value. Let's look at
an example.

For example:

85,463
= 8x104+ 5x103+ 4x102+ 6x101+3x100
= 8x10000 + 5x1000 + 4x100 + 6x10 + 3x1
= 80,000 + 5,000 + 400 + 60 + 3
= 85,463

56
 A number raised to a power is called base, hence 10 is the base of the decimal
system. The base used is also known as radix of the number system.

➢ Decimal Fraction
Decimal fraction can be expressed in expanded notation, but the place values of the
numbers to the right of the decimal point are the negative powers of ten as 10 -1 or 1/10, 10-2
or 1/100, and 10-3 or 1/1000 (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

For example:

736.258
= 7x102 + 3x101 + 6x100 + 2x10-1 + 5x10-2 + 8x10-3
= 7x100 + 3x10 + 6x1 + 2/10 + 5/100 + 8/1000
= 700+30+6+0.2+0.05+0.008
= 736.258

➢ Scientific and Engineering Notation

According to Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.), in scientific and engineering computations, we
commonly encounter huge or small numbers. Scientific notation provides a convenient
scheme for representation of such quantities. Positive numbers express in scientific notation
when it is written because the product of integral power of 10 and a number between 1 and
10. The number in scientific notation has the form: Mx10n where M is a number between 1
and 10.

For example:

a. 226, 400,000
= 2.264 x 100,000,000
= 2.264x 108
b. 300,000,000
= 3x100,000,000
= 3x 108

57
 c. 9,240,000,000,000,000
= 9.24x100,000,000,000,000
= 9.24x1014

d. 0.000,000,2
= 2x0.000,000,1
= 2x10-7

➢ Rounding Off Values

Rounding off a value is the process of dropping or eliminating one or more of the final
digits on the right so that the value contains only the significant figures required for further
computation or for reporting in the final results (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

a. Rounding Down - when the digit to be dropped is less than 5, the value is written
without the digit and the remaining digits are kept unchanged.

Example:
Original Number: 124.244 138.563
Rounded Off: 124.24 138.56

b. Rounded Off – when the digit to be dropped is 5, the closet even number is used for
the preceding digit.

Example:
Original Number: 1.395 26.175
Rounded Off: 1.40 26.18

c. Rounding Up – when the digit to be dropped is more than 5, the previous digit is
increased by one and all succeeding digits are dropped.

Example:
Original Number: 26.276 566.666
Rounded Off: 26.28 566.67

58
 ➢ Truncating
Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.), discussed that suppose that one simply deletes the digits
after a certain digit rather than rounding off the number. This process is called truncating or
chopping. The following numbers have been truncated to an integer by simply deleting the
fractional part of the number.

Example:
Original Number: 88.76 246.8 178.9587
Rounded Off: 88 246 178

In the computer, data/information is recorded as electronic signals or indications.

The presence or absence of these signals in specific circuitry represents data in the
computer, just like the presence or absence of punched holes represents data on a
punched card. You can also watch the Number Systems Introduction - Decimal,
Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal & BCD Conversions, (n.d.) for more information
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2zsmYaI5ww&t=109s

✓ DATA REPRESESNTATION IN COMPUTERS

According to Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.), in the computer, data is recorded as electronic

signals or indication. The presence or absence of these signals in specific circuitry
represents data in the computer just as the presence or absence of punched holes
represents data on a punched card.

Representing data/information inside the computer is accomplished by assigning a

specific value to each binary component or set of components. Consider the everyday light
bulb, at any given the light bulb can be either “on” or “off”. Assume that the bulbs within the
device have been assigned decimal values of 1, 2, 4 and 8. Once the bulb is lighted, it
represents the value associated with it. When a bulb is not lighted, the decimal value 0 is
represented by lights off.

59
 In computer, the values that the designer assigns to individual binary components or
to groups of components become the code for representing data.

