Name: M Ali

Subject: English-I

Part Of Speech
All the English words are classified as per their use and capacity in the
sentence. They are eight in number. They are called the parts of speech. A
speech is a sentence having many words.
Verb, Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Interjection, Conjunction, Preposition

 Verb
A verb is a word which shows and indicates some action. It is a word which is
used to express some action, condition or existence.
Example:
Run, Walk, Push, Eat, Come, Go, Play, Read, Is, Am, Are, Had, have.
Sophie ran to school because she was late.
Ali loves to bake cookies.
I always help you.
They went there.

Kinds of verb:
There are four type of verb.
Transitive verb, Intransitive verb, Verb of incomplete predication, Helping Verb
/ Auxiliary verb

Transitive verb:
Transitive means passing over. A transitive verb means when an action passes
from a subject to an object. These verbs always require an object.
Example:
She eats an apple.
I love Pakistan.
Some time a transitive verb contains two objects.
Direct object, Indirect object

Intransitive verb:
Intransitive means not passing over. An intransitive verb means when an
action does not pass from a subject to an object. It does not require an object.
Example:
She eats.
They come.
He sleeps.
He weeps.
Intransitive verb may be turned into transitive verb. If a preposition is used.
Example:
She laughed at him.
I looked at the painting.
We talked about the film.
They wished for happiness.

Verb of incomplete predication:

A verb which is requires the help of some other word to complete it’s meaning
is known as verb of incomplete predication.
It could be of transitive or intransitive.
Example:
The baby sleeps.
The baby seems happy.
Some verbs are used only with object complements.
Make, think, declare, announce, elect, call, appoint, regard, name, know, find,
believe.
Some of these verbs may be used with preposition as but most cases the
preposition is omitted.
Example:
He made me understand.
He appointed them teacher.

Helping verb / Auxiliary verb:

The helping verbs mean those verbs which have no meaning but they help the
main verb to clarify meaning or to complete the meaning of the sentence.
Example:
Is, am, are, have, has, do, does, was, were, had, did, been, done
He is writing an essay.
Some helping verbs can be used as main verb.
Example:
He has a good time.
Do they go there? Yes they do.
Are you happy? Yes I am.
Can you play cricket? Yes I can.

Modal verb / Modal Auxiliary:

Modal verbs are used with other verbs to express permission, possibility,
prayer, intention or necessity. These verbs are termed as modal auxiliary.
Example:
Can, could, may, might, must, ought to, should, dare
He should go there.
We ought to respect our elders.
He must go to school.

 Noun
Noun is a word used for the name of a person, place, thing or an animal. It
indicates anything that can be seen, touched, weighted, or measured and also
felt.
Example:
House, teacher, cup, shop, Ali, beauty etc
My teacher is a very nice person.
Amy is going to go on holiday to China.
Ali went to Lahore.

Kind of noun:
There are five kind of noun.
Proper noun, common noun, collective noun, material noun, Abstract noun

Proper noun:
A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, or a thing which
differs from all other of its kind or class.
Example:
The Holy Quran, Multan, Asia, Anwar, Honda
Lahore is a famous city of Pakistan.
Fatima helps Naeem in writing.
In the above sentence Lahore is proper noun because it cannot be used for
any other city.

Common noun:
A common noun refers to any person, place, or a thing. It is called common
noun because it refers to a person, place or thing of the same class or kind.
Example:
Boy, car, village, deer, sheep, country
The boy caught the ball.
A crow is a clever bird.

Common noun can be divided into two kinds.

Countable noun, uncountable noun

Countable noun:
Countable noun are the names of things and persons that we can count.
These nouns have plural forms.
Example:
Table, chair, book, cat, mango, girl, etc

Uncountable noun:
Uncountable noun are the names of things which cannot be count are known
as uncountable noun. These nouns do not have plural forms.
Example:
Meet, sugar, rice, milk, silver, etc

Collective noun:
A collective noun is the name of collection of the similar things or the persons.
Example:
Pakistan, army, jury, family, committee, cattle, nation, class
Pakistan is a proud nation.
The class is busy in written test.
Our army is very strong.

Material noun:
Material noun is the name of a matter or substance out of which things are
made.
Example:
Gold, silver, wood, coal, iron, steel, rice, glass, ink, milk etc
Gold is a costly metal.
Wood floats on the water.
Rice is a good diet for health.

