Satellite Communications

Unit III: Multiple Access Techniques

Dr Yedukondalu Kamatham
B Tech (ECE), M Tech (OELT), Ph D (ECE)
Fellow of IETE, India; Senior Member of IEEE, USA; Life Member of ISTE, India
Professor of ECE, CVR College of Engineering, Vastunagar, Magalpally (V),
Ibrahimpatnam (M), R.R. District, Hyderabad-501 510, India, [email protected]
18, 27, 31 August, 1, 3 September 2020
 Unit-III: Multiple Access Techniques
CO3: Analyze different multiple access schemes
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Intermodulation, Calculation C/N,
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Frame Structure, Examples
• Satellite Switched TDMA on Board Processing,
• Demand Access Multiple Access (DAMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Spread Spectrum Transmission and Reception
KYK 2
 Introduction
➢The ability of the satellite to carry many signals at the same time is known as multiple access
➢Multiple access allows the communication capability of the satellite to be shared among
a large number of earth stations.
➢The multiple access technique will influence the capacity and flexibility of the satellite
communication system, its cost, and its ability to earn revenue
➢Three basic multiple access techniques
1. In Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) all users share the satellite at the same
time, but each user transmits at a unique allocated frequency
FDMA can be used with analog or digital signals
2. In Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each user is allocated a unique time slot at the
satellite so that signals pass through the transponder sequentially
TDMA is used only with digital signals
3. In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) all users transmit to the satellite on the same
frequency and at the same time
CDMA is a digital technique
• CDMA is much less efficient than TDMA and FDMA KYK in terms of bits/Hz of transponder BW
3
➢ Distinction between multiplexing and multiple access
➢ Multiplexing applies to the signals that are
generated at one location, whereas multiple access
refers to the signals from a number of different
geographical locations.
➢ FDM: system that combines signals in the frequency
domain
➢ TDM: to create a high speed digital data stream from
many digital channels delivered to that earth station,
and then modulate the data stream onto an RF
carrier and transmit the carrier to the satellite

➢ If the proportion is allocated to each earth station is fixed in advance, the system is called
Fixed Access (FA) or Preassigned Access (PA)
➢ If the resource is allocated as needed depending on changing traffic conditions, the
multiple access technique is called Demand Assignment/Access (DA)
➢ Systems which combine both FDMA and TDMA techniques are called hybrid multiple
access schemes or multifrequency TDMA (MF-TDMA)
KYK 4
 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
➢ FDMA: 1st Multiple access technique used in
satellite comm systems
➢ Multiplexing technique: FDM to multiplex up
to 1800 telephone channels: modulated onto
RF carrier using FM.
➢ FDM-FM-FDMA
➢ Advantage of FDMA is that filters can be used
to separate signals.
➢ In a fixed assignment system, each
transmitting earth station was allocated a Frequency plan for two C-band transponders using FDMA
frequency and bandwidth for each group of
signals it wished to send.
➢ When an earth station sends one signal on a carrier using FDMA technique is called Single Channer
per Carrier (SCPC)
➢ Large no of earth stations (mobile terminals) access single transponder using FDMA-SCPC.
➢ A hybrid MA system can use TDM baseband channels, which are then modulated onto single carrier
and no of earth stations can use same transponder
KYK using FDMA known as TDM-SCPC-FDMA (VSAT)5
➢Demand assignment and single channel per carrier (SCPC) techniques allow higher loadings
and give satellite operators increased revenue.

A Ku-band transponder bandwidth filled with a large number of FDMA-SCPC digital speech channels.
RF bandwidth of each channel is 40 kHz with 10 kHz guard bands between channels
➢ FDMA has a disadvantage in satellite communication systems when the
satellite transponder has a nonlinear characteristic
➢ Most transponders use TWTA: highly nonlinear than SSHPA
➢ This nonlinearity causes a reduction in the overall (C/N)0 : when FDMA is
used: because InterModulation (IM) Products are generated in transponder.
➢ Some IM products are within the transponder
KYK BW, will interference 6
 Intermodulation
➢Intermodulation (IM) products are generated whenever more than one signal
is carried by the nonlinear device.
➢Filtering can be used to remove IM products
➢If they are within the BW of the transponder, they cannot be filtered out
➢The saturation characteristic of a transponder can be modeled by a cubic curve
to illustrate the generation of third-order IM. 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴𝑉𝑖𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑉𝑖𝑛 3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝐴 ≫ 𝑏
➢Third-order IM is important because they have the frequencies close to the
signals that generate the IM and likely to be within the transponder.
• Apply two unmodulated carriers with equal magnitudes at frequencies f1 and f2
at the input of the amplifier as: 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉1 cos 𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝑉2 cos 𝜔2 𝑡 ; 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
• Then the amplifier output signal is:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑉1 cos(𝜔1 𝑡ሻ + 𝑉2 cos(𝜔2 𝑡ሻ + 𝑏 𝑉1 cos(𝜔1 𝑡ሻ + 𝑉2 cos(𝜔2 𝑡ሻ 3