Lesson 1.3 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

The simplest way to vary instructions through electric signals is two-state system – on
and off. On is represented as 1 and off as 0, though 0 is not actually no signal but signal at a
lower voltage. The number system having recently these two digits – 0 and 1 – is called
binary number system.

Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.), mentioned that binary method of notation can be used to

define settings of binary components. Binary Notation use only two symbols: 0 and 1 by
Gottfried W. Von Leibniz, a seventeenth-century German mathematician was recognized to
be an advocate of the binary system. The symbols used in binary notation (0 and 1) are
called bits, which is a short way of saying binary digits. Binary number system is also
positional value system, wherever each digit has a value expressed in powers of two (2).

✓ CONVERSION:

➢ DECIMAL to BINARY Number Conversion

According to Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.), explained that suppose a value expressed as a

decimal numeral is to be represented as a binary numeral for storage in the computer. The
approach is to use the division-multiplication method. The rule is simple: To convert decimal
integer (whole numbers) from base 10 to any other base, we have to divide that number
repeatedly by the value of the base to which number is being converted. The division
operation is repeated until the quotient is zero. When the quotient is zero it indicates the end
of the computations. Remember, that the remainders can only be represented by 0 or 1,
since the divisions are by 2. The sequence of remainders from the bottom up, as indicated
by the arrow, yields the essential binary equivalents.

For example: Convert 139 to binary

60
 Division Quotient Remainders
139/2 69 1
69/2 34 1
34/2 17 0
17/2 8 1
8/2 4 0
4/2 2 0
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1

Therefore 13910 = 100010112

The remainder is written in reverse of the order in which they were obtained, from
the new equivalent numeral.

➢ Conversion of DECIMAL FRACTION to BINARY Numbers

A decimal fraction may also be converted into an equivalent binary notation. The
conversion may be accomplished using several techniques. A much simpler method
consists of repeatedly doubling the decimal fraction and noting the integral part of the
product (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

STEPS:
1. Multiply the fractional decimal number by 2.
2. The Integral part of the resultant decimal number will be the first digit of binary
fraction number.
3. Repeat the step 1 using only fractional part of decimal number and then step 2.

Note: if the fractional part is zero, we stop here.

For example: Convert decimal fractions to binary equivalent.

61
 a. Multiplications Integral Parts
0.375x2 = 0.75 0
0.75x2 =1.5 1
0.5x2 = 1.0 1
Therefore: 0.37510 = 0.0112

b. Multiplications Integral Parts

0.40625x2 = 0.8125 0
0.8125x2 = 1.625 1
0.625x2 = 1.25 1
0.25x2 = 0.5 0
0.5x2 = 1.0 1
Therefore: 0.4062510 = 0.011012

➢ Non-terminating Conversion DECIMAL FRACTION to BINARY Numbers

Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.), stated that the binary equivalent of a terminating decimal

fraction does not always terminate or is not exactly converted. The steps in non-terminating
conversion is the same as converting decimal fraction to binary, except if you encounter
non-terminating decimal fraction you have to stop in eight steps/ digit.

For example:
Multiplications Integral Parts
0.8x2=1.6 1
0.6x2=1.2 1
0.2x2=0.4 0
0.4x2=0.8 0
0.3x2=1.6 1
0.6x2=1.2 1
0.2x2=0.4 0
0.4x2=0.8 0 …….

Therefore: 0.810 = 0.11001100110 ….2

62
➢ Converting DECIMAL Numbers with Integral and Fraction into its BINARY equivalent

In the previous examples, we seen how the fractional part of a decimal number is
converted into its binary equivalent. The following example, is the procedure of converting
decimal numbers, with integral and fractional parts, into its binary equivalent
(Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

For example: Converting the decimal number 24.625 to its binary equivalent.

1st Step: Converting the integral part.

Divisions Quotients Remainders

24/2 12 0
12/2 6 0
6/2 3 0
3/2 1 1
1/2 0 1
Therefore: 2410 = 110002

2nd Step: Converting the fractional part.