Abstract noun:
The name of a thing which has no physical existence. It denotes the quality,
action or state of a noun. It can be felt only.
Example:
Freedom, liberty, thought, joy, sorrow, love etc
Honesty is the best policy.
Practice makes a man perfect.
Everyone is bound to meet death.

 Adjective
A word which qualifies a noun or a pronoun is called the adjective.
Example:
Short, beautiful, red, old, tall, lazy,
He is good man.
You have a nice pen.
She is a tall girl.
There are two uses of every adjective.
Attributive use, predicative use

Attributive use:
An adjective used with a noun is known as attributive use.
Example:
Beautiful girl, nice book, clever student etc

Predicative use:
An adjective use with a verb is known as predicative use
Example:
He is afraid.
They are dead.
He is alive.

Kinds of adjective:
There are ten kinds of adjective.
Adjective of quality, interrogative adjective, adjective of quantity, possessive
adjective, adjective of number, emphasizing adjective, demonstrative
adjective, exclamatory adjective, distributive adjective, proper adjective

Adjective of quality:
An adjective used to talk about the quality of a person or thing is known as
adjective of quality.
Example:
Wealthy, a brave person, tall boy etc
She is a beautiful girl.
Faisalabad is an industrial city.
He is a wealthy person.
He is a good student.

Adjective of quantity:
An adjective used to talk about the quantity of things is known as adjective of
quantity.
Example:
Little, much, enough, no, any, whole, some, all, great, etc
There is a little milk in the jug.
My father earned enough money.
He shows much courage in the war.

Adjective of number:
An adjective which is used to talk about the number of things or persons is
known as adjective of number.
Example:
Five, first, ten, nine, etc
She wrote six papers for the B.A.
There are fifty students in class room.

Adjective of number is subdivided into two main classes.

Definite, indefinite

Definite:
It denotes some definite number.
Example:
Nine, eight, five etc
She wrote six papers for the B.A.
There are fifty students in class room.

Indefinite:
It denotes indefinite number.
Example:
Several, few, some etc
There are several people in the safe room.
I have seen some cartridges in the cupboard.
There are only a few deer left.

Demonstrative adjective:
An adjective used to point out which person or thing we speak about is known
as demonstrative adjective.
Example:
This, that, these, those, such etc
This book is very interesting.
That girl is very beautiful.

Distributive adjective:
An adjective used to refer to each and every person or thing separately is
known as distributive adjective.
Example:
Each, every, either, neither, any, no, none, both etc
Each boy was awarded a diploma.
Every person should love his country.
No country accepted the treaty.

Interrogative adjective:
An adjective used to question is known as interrogative adjective.
Example:
What, which, whose etc
What advice shall I give you?
Which person do you like most?
Whose hand writing is this?

Possessive adjective:
An adjective used to talk about ownership of possession is known as
possessive adjective.
Example:
My, our, your, her, its etc
My mother is a teacher.
Your father is a doctor.
Our country is Pakistan.
Emphasizing adjective:
An adjective used to emphasize a noun is known as emphasizing adjective.
Example:
Own, very etc
I saw it with my own eyes.
That was my book, I was looking for.

Exclamatory adjective:
 An exclamatory adjective is a word that shows emotion, so it is used with
a noun. We know what a question word is, but 'what' is usually used to show
strong emotion. So it means a word used to show strong emotion is
an exclamatory adjective.
Example:
What a beauty!, what an insult, etc

Proper adjective:
An adjective derived from a proper name is known as a proper adjective.
Example:
Pakistan army, English grammar, American president etc

 Adjectives ending in '-ed' and '-ing'

-ed adjective
Adjectives that end in -ed generally describe emotions – they tell us how
people feel.
Example:
I was so bored in that lesson, I almost fell asleep.
He was surprised to see Helen after all those years.
She was really tired and went to bed early.

-ing adjective
Adjectives that end in -ing generally describe the thing that causes the
emotion – a boring lesson makes you feel bored.
Example:
Have you seen that film? It's really frightening.
I could listen to her for hours. She's so interesting.
I can't sleep! That noise is really annoying!

Here are some adjectives that can have both an -ed and an -ing form.

Annoyed annoying
Bored boring

Confused confusing

Disappointed disappointing

Excited exciting

Frightened frightening

Interested interesting

Surprised surprising

Tired tiring
Worried worrying

 Adverb
An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb in
the sentence and adds to their meanings is known as adverb.
Example:
Slowly, yesterday, always, very etc
Sophie is always late for school.
Last night I slept really well.
They ran very fast to go there.