Linear term KYK

Cubic term 7
• The linear term simply amplifies the input signal by a voltage gain A. The cubic term, which
will be denoted as V3out can be expanded as:
V3out= 𝑏 𝑉13 cos 3 𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝑉23 cos 3 𝜔2 𝑡 + 3𝑉12 cos 2 𝜔1 𝑡 𝑥𝑉2 cos 𝜔2 𝑡 + 3𝑉22 cos 2 𝜔2 𝑡 𝑥𝑉1 cos 𝜔1 𝑡
• The first two terms contain frequencies f1, f2, 3f1, and 3f2.
• The triple frequency components can be removed from the amplifier output with a band
pass filter.
• The second two terms generate the third order IM frequency components
2
1
∵ cos 𝑥 = cos(2𝑥ሻ + 1
2
3 2 3 2
𝑉𝐼𝑀 = 𝑏𝑉1 𝑉2 cos 𝜔2 𝑡 cos 2𝜔1 𝑡 + 1 + 𝑏𝑉2 𝑉1 cos 𝜔1 𝑡 cos 2𝜔2 𝑡 + 1
2 2
3 2 3 2
𝑉𝐼𝑀 = 𝑏𝑉1 𝑉2 cos 𝜔2 𝑡 cos 2𝜔1 𝑡 + cos 𝜔2 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑉2 𝑉1 cos 𝜔1 𝑡 cos 2𝜔2 𝑡 + cos 𝜔1 𝑡
2 2
• The terms at frequencies f1 and f2 in above Eq add to the wanted o/p of amplifier
• the third order IM products are generated by the f1 × 2f2 and f2 × 2f1 terms
KYK 8
• the output of the amplifier contains IM frequency components given by V’IM
1
∵ cos𝑥. cos𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 + cos(𝑥 − 𝑦ሻ
2
′
3 2 3 2
𝑉𝐼𝑀 = 𝑏𝑉1 𝑉2 cos 2𝜔1 + 𝜔2 𝑡 + cos 2𝜔1 − 𝜔2 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑉2 𝑉1 cos 2𝜔2 + 𝜔1 𝑡 + cos 2𝜔2 − 𝜔1 𝑡
4 4
• We can filter out the sum terms in above Eq, but the difference terms, with
frequencies 2f1 −f2 and 2f2 −f1 may fall within the transponder bandwidth.
• These two terms are known as the third order intermodulation products of the
HPA, because they are the only ones likely to be present at the output of a
transponder that incorporates a narrow BPF at its output.
• Thus the third order intermodulation products that are of concern are given
by V3IM 3 2 3 2
𝑉3𝐼𝑀 = 𝑏𝑉1 𝑉2 cos 2𝜔1 − 𝜔2 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑉2 𝑉1 cos 2𝜔2 − 𝜔1 𝑡
4 4
• The magnitude of the IM products depends on the parameter b, which
describes the non-linearity of the transponder, and the magnitude of the
signals.
KYK 9
• The wanted signals at the transponder output, at frequencies f1 and f2, have
magnitudes AV1 and AV2.
• The wanted signal output from the amplifier is
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = A 𝑉1 cos(𝜔1 𝑡ሻ + 𝑉2 cos(𝜔2 𝑡ሻ
• The total power of the wanted output from the HPA, referenced to a 1Ω load, is
1 2 2 1 2 2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = . 𝐴 𝑉1 + . 𝐴 𝑉2 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 𝑊 (1ሻ
2 2
• where P1 and P2 are the power levels of the wanted signals.
• The power of the IM products at the output of the HPA is
1 9 2 6 1 9 2 6 9 2 3
𝑃𝐼𝑀 = . . 𝑏 . 𝑉1 + . . 𝑏 . 𝑉2 = . 𝑏 𝑃1 + 𝑃23 𝑊 (2ሻ
2 16 2 16 32

