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    Chapter 46 - The Spirochetes

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    Koarie Frae Zule
    The document summarizes different types of spirochetes including Leptospira, Borrelia, and Treponema. Leptospira causes leptospirosis and includes L. interrogans which causes Weil's disease in humans. Borrelia includes B. recurrentis which causes relapsing fever transmitted by ticks and B. burgdorferi which causes Lyme disease transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum causes syphilis in humans which progresses through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages if left untreated. Serological tests to detect syphilis include nontreponemal tests such as VDRL and RPR as well as

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    Chapter 46 - The Spirochetes

    Uploaded by

    Koarie Frae Zule
    24 views2 pages
    The document summarizes different types of spirochetes including Leptospira, Borrelia, and Treponema. Leptospira causes leptospirosis and includes L. interrogans which causes Weil's disease in humans. Borrelia includes B. recurrentis which causes relapsing fever transmitted by ticks and B. burgdorferi which causes Lyme disease transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum causes syphilis in humans which progresses through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages if left untreated. Serological tests to detect syphilis include nontreponemal tests such as VDRL and RPR as well as

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    The document summarizes different types of spirochetes including Leptospira, Borrelia, and Treponema. Leptospira causes leptospirosis and includes L. interrogans which causes Weil's disease in humans. Borrelia includes B. recurrentis which causes relapsing fever transmitted by ticks and B. burgdorferi which causes Lyme disease transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum causes syphilis in humans which progresses through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages if left untreated. Serological tests to detect syphilis include nontreponemal tests such as VDRL and RPR as well as

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views2 pages

    Chapter 46 - The Spirochetes

    Uploaded by

    Koarie Frae Zule
    The document summarizes different types of spirochetes including Leptospira, Borrelia, and Treponema. Leptospira causes leptospirosis and includes L. interrogans which causes Weil's disease in humans. Borrelia includes B. recurrentis which causes relapsing fever transmitted by ticks and B. burgdorferi which causes Lyme disease transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum causes syphilis in humans which progresses through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages if left untreated. Serological tests to detect syphilis include nontreponemal tests such as VDRL and RPR as well as

    Copyright:

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    of 2

    Chapter 46: Spirochetes 2.

    Borreliae
    - Equipped with periplasmic flagella (axial fibrils,
    endoflagella)  General Characteristics
    - Slender, flexous and helical - Less tightly coiled (3 -10 coils)
    - Arthropod-borne
    1. Leptospira - Can be visualized by bright-field microscopy
    - Family Leptospires - Grown in Kelly medium
    A. L. interrogans: - Giemsa stain peripheral blood smear:
    causative agent of human leptospirosis test of choice for relapsing fever borreliosis
    B. L. biflexa - Actively motile/microaerophilic
    - Most common serovars: - SOC: Peripheral blood
    1. Icterohaemorrhagiae
    2. Australis a. Borrelia recurrentis
    3. canicola - Endemic relapsing fever
    Tickborne (saliva)
     General Characteristics - Epidemic relapsing fever
    - Tightly coiled, thin, flexible spirochetes with louse-borne (lice are crushed & scratched into
    hooked ends skin )
    - Obligate aerobe; rapid rotational motility - Relapses due to antigenic variation
    - Visible by dark-field, phase contrast and - Drug of choice: Tetracycline
    Immunofluorescent microscopy - Jarisch-Herxheimer rxn: associated with the
    clearance of the organisms from release
     Possible virulence factors
    - Reduced phagocytosis in the host b.Borrelia burgdorferi
    - Cell mediated sensitivity to leptospiral Ag - Sensulato
    - Hemolysin - Lyme disease/syndrome
    - Endotoxin - Ixodes tick
    - Natural host: Deers and rodents
     Infections - Stage 1
    - Leptospirosis (zoonoses) IP: Localized (ECM): target or bull’s-eye skin lesion
    10-12 days, flu-like symptoms. at the site of tick bite
    - Hepatic,renal, CNS involvement. Fever, joint pain, malaise and fatigue
    - Conjunctival suffusion - Stage 2
    - Early disseminated
    A. Weil disease neurologic disorders, meningitis and carditis
    - Icteric leptospirosis - Stage 3
    - Severe systemic disease with, renal and hepatic Late persistent
    failure & intravascular disease Chronic arthritis (weeks or years later)
    - 1st week: IgM Acrodermatitis
    - 1 month onwards: IgG Chronica atrophicans (ACA) – diffuse skin rash
    Erythema chronicum migrans
     Laboratory diagnosis  Treatment
    - Acute phase (1st week) - Doxycycline, Amoxicillin
    Blood or CSF specimen
    - 2nd week 3. Treponemes
    Urine
    - Culturable to Fletcher’s, Stuart or EMJH  General Characteristics
    (Dark/Room temperature) - 4-14 spiral
    - Serotyping by MAT/ELISA - Visualize by dark-field microscopy
    - Motile with graceful flexuous movements in
     Treatment liquid
    - Doxycycline, Tetracycline
    PandaMT13
    a. Treponema pallidum subsp. Pallidum
    - Sexually transmitted / transplacental “great
    imitator” human pathogen
    - Congenital syphilis: (2 years)
    Mucocutanoes lesions
    SOC: Umblical cord
    - Syphilis
    1. Primary stage (10 – 90 days)
    - Chancre (firm)
    2. Secondary stage (2 – 12 weeks)
    - Lesions, rashes, etc.
    3. Tertiary stage (CNS)
    - Gummas
    - Neurosyphilis

     Serologic Tests
    1. VDRL and RPR (Non – treponemal)
    - Antigen: cardiolipin antigen
    - VDRL: non – specific antibodies capable of
    reacting with the cardiolipin; + within 1 – 12
    weeks; SOC: Serum/CSF
    - RPR: based on the presence of reagin; SOC:
    Plasma/Serum
    2. FTA-ABS
    - Reiter treponeme remove nonspecific
    treponemal
    - Ab. T. pallidum Nichols strain affixed
    3. TP-PA and EIA
    - Confirmation on later stages of syphilis.

     Other Treponemal (non-venereal) Diseases

    1. Treponema pallidum subsp. Pertenue


    - Yaws (granulomatous nodules)

    2. Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum


    - Endemic Syphilis (Bejel)- papules

    3. Treponema carateum
    - Pinta - scaling, erythema

    2 Types of antibodies:

    1. Nontreponemal antibody
    - VDRL and RPR
    - Refers an indirect method of blood test for
    diagnosis of infection with syphilis
    2. Treponemal antibody
    - FTA-ABS, MHA, TP-PA and EIA
    - Antibody produced against antigen of the
    organism
    PandaMT13

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