Kinds of adverb:
Adverb is divided into eight kinds on the basis of their use.
Adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of time, adverb of frequency,
adverb of certainty, adverb of degree, interrogative adverb, relative adverb.
Adverb of manner:
An adverb used to show how an action is done is known as an adverb of
manner.
Example:
Quickly, bravely, luckily, sadly etc
They live happily.
She walks gracefully.
Adverb of place:
An adverb to show where an action is done is known as an adverb of place.
Example:
Here, up, down, there, away etc
I went there.
She stood near the stage.

Adverb of time:
An adverb used to show when an action is done is known as an adverb of
time.
Example:
Now, today, soon, still etc
My father is not at home now.
She will come here soon.

Adverb of frequency:
An adverb used to show often an action is done is known as an adverb of
frequency.
Example:
Once, twice, often, never, always, again etc
They always go to school at time.
He seldom comes.

Adverb of certainty:
An adverb used to show the definiteness of the action is known as an adverb
of certainty.
Example:
Certainly, surely, definitely, obviously etc
I shall certainly help you.
Ali is obviously very clever.

Adverb of degree:
An adverb used to show how much or in what degree or to what extent an
action is done is known as an adverb of degree.
Example:
Very, rather, fairly, quite, too, almost, etc
We have eaten enough.
I am feeling much better.

Interrogative Adverb:
An adverb used to ask question is known as an interrogative adverb.
Example:
Where, when, why, how etc
When do you come?
How long will you stay in Lahore.

Relative Adverb:
An adverb used to relate two clauses or statements is known as a relative
adverb.
Example:
Where, when, why etc
I did not know where she had gone.
Do you know when Ali came here?

 Pronoun
A word used in place of noun is known as a pronoun. It is used to avoid
repetition.
Example:
I, She, Our, They, It etc
She always helps me with my homework.
You can visit the shopping centre at one o’clock.
Kinds of pronoun:
Pronoun is divided into eleven kinds.
Personal pronoun, reflexive pronoun, emphatic pronoun, demonstrative
pronoun, indefinite pronoun, interrogative pronoun, distributive pronoun,
reciprocal pronoun, relative pronoun, relative compound pronoun, possessive
pronoun.
Personal pronoun:
A pronoun used for three persons is known as personal pronoun.

First pronoun:
A pronoun used for the person speaking is known as the fist pronoun.
Example:
I, we

Second pronoun:
A pronoun used for the person spoken to is known as the second person.
Example:
You

Third pronoun:
A pronoun used for the person spoken about is known as the third person.
Example:
He, she, it, they

Reflexive pronoun:
Reflexive pronoun means that the action done by the subject returns back or
reflects upon the subject. Moreover it means the person denoted by the
subject and the person denoted by the object or the same.
Example:
Myself, yourself, herself
I saw myself in the mirror.
You must know yourself.

The different uses of reflexive pronoun

It may be used as a direct object.
Example:
You please yourself when you please others.

It may also be used as an indirect object.

Example:
He bought himself a costly house.

It may also be used after a preposition.

Example:
He has got nothing to save for himself.

Some verbs are reflexive in some certain situations.

Example:
The student enjoyed themselves at the theatre.
Ali will apply himself to the new job.

Some verbs can be used non reflexive.

Example:
He has enjoyed the birthday party of his father.

Emphatic pronoun:
A pronoun used for the sake of emphasis is known as emphatic pronoun.
Example:
Myself, himself, itself
I myself showed the way.
We ourselves talked to the P.M.

Demonstrative pronoun:
A pronoun used to point out the person or thing we talk about is known as a
demonstrative pronoun.
Example:
This, that, such, those
This is my house.
These are my teacher’s books.
These words may be used as adjective with nouns and they are known as
demonstrative pronoun.

Indefinite pronoun:
A pronoun used to talk about a person or thing indefinitely is known as
indefinite pronoun.
Example:
Someone, something, anybody
Everybody, anyone, nobody

Interrogative pronoun:
A pronoun used to make a question is known as an interrogative pronoun.
Example:
Who, whose, which etc

Distributive pronoun:
A pronoun used to talk about each and every person separately is known as a
distributive pronoun.
Example:
Each, either, none etc

Reciprocal pronoun:
A pronoun used to talk about mutual relationship is known as a reciprocal
pronoun.
Example:
Each, other, one another etc
The two sisters loved each other.