• It can be seen from Eqs. (1) and (2) that IM products increase in proportion to the
cubes of the signal powers, with power levels that depend on the ratio (b/A)2.
• The greater the non-linearity of the amplifier (larger b/A ratio), the larger the IM
products
KYK 10
Intermodulation
Products: Example

KYK 11
KYK 12
Q: Consider the case of a 36MHz bandwidth C-band transponder, which has an output
spectrum for downlink signals in the frequency range 3705–3741MHz. The transponder
carries two unmodulated carriers at 3718 and 3728MHz with equal magnitudes at the
input to the HPA. Find the 3rd order harmonics?
Sol. The output of the HPA will contain additional frequency components at
frequencies:
• f31 = 2f1 −f2 = (2 × 3718 − 3728) = 3708 MHz
• f32 = 2f2 −f1 = (2 × 3728 − 3718) = 3738 MHz
• Now consider the case where the two signals carry modulation, which spreads the
signal energy into a bandwidth of 8MHz around each carrier. Carrier #1 has
frequencies 3714–3722MHz and carrier #2 has frequencies 3726–3734MHz. Denoting
the band of frequencies occupied by the signals as fnlo to fnhi, the intermodulation
products cover the frequency bands
• (2f1lo − f2hi) to (2f1hi − f2lo) and (2f2lo − f1hi) to (2f2hi − f1lo)
• The IM products are spread over bandwidths (2B1 +B2) and (2B2 +B1) where B1 and
B2 are the bandwidths of the two signals in the transponder.
• Hence the third order IM products for this example cover these frequencies:
• 3706−3730 MHz and 3716−3740 MHz with bandwidths of 24 MHz.
KYK 13
• The location of the 8 MHz wide signals and 24 MHz wide IM products is
illustrated in Figure above
• The intermodulation products now interfere with both signals, and also cover
the empty frequency space in the transponder.
KYK 14
 1 9 2 6 1 9 2 6 9 2 3
HPA Backoff loss 𝑃𝐼𝑀 = . . 𝑏 . 𝑉1 + . . 𝑏 . 𝑉2 =
2 16 2 16 32
. 𝑏 𝑃1 + 𝑃23 𝑊 (2ሻ
• Third order IM products grow rapidly as the output of the transponder increases toward
saturation.
• Equation (2) shows that IM power increases as the cube of signal power; in decibel units,
every 10 dB increase in signal power causes a 30 dB increase in IM product power.
• Consequently, the easiest way to reduce IM problems is to reduce the level of the signals in
the HPA. The output power of an operating transponder is related to its saturated output
power by output backoff.
• Backoff is measured in decibel units, so a transponder with a 100W rated (saturated) output
power operating with an output power of 50W has output backoff of 20 dBW−17 dBW= 3dB.
• Intermodulation products are reduced by 9 dB when 3 dB backoff is used, so any non-linear
transponder carrying more than one signal will usually have some backoff applied.
• Since a transponder is an amplifier, the output power level is controlled by the input power,
and there is a saturated input power level corresponding to the saturated output level.
• When the transponder is operated with output backoff, the power level at its input is
reduced by the input backoff.