Multiplication Integral Part

0.625x2=1.25 1
0.25x2 = 0.5 0
0.5x2 =1.0 1
Therefore: 0.62510 = 0.1012

3rd Step: The binary equivalent of 24.625 is just the sum of those two equivalents.
Thus

= 2410 + 0.62510 = 110002 + 0.1012

= 24.62510 = 11000.1012

63
 Watch video on How to Convert Decimal to Binary: at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsxT4FfRBaM to learn more decimal to binary
conversion.

➢ BINARY to DECIMAL Conversion

Binary numerals can be converted to decimal by the use of “expanded notation ”. Once
this approach is used, the position values of the original numerals are written out
(Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

For example:

a. 1012 = 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20

= 1x4 + 0 x2 + 1x1
=4+0+1
= 510

b. 11002 = 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 0x20

= 1x8 + 1x4 + 0x2 + 0x1
=8+4+0+0
= 1210

c. 1001102 = 1x25 + 0x24 + 0x23 + 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20

= 1x32 + 0x16 + 0x8 + 4 + 2 + 0
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0
= 3810

d. 1111112 = 1x25 + 1x24 + 1x23 + 1x22 + 1x21 +1x20

= 1x32 + 1x16 + 1x8 + 1x4 + 1x2 + 1x1
= 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 6310

64
➢ Converting BINARY Numbers with Integral and Fraction into its DECIMAL equivalent

The process of converting binary numbers containing integral and fractional parts is
similar to that illustrated in binary to decimal conversion. The expanded notation is still used,
only this time we also consider the place value s of the fractional part which are the negative
power of 2. The following examples illustrate the process of conversion (Tutorialspoint.com,
n.d.).

For Example:

a. 0.1012 = 1x2-1 + 0x2-2 + 1x2-3

= 1/2 + 0/4 + 1/8
= 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= 0.62510

b. 11.0112 = 1x21 + 1x20 + 0x2-1 + 1x2-2 + 1x2-3

= 1x2 + 1x1 + 0/2 + 1/4 +1/8
= 2 + 1 + 0+ 0.25 + 0.125
= 3.37510

Watch the video on How to Convert Binary To Decimal: at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLflTjd3lWA for more examples of converting
Binary to Decimal Numbers

Lesson 1.4 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

According to Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.) octal number system was modified due to the
issue of dealing with long strings of binary 0’s and 1’s in converting them into decimals. The
octal system overcomes this problem since it is basically a shorthand method for replacing
group of three binary digits by a single octal digit. Octal number system has eight digits: 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Also it is a positional value system where each digit has its value
expressed in powers of eight (8).

65
 Octal represent eight to the zero power or 8 0 units; the second (next most significant)
column represents eight to the first power 81 or eights, and so on.

✓ CONVERSION:

➢ DECIMAL to OCTAL Number Conversion

When converting for decimal number to octal number, we need to divide the decimal
number by eight, note the remainders after each division. This technique called the
remainder method. Once the divide operations produce a quotient or result of zero, then the
process is terminated. Always remember that the remainder is read in reverse order, as
shown by the arrow, for the octal number (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

For Example:

a. Division Quotient Remainders

18/8 2 2
2/8 0 2
Therefore: 1810 = 228

b. Division Quotient Remainders

255/8 31 7
31/8 3 7
3/8 0 3
Therefore: 25510 = 3778

➢ DECIMAL FRACTION to OCTAL Number Conversion

In converting decimal fractions to octal fractions, we need to multiply the decimal

number by eight and note the carry into the integer position. The carries taken in forward
order (as shown by the arrow) gives the octal fraction and note that we terminated after five
(5) places. If more accuracy is required, just continue multiplying to obtain more octal digits
(Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

66
 For Example:
Multiplication Integral Part
0.2575x8 = 2.06 2
0.06 x 8 = 0.48 0
0.48 x 8 = 3.84 3
0.84 x 8 = 6.72 6
0.72 x 8 = 5.75 5
Therefore: 0.257510 = 0.203658