Relative pronoun:
A pronoun used to combine or relate sentence or clauses together is known
as a relative pronoun.
Example:
Who, which, as whom etc

Relative compound pronoun:

A pronoun which is compounded with the word ever is known as a relative
compound pronoun.
Example:
Whoever, whenever, whichever etc

Possessive pronoun:
A pronoun used to express possession or ownership is known as possessive
pronoun.
Example:
My, our, his etc
  Interjection
An interjection is a word that expresses strong emotion and is often followed
by an exclamation mark.
Example:
Wow! Oh!
Wow! The view is amazing.
Hey! I haven’t seen you in a long time.

Kinds of interjection:
Interjection is divided into seven kinds.
Primary interjection, secondary interjection, mild interjection, strong
interjection, volitive interjection, emotive interjection
Cognitive interjection

Primary interjection:
The words that are exclusively interjections and cannot be classified as any
other Parts of Speech are called Primary Interjections. 
Example:
Huh, aw, ouch
Oops, My bad.
Wow! You had time to join us.

Secondary interjection:
The Nouns, Adjectives, and other Parts of Speech that act as interjections on
occasions are called Secondary Interjections. 
Example:
Indeed, I was waiting for your premonitions.
Goodness! How did you go through all these books in a day?
Volitive interjection:
Commands, requests, and wishes are usually expressed with Volitive
Interjections. In the speech, "I want" expressions are replaced with Volitive
Interjections. 
Example:
Shh! We have to keep it quiet.
Ahem! I was looking at another problem.
Psst! I have started working out.
Emotive interjection:
The words to express sudden spur of emotions like surprise, delight, sorrow,
disgust and fear are Emotive Interjections. These types usually replace the "I
feel" expressions in speech. 
Example:

Cognitive interjection:
Words that are born off congnition and used as exclamations are
called Cognitive Interjections. These types are used to convey the feelings and
emotions that people come across and understand through experience. 
Example:
Well, I will try harder.
Bravo! What a performance.

 Conjunction
A word which joins together sentences or words and clauses is known as
conjunction.
Example:
And, but, although, or.
I like to watch the television and eat popcorn.
My friend is very loud, whereas I am very quite.

Kinds of conjunction:
Conjunctions are divided into four kinds.
Co-relative, compound conjunction, co-ordinating conjunction, sub-ordinating
conjunction

Co-relative conjunction:
Conjunctions which are used in pairs are known as co-relative conjunction.
Example:
Either__or, such__that, neither__nor etc
She is either a typist or a teacher
Such was her reply that I never expected.
Compound conjunction:
Group of words which are used as conjunctions are known as compound
conjunctions
Example:
In order that, as though, on condition etc
Even if she is beautiful, I will not marry her.
He spends as if he were a rich man.

Co-ordinating conjunction:
Conjunctions which are used to join together clauses of equal rank are known
as co-ordinating conjunction.
Example:
Or, but, also, for etc
He is neither my friend nor my relative.
I must try hard for there is heavy competition.

Co-ordinating conjunctions are divided into four kinds.

Cumulative conjunction, disjunctive conjunction, adversative conjunction,
illative conjunction

Cumulative conjunction:
Conjunctions which are used to join statements are known as Cumulative
conjunction.
Example:
And, no less than, so etc
She looked and smiled at me.
He is my father so I respect him.
Adversative conjunction:
Conjunctions which are used to express a contrast between two statements
are known adversative conjunction.
Example:
But, still, only etc
He beats his wife yet he loves her.
My friend is lazy whereas his father is intelligent.

Disjunctive conjunction:
Conjunctions which are used to express as choice between two alternatives
are disjunctive conjunction.
Example:
Neither_nor, else, either_or etc
You must either return my money or sell your house to me.

Illative conjunction:
Conjunctions which are used to express an inference are known as illative
conjunction.
Example:
For, therefore, since etc
I loved Ali for he is very brave.
He is ill therefore he cannot go.

Subordinating conjunction:
Conjunctions which are used to join clauses of unequal rank are known as
subordinating conjunction.
Example:
After, although, when etc
He came when I was reading a novel.
I waited till Ali came.

 Preposition
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation
to some other noun or pronoun in the sentence.
Example:
Under, above, in, during
The cat jumped over the box.
Get into the car quickly before we are late to school.