KYK 15
HPA Backoff loss
• Because the transponder characteristics are not
linear, input backoff is always larger than
output backoff
• Figure shows the operating point and input and
output backoff for a transponder with a non-
linear TWTA
• The non-linearity of the transponder causes the
input and output backoff values to be unequal.
• In the example shown in Fig, the transponder
saturates at an input power of −100 dBW
• The transponder is operated at an input power
of −102.2 dBW, giving an input backoff of -2.2
dB
• The corresponding output backoff is 1.0 dB,
giving an output power of 16 dBW (40W), 10W
below the saturated output power of 50W (17
dBW)
• TWTA has slightly different characteristics when
operated with a single carrier and multiple
carriers
KYK 16
 Calculation of C/N with intermodulation
• C/N ratios for a link using the nonlinear
transponder illustrated in Figure.
• Overall (C/N)0 at the receiving earth station
is the combination of the three C/N ratios
shown in this figure.
• As the power level at the input of the
transponder is increased, (C/N)up in the
transponder increases linearly, but (C/N)dn
in the earth station receiver increases less
rapidly as the transponder saturates.
• Third-order intermodulation products are
generated in the transponder as it
saturates, causing overall (C/N)0 to peak at
an input level of –104 dBW.
• This is the optimum operating point for this
transponder.
• The dashed lines show C/N ratios for a
transponder that does not saturate.
KYK 17
Calculation of C/N with intermodulation
• Intermodulation between carriers in a non-linear transponder adds unwanted products
into the transponder bandwidth that are treated as though the interference were
Gaussian noise.
• For wideband carriers, the behavior of the IM products will be noiselike; with narrowband
carriers, the assumption may not be accurate, but is applied because of the difficulty of
determining the exact nature of the IM products.
• The output backoff of a transponder reduces the output power level of all carriers, which
therefore reduces the CNR in the transponder.
• The transponder CNR appears as (CNR)up in the calculation of the overall (CNR)o in the
earth station receiver.
• IM noise in the transponder is defined by another CNR, (CNR)IM, which enters the overall
(CNR)o through the reciprocal formula (using linear CNR power ratios) first encountered
as: 1
𝐶𝑁𝑅 0 =
1 1 1
+ +
𝐶𝑁𝑅 𝑢𝑝 𝐶𝑁𝑅 𝑑𝑛 𝐶𝑁𝑅 𝐼𝑀
KYK 18
Power Sharing in FDMA
• IM between multiple carriers in a satellite transponder is minimized when each signal in the
transponder has the same PSD
• In a GEO satellite system where the earth stations are all the same distance from the
satellite, this can be achieved by making the power transmitted by each earth station
proportional to the bandwidth of the transmitted signal
• When an earth station wants to transmits its signal through a transponder that is operated
in FDMA and already has other signals present, a spectrum analyzer is used in a loop back
test to set the transmitter power level correctly
• A loop back test is where the transmitting earth station receives its own signal
• The power from the transmitter is increased until the spectrum analyzer display shows that
the new signal has the same PSD as other signals already in the transponder
• Alternatively, the spectrum analyzer can be located at a central control station that
manages the satellite
• FDMA may not be the best choice for LEO satellites where the distance from the earth
stations to the satellite varies a great deal resulting in wide variation in path loss.
• Attenuation through trees can also reduce the power reaching the satellite when the earth station is
mobile.
• Equalizing the PSD of many channels in this situation is difficult, so TDMA may be a better
choice
KYK 19
Q: Three identical large earth stations with 500W saturated output power transmitters access a 36MHz
bandwidth transponder of a GEO satellite using FDMA. The earth stations are all at the same distance from the
satellite. The transponder saturated output power is 100W and it is operated with 3 dB output backoff when
FDMA is used. The gain of the transponder is 105 dB in its linear range. The bandwidths of the earth station
signals are Station A: 15MHz; Station B: 10MHz; Station C: 5MHz
• Find the power level at the output and input of the transponder, in dBW, for each earth station signal,
assuming that the transponder is operating in its linear region with 3 dB output backoff.
• Each earth station must transmit 250W to achieve an output power of 25W from the transponder. Find the
transmit power for each earth station when the transponder is operated with FDMA to make the PSD of each
signal equal.
• Sol: The output power of the transponder must be shared between the three signals in proportion to their
bandwidths. The output backoff of 3 dB means that the output power from the transponder is Pt where
• Pt = 10 log10 10(100∕2) = 20 − 3 dBW= 17 dBW → 50W
• The total bandwidth used is 15 + 10 + 5 = 30MHz.
• The output power must be shared in proportion to bandwidth used, so the transponder output power
allocated to each earth station’s signal is
• Station A : B = 15 MHz; Pt = (15/30)× 50W = 25.0W → 14 dBW
• Station B : B = 10 MHz; Pt = (10/30)× 50W = 16.67W → 12.2 dBW
• Station C : B = 5 MHz; Pt = (5/30)× 50W = 8.33W → 9.2KYKdBW 20
• The transponder gain is 105 dB, in its linear range, so for linear operation the
transponder input power for each earth station signal is
• Station A : Pin = 14.0 − 105 = −91.0 dBW= −61.0 dBm
• Station B : Pin = 12.2 − 105 = −92.8 dBW= −62.8 dBm
• Station C : Pin = 9.2 − 105 = −95.8 dBW= −65.8 dBm
• The effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP) at each earth station must be
set to give the correct power at the input to the transponder.
• A single earth station must transmit 250W= 24 dBW to achieve a transponder
output of 25W= 14 dBW.
• For the transponder output power levels of each signal calculated above, the
earth station transmitter powers are
• Station A : Pt = 24.0 dBW→ 250W
• Station B : Pt = 24.0 − 1.8 = 22.8 dBW→ 190W
• Station C : Pt = 24.0 − 4.8 = 19.2 dBW→ 83W
KYK 21
Channel Capacity with Demand Assignment FDMA
Q: A large number of satellite telephones can access a single transponder on a LEO satellite using
FDMA-DAMA. In this example, L-band frequencies are used for the uplinks and downlinks. Data
transmitted from the satellite on initial access by the satellite telephone is used to set the transmit
frequency and output power of the satellite telephone. The telephones transmit compressed digital
voice signals using QPSK modulation and half rate forward error correction coding with an occupied
bandwidth of 8 kHz and an output power level between 0.05 and 0.3W, such that the power level at
the input to the transponder is always −144 dBW=−114 dBm for any uplink signal. The resulting CNR
in clear air conditions for any one signal in the transponder is 10 dB. The transponder has a
bandwidth of 2.0MHz, a gain of 134 dB, and a maximum permitted output power of 12.6W. The
center frequencies of the telephone transmitters are spaced 10 kHz apart to provide a 2 kHz guard
band between each signal.
• Determine the maximum number of satellite telephones that can simultaneously access the
transponder. Is the transponder power or bandwidth limited? If the transponder is power limited,
what change could be made to increase the number of signals the transponder carries? What effect
would the change have on overall (CNR)o for the link?
Sol. If the transponder is bandwidth limited, the maximum number of signals, Nmax, that it could carry
is the available bandwidth divided by the signal bandwidth plus the guard band width
• Nmax = 2000 kHz ÷ 10 kHz = 200 channels
• If the value of Nmax is a fraction, it must be rounded down to the next lowest integer because we
cannot send fractional signals.