Watch the video of Decimal to Octal Conversion for more details:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayul1fmZd0Y

➢ OCTAL to DECIMAL Number Conversion

In octal number system every digit corresponds to a power of eight. To convert from
octal to decimal, you have to multiply each octal digit by its positional value and add the
resulting products (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

For example, the decimal equivalents of the following octal numbers are:

a. 258 = 2x81 + 5x80

= 2x8 + 5x1
= 16 + 5
= 2110
Therefore: 258 = 2110

b. 15.358 = 1x81 + 5x80 + 3x8-1 + 5x8-2

= 1x8 + 5x1 + 3/8 + 5/64
= 8 + 5 + 0.375 + 0.078125
= 13.45312510
Therefore: 15.358 = 13.45312510

67
 For more example watch the video of Octal to Decimal Conversion: at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCM2JReWS10

➢ OCTAL to BINARY Number Conversion

The most significant utilization of octal numbers lies in octal-binary conversion. The
relationship between octal numbers and binary numbers is given in Table 1, with this
tabulation, any octal number (up to 7) may be converted to its binary equivalent. Note that
each octal digit is converted one at the time to its binary equivalent (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

For Example:
a. 458 =? 2
Since: Octal Binary
48 = 1002 and
58 = 1012
Therefore: 458 = 100 1012

b. 124.578 =? 2
Since: Octal Binary
18 = 0012
28 = 0102
48 = 1002
58 = 1012, and
78 = 1112
Therefore: 124.578 = 001 010 100.101 1112

Watch the video of Octal to Binary Conversion:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkScocdUtbE to convert octal to binary
numbers.

68
➢ BINARY to OCTAL Number Conversion

According to Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.), converting from binary numbers to octal

number is that the reverse of the procedure. It is important to group the bits in threes,
starting at the binary point, working both ways, then convert each group of three into its octal
equivalent. Always remember that zeroes (0’s) are added to each end to make a complete
group (by 3 bits). Since, there are only 8 digits (from 0 to 7) in octal number system, so we
can represent any digit of octal number system using only 3 bits as following below.

Table 4.1 Octal Numbers Representation in Binary Numbers

Binary Number 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Octal Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note: The binary digits are groups into three (starting from right) for integer part. And for the
fraction part are divided into groups of three (starting from left).

For Example: Converting from binary to octal is the reverse of the procedure

a. 101101112 =? 8

Grouping the bits into three:

1011011112 = 010 110 1112
2 6 7
Therefore: 101101112 = 2678

b. 1011.011012 =? 8

Grouping the bits into three:

1011. 01101 = 001 011 . 011 0102
1 3 3 2
Therefore: 1011.011012 = 13.328

Watch the video of Binary to Octal Conversion:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxmarqiqUdM for more examples.

69
Lesson 1.5 HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

The hexadecimal number system provides another appropriate and easiest method for
expressing values represented by binary numerals. This system is a combination of the ten
numbers, 0 through 9 and a choice of six letters of the alphabet, which are also treated as
number. It uses a base, or radix of 16 and the place values are the powers of sixteen (16).

The letters representing digits 0 through 15 may be the alphabetic sequence A

through F. Any other six alphabets could be used equally well, as long as the total adds up
to 16 symbols to represent the 16 possible combinations of 4 digits. Thus, each of the
symbols in the hexadecimal system exactly replaces one four-digit binary combination,
permitting direct conversion (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

Table 4.2 Hexadecimal Numbers Representation

Decimal Number Hexadecimal Number Octal Numbers Binary Numbers
0 0 0 0000
1 1 1 0001
2 2 2 0010
3 3 3 0011
4 4 4 0100
5 5 5 0101
6 6 6 0110
7 7 7 0111
8 8 10 1000
9 9 11 1001
10 A 12 1010
11 B 13 1011
12 C 14 1100
13 D 15 1101
14 E 16 1110
15 F 17 1111

✓ CONVERSION:

➢ DECIMAL to HEXADECIMAL Number Conversion

70
 One way to perform a decimal number to hexadecimal conversion is to go from
decimal to binary and then to hexadecimal numbers. A direct conversion, known as the
remainder method, is also possible. By this method, the decimal number and each
successive quotient is divided by 16 and noting the remainders. The remainders are served
as, in reverse order, gives the hexadecimal equivalent. It should be remembered that
remainders greater than 9 have to be changed to its equivalent hexadecimal digit
(Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

For Example:

a. Division Quotient Remainders

58/16 3 10 (or A)
3/16 0 3
Therefore: 5810 = 3A16

b. Division Quotient Remainders

362/16 22 10 (or A)
22/16 1 6
1/16 0 1
Therefore: 36210 = 16A16

Watch the video on How to Convert Decimal to Hexadecimal:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJW6qnfhC70 for more example.

➢ HEXADECIMAL to DECIMAL Number Conversion

On some instances, you may need to convert from hexadecimal to decimal number.
You must need to convert the hexadecimal to binary first and then to decimal. However,
errors are more likely to occur using this method. Alternatively, you can go direct to decimal.

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 We use the same method as previously discussed on how to convert from any
numbering system to the decimal system; multiply each digit by its positional value and then
obtain the sum. This time we use a power of 16 for the weights. The student should not be
confused by the use of hexadecimal digits A to F. when performing any arithmetic operation,
merely convert hexadecimal digits to their equivalent counterpart (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

For example:

a. 4B616 = 4x162 + 11x161 + 6x160

= 4x256 + 11x16 + 6x1
= 1024 + 176 + 6
= 120610

b. 4139.B816
= 4x163 + 1x162 + 3x161 + 9x160 +11x16-1 + 8x16-2
= 4x4096 + 1x256 + 3x16 + 9x1 + 11/16 + 8/256
= 16,384 + 256 + 48 + 9 + 0.6875 + 0.03125
= 16697.7187510

Note: In Hexadecimal Numbers B is equivalent to 11 in decimal numbers.

Watch the video on How to Convert Hexadecimal to Decimal:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pg-HEGBpCQk for more information.

➢ HEXADECIMAL to BINARY Number Conversion

The conversion from hexadecimal to binary is very basic procedure and easily done by
replacing each hexadecimal digit by its 4-bit equivalent (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.).

For example:

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 a. 2C8516 = ? 2
Since: Hexadecimal Binary
8421

216 = 00102
C16 = 11002
816 = 10002
516 = 01012
Therefore: 2C8516 = 0010 1100 1000 01012

b. 8A.5B16 = ? 2
Since: Hexadecimal Binary
816 = 10002
A16 = 10102
516 = 01012
B16 = 10112
Therefore 8A.5B16 = 1000 1010. 010110112

Note: In Hexadecimal Numbers A is equivalent to 10, B is equivalent to 11 and C is

equivalent to 12 in decimal numbers.

Watch the video on How To Convert Hexadecimal to Binary:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_YC6DSPpQE for more example.

➢ BINARY to HEXADECIMAL Number Conversion

Tutorialspoint.com (n.d.), explained that when converting binary number to

hexadecimal equivalents (16 digits from 0 to 9 and A to F), the binary number is first
partitioned into 4-bit sequences. Beginning on the right, and the then replaced by its
hexadecimal equivalent. Zeroes (0’s) may be added to make the number of digits a group of
four. Again, we use the code given in Table 3.

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Table 4.3 Hexadecimal Numbers Representation in Binary Numbers
Binary Numbers 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
Hexadecimal Numbers 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Binary Numbers 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
Hexadecimal Numbers 8 9 A B C D E F

Note: The binary digits are groups into four (starting from right) for integer part. And for the
fraction part are divided into groups of four bits (starting from left).