KYK 22
• The power level of each signal at the input to the transponder is −114 dBm. The gain of the
transponder is 134 dB, so the output power for each signal is Pt = −114 + 134 = 20 dBm = 0.1W
• If we have 200 signals, each at a power level of 0.1W, the total power at the output of the
transponder is 20W. This exceeds the maximum permitted output power of the transponder, which
was set at 12.6W.
• Hence the maximum number of satellite telephones that can simultaneously access the transponder
is 125, and the transponder is power limited.
• We can increase the number of signals in the transponder to 200, which is the maximum possible
number of telephones that can share the transponder at the same time because of the bandwidth
limit, by reducing the input power level by 10 log10(200/125) = 2.0 dB. Then the output power from
the transponder, per signal, is Pt = −116 + 134 = 18 dBm = 0.063Wor 63mW
• We can now transmit 200 signals from the transponder with a total output power level of 200 ×
0.063=12.6W,which meets the power limitation for the transponder.
• The CNR in the transponder will be reduced by 2.0 dB because the input signal is 2.0 dB weaker.
• Hence (CNR)up = 10.0–2.0 = 8.0 dB.
• The transponder now transmits 2.0 dB less power per signal, which will reduce the (CNR)dn at the
receiving earth station by 2.0 dB.
• Hence the overall (CNR)o for the link will be reduced by 2.0 dB when the number of satellite
telephones sharing the transponder is increased from 125 to 200.
KYK 23
Time Division Multiple Access
• In TDMA a number of earth
stations take turns transmitting
bursts of RF signals through a
transponder.
• The bit rate of a burst is
determined by the BW of the
RF signals and the modulation.
• The RF bandwidth can be equal
to the full transponder BW that
will create a high bit rate, or
• in a MF-TDMA system can be a
fraction of the transponder BW
with a lower bit rate.
KYK 24
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
➢ TDMA is an RF multiple access technique that allows a single transponder to be shared in
time between RF carriers from different earth stations.
Advantages
➢ TDMA has all the advantages over FDMA that digital signals have over analog.
➢ Easily reconfigured for changing traffic demands
➢ Resistant to noise and interference
➢ Can handle mixed voice, video and data traffic
➢ When using entire BW of the transponder: only one signal is present in the transponder at
any time, thus overcoming the problems caused by nonlinear distortions like FDMA
Disadvantages
➢ TDMA is not suited to narrowband signals.
➢ High power transmission is required
➢ Nonlinearity in transponder causes an increase in inter symbol interference (ISI)
➢ Needs synchronization KYK 25
➢ In TDMA -> RF carrier from each ES is sent as a burst (Transmission that
combines a very high data signaling rate with very short transmission
times).
➢ At satellite -> bursts arrive sequentially -> so transponder carries a near
continuous signal made of short bursts.
➢ The burst transmission is assembled at a transmitting earth station so that
it will correctly fit into the TDMA frame at the satellite.
➢ Frame length -> 125μs to few ms.
➢ Synchronization of all the ES in a TDMA network is required
➢ A time overlap of two RF signals is called a collision (this should be
avoided).
➢ BPSK or QAM.
KYK 26
Burst Generation Recovery of data messages

KYK 27
 TDMA Frame Structure
➢TDMA frame contains the signals transmitted by all ES in a TDMA n/w.
➢Frame exists only in the satellite transponder and on the downlinks from the satellite to the
receiving ES.
➢In GEO satellite systems, frame lengths of 125μ s to 20 ms.

➢ ES - join the network – add their bursts to the TDMA frame in the correct time sequence
and leave the n/w without disrupting its operation.
➢ Track the changes in the timing of frame caused by motion of satellite.
KYK 28
➢ TDMA transmissions – two parts
1. preamble containing all the synchronization & identification data
2. A group of traffic bits

➢ Preamble contains carrier and bit clock synchronization waveforms

➢ In some systems, reference burst is transmitted – by a master station
➢ Traffic bits are the revenue producing portion of the frame
➢ Preamble and reference burst represent overhead

KYK 29
➢ CBTR to VOW – preamble
➢ Data transmission begins with
satellite channel 1 and continues as a
bit stream through channel M.
➢ For the case of digital speech
channels using serial transmission at
a rate rsp

KYK 30
The number of speech channels n, that can be transmitted in a TDMA frame shared equally
by N earth stations can be calculated from duration of the frame, Tframe , guard time and
preamble length, tg , tpre and transmitted bit rate of the TDMA system, Rb.
Time to transmit the data bits, Td is

➢ In 1 s, the total number of bits, Cb, transmitted by each earth station is

➢ Since each digital speech channel requires a continuous bit rate of rsp bps, the
number of speech channels that can be carried by each earth station is given
by n where

KYK 31
 Reference burst and preamble
➢ CBTR and UW contain the carrier recovery waveform, bit clock synchronization, unique
word and station identifier.
➢ Carrier and bit timing recovery (CBTR) – enables a receiving ES to recover the remaining
burst.
➢ Carrier recovery is required at the receiver of any radio link in which coherent PSK is the
modulation technique.
➢ The bursts of RF signal received sequentially from different ES do not have same carrier
frequency, phase or bit rate.
➢ The differences will be small, but sufficient to require the receiver to relock to each new
carrier & to resynchronize the bit clock.
➢ The first part of CBTR burst is used to obtain lockup of PLL and the remaining portion is
used for bit clock synchronization.
➢ CBTR burst has a duration of 176 symbols with a transmission rate of 30 Msps giving a
burst duration of 5.86 us. KYK 32
 Unique Word (UW)
➢ UW is of typically 20 to 48 bits
➢ It acts as transmit station identifier, a start of frame (SOF) or burst marker and as a carrier
phase ambiguity detector.
➢ Unique word correlator, the bits
stream from the receiver output is
clocked into the shift register serially.
➢ When the contents of the shift
register match the stored unique
word the output of the summer is a
maximum and exceeds the
threshold, marking the end of UW.

➢ This provides a time marker for the remainder of the earth station’s transmission.
KYK 33
 Unique Word (UW)
➢ The pattern of 1s and 0s in the CBTR sequence and the UW allow the
receiver to check for phase ambiguity and to invert the appropriate bit
stream if ambiguity is found.
➢ If UW is detected at the wrong time, the recovered data in the entire burst
will be scrambled and the burst is lost.
➢ Probability of timing error should be very low.
➢ An incorrectly detected UW is called a miss.
➢ The probability that the specific bit sequence of a UW appears within the
bit stream of traffic data must be low, so that probability of false alarm is
small.
➢ Long UW reduces likelihood of false alarm.
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➢ 16 bits in each burst are allocated to a teletype link (TTY) between the earth
stations.
➢ Two 64-bit voice order wire (VOW) – digital voice links between ES.