For example:

a. 1011101100100112 = ? 16
Grouping the bits into four:
1011101100100112 = 0101 1101 1001 00112
5 13(D) 9 3

Therefore: 1011101100100112 =5D9316

b. 110001010.011011102 = ?16
Grouping the bits into four:
110001010.011011102 = 0001 1000 1010 . 0110 11102
1 8 10(A) 6 14(E)

Therefore: 0001 1000 1010.0110 11102= 18A.6E16

Watch the video on How to Convert Binary to Hexadecimal:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSLKOKGQq0Y to learn the conversion of
binary to hexadecimal.

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 Assessment Task

Activity No. 1
DIRECTION: Unscramble each set of letters to form a word/s to answer the
questions. Write the answer on the space provided.

________________________ 1. A computer can understand the positional number system

where there are only a few symbols called I I G S T D

________________________ 2. Number can classify into “sets” called

UEBRNM YMETSS

________________________ 3. ALMEDCI REEGTIN defined as a string of

decimal digits

__________________________ 4. Binary digit is also called a I T B

__________________________ 5. Octal number system each digit corresponds to a power of -

H T G E I

Activity No. 2

DIRECTION: Expressed the following:

✓ Expanded Notation:
1. 999
2. 150
3. 0.7525

✓ Scientific and Engineering Notation:

4. 500,000,000,000
5. 0.000 000 000 000 49

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✓ Rounding Off Values (2 decimal places only)
6. 458.25498
7. 444.445

✓ Truncating:
8. 77.77999
9. 100.10000
10. 20.4050607080

Answers Here: (with solutions)

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Answers Here: (with solutions)

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Activity No. 3

CONVERT the following given value in corresponding Number System:

NOTE: in the 1st row of the table: Convert the decimal number to binary number in no. 1. For no. 2 convert decimal to octal number. And
for no. 3 convert the whole number to hexadecimal number. In 2nd row the given number is binary number that you need to convert in 4.)
decimal number and 5.) octal and 6.) hexadecimal number. For the 3rd row the given number is octal and last row is hexadecimal number
that you need to convert into decimal and binary number.

Answers Here: (with solutions and checking)

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Answers Here: (with solutions and checking)

79
Answers Here: (with solutions and checking)

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 Summary

✓ Number Systems and Data Representation that includes the unitary number, binary,
decimal, octal and hexadecimal number system
✓ Number System Conversion (from decimal to binary, octal, hexadecimal and vice
versa)

References

o Binary to Octal Conversion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxmarqiqUdM

o Computer Number Systems – Number systems definition, types of numbers systems,
Octal Number System, Decimal Number System, Hexadecimal Number System |
includehelp.com. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2020, from
https://www.includehelp.com/computer-number-systems.aspx
o Decimal to Octal Conversion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayul1fmZd0Y
o How to Convert Binary to Decimal? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLflTjd3lWA
o How to Convert Binary to Hexadecimal:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSLKOKGQq0Y
o How to Convert Decimal to Binary? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsxT4FfRBaM
o How to Convert Decimal to Hexadecimal?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJW6qnfhC70
o How to Convert Hexadecimal to Binary:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_YC6DSPpQE
o How to Convert Hexadecimal to Decimal: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pg-
HEGBpCQk
o https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_number_system.htm
o Introduction: What is a Number System? https://code.tutsplus.com/articles/number-
systems-an-introduction-to-binary-hexadecimal-and-more--active-10848
o Number System in Math from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/number-system-in-maths/

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o Number Systems Introduction - Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal & BCD
Conversions - YouTube.(n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2020, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2zsmYaI5ww&t=109s
o Octal to Binary Conversion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkScocdUtbE
o Octal to Decimal Conversion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCM2JReWS10
o Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion - The Easy Way!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXRyIH90shg
o Tutorialspoint,(n.d.) Basics of Computers - Number System from

- END OF THE PRELIM TERM MODULE -

CHECK YOUR EXAM SCHEDULE FOR THIS COURSE.
DO NOT FORGET TO TAKE THE EXAM AS SCHEDULED.
THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS

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