➢ Teletype and voice order wire patterns carry instructions to and from earth
stations.

➢ 16 bits to a service channel (SC) -> carries the traffic station’s status to
the reference station. It also contains other information such as the high
bit error rate and UW loss alarms to other traffic stations.

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 Satellite Switched TDMA
➢ Advantage of TDMA when used with baseband processing transponder is
satellite switched TDMA.
➢ To maintain continuous comm. with entire coverage zone, the satellite has a
number of narrow beam antennas that can be used sequentially to cover the
zone.
➢ Narrow antenna beam has a higher gain, which increases the satellite EIRP
and capacity of the downlink.
➢ The satellite creates TDMA frames of data that contain packets addressed to
specific ES and switches its transmit beam to the direction of the receiving
ES as the packets are transmitted.

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 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
➢CDMA signals are encoded such that information from an individual
transmitter can be recovered by a receiving station that knows the code being
used.
➢Each receiving earth station is allocated a CDMA code.
➢CDMA codes -> 16 bits to many thousands of bits in length.
➢Bits of CDMA code are called chips
➢Chip sequence modulates data bits of message.
➢Chip rate >> data rate
➢DSSS -> used in satellite communications.

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Spread Spectrum Transmission and Reception

The basic principle of a direct sequence spread spectrum (CDMA) system.

Each incoming message data bit is multiplied by the same PN sequence. In
this example the message sequence is –1 + 1 and
–1 –1.
the PN sequence is + 1 + 1 + 1–1 +1 KYK 38
➢ Data bit recovery using an IF correlator
(matched filter).
➢ In this example the PN sequence is seven
bits long.
➢ The CDMA chips from the receiver are
clocked into the shift register serially and
the shift register contents passed through
phase shifters and added.
➢ The phase shifters convert –1 chips to + 1
when the correct code is in the shift
register such that all the voltages add to a
maximum when the received sequence is
correct.
➢ This fig shows the shift register contents
and adder output for the chip sequence
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A baseband correlator for dispreading CDMA signals. The original bit
stream is recovered by multiplying the received signal by a synchronized
copy of the PN sequence that was used in the transmitter.
KYK 40
 Onboard Processing
• Adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) can be used to lower the CNR required on the
uplink from the small transmitting earth station, with the penalty that the data rate slows
down.
• However, it is usually preferable to maintain the connection at a lower rate than to allow an outage to
occur.
• This approach is common in satellite internet access systems.

Onboard processing or Baseband processing transponder

➢Advantages
1. Uplink and downlink signal formats need not be same.
2. Different forms of error correction can be applied to uplink & downlink.
3. C/N ratios of uplink and downlink are not tied together through the reciprocal
formula.
4. Different modulation methods can be used (i.e. for uplink & downlink)
• LEO satellites providing mobile telephone service use onboard processing,
and some Ka-band satellites providingKYK
internet access to individual users41
 Demand Access Multiple Access (DAMA)
➢DA allows satellite channel is to be allocated to the user on demand, which increases no.
of users.
➢DA system -> two types of channels
➢Common Signaling Channel (CSC)
➢Common Channel

Channel 1 and channel 900 are common signaling channels (CSC) used by the demand
assignment system to set up access to the other 898 channels.
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➢VSAT ES -> access satellite -> control packet to satellite on CSC -> waits for reply.
➢Control packet contains -> address of satellite destination for call
-> address of station requesting connection
-> a CRC – to check errors in packet.
➢ Control station records both origination & destination station addresses.
➢In DA system control station allocates VSAT an uplink freq. & a time slot of specific
duration.
➢Once freq. & time slot are allocated to the VSAT station, connection can be completed &
data transfer or voice comm. can begin

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• Receiver for FDMA-SCPC
hub station. Channel
selection is by bandpass
filters in the 70 MHz IF
section of the receiver and
the third local oscillator.
• Each channel selection
filter and third local
oscillator is at a different
frequency, spaced in 60 kHz
increments across the IF
band.
• D: demodulator; B: bit
recovery circuit

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 Conclusion
• You understood
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Intermodulation, Calculation C/N,
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Frame Structure, Examples
• Satellite Switched TDMA on Board Processing,
• Demand Access Multiple Access (DAMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Spread Spectrum Transmission and Reception

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Thank you for attention
&
Queries if any

KYK 46