Kinds of Preposition:
There are five kinds of preposition.
Simple preposition, double preposition, compound preposition, participle
preposition, phrase preposition.
Simple preposition:
Prepositions which are not formed by any method and common to a language
are known as simple preposition.
Example:
At, out, to, etc
She is at the bus stop.

Double preposition:
Preposition which contain two words are known as double preposition.
Example:
Out of, close to, due to etc
I recognized Ali from his friend.

Compound preposition:
Preposition which are formed by prefixing are known as compound
preposition.
Example:
About, above, beside etc
Do known about Ali?

Participle preposition:
These are used as prepositions are known as participle preposition.
Example:
Pending, according, not, with etc
We stay in Kashmir during summer.

Phrase preposition:
Groups of words which are used as prepositions are known as phrase
preposition.
Example:
According to, along with, away from etc
 Article
The articles are those words which specialize or generalize a noun `A’, `an’ and
`the’ are known article.
Kinds of article:
Definite article, indefinite article

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES:

In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before
nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article
(the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known
to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general
or when its identity is not known. There are certain situations in which a noun
takes no article.

As a guide, the following definitions and table summarize the basic use of
articles. Continue reading for a more detailed explanation of the rules and for
examples of how and when to apply them.

Definite article

the (before a singular or plural noun)

Indefinite article

a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound)

an (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)

Count nouns - refers to items that can be counted and are either singular or
plural

Non-count nouns - refers to items that are not counted and are always
singular

COUNT NOUNS NON-COUNT NOUNS

Rule #1
Specific identity not knowna, an (no article)
Rule #2
Specific identity known the the
Rule #3
All things or things in general (no article) (no article)
For the purposes of understanding how articles are used, it is important to
know that nouns can be either count (can be counted) or noncount (indefinite
in quantity and cannot be counted). In addition, count nouns are either
singular (one) or plural (more than one). Noncount nouns are always in
singular form.

For example, if we are speaking of water that has been spilled on the table,
there can be one drop (singular) or two or more drops (plural) of water on the
table. The word drop in this example is a count noun because we can count
the number of drops. Therefore, according to the rules applying to count
nouns, the word drop would use the articles a or the.

However, if we are speaking of water in general spilled on the table, it would

not be appropriate to count one water or two waters -- there would simply be
water on the table. Water is a noncount noun. Therefore, according to the
rules applying to noncount nouns, the word water would use no article or the,
but not a.

Following are the three specific rules which explain the use of definite and
indefinite articles.

Rule #1 - Specific identity not known: Use the indefinite article a or an only
with a singular count noun whose specific identity is not known to the reader.
Use a before nouns that begin with a consonant sound, and use an before
nouns that begin with a vowel sound.

Use the article a or an to indicate any non-specified member of a group or

category.
I think an animal is in the garage
That man is a scoundrel.
We are looking for an apartment.

Use the article a or an to indicate one in number (as opposed to more than
one).
I own a cat and two dogs.

Use the article a before a consonant sound, and use an before a vowel sound.
a boy, an apple

◊ Sometimes an adjective comes between the article and noun:

an unhappy boy, a red apple

The plural form of a or an is some. Use some to indicate an unspecified,

limited amount (but more than one).
an apple, some apples

Rule #2 - Specific identity known: Use the definite article the with any noun
(whether singular or plural, count or noncount) when the specific identity of
the noun is known to the reader, as in the following situations:

Use the article the when a particular noun has already been mentioned
previously.
I ate an apple yesterday. The apple was juicy and delicious.

Use the article the when an adjective, phrase, or clause describing the noun
clarifies or restricts its identity.
The boy sitting next to me raised his hand.
Thank you for the advice you gave me.

Use the article the when the noun refers to something or someone that is
unique.
the theory of relativity
the 2003 federal budget

Rule #3 - All things or things in general: Use no article with plural count nouns
or any noncount nouns used to mean all or in general.

Trees are beautiful in the fall. (All trees are beautiful in the fall.)
He was asking for advice. (He was asking for advice in general.)
I do not like coffee. (I do not like all coffee in general.)
Additional Information Regarding the Use of Articles

When indicating an unspecified, limited amount of a count or noncount noun,

use some.
My cousin was seeking some advice from a counselor (not advice in general or
advice about everything, but a limited amount of advice).

I would love some coffee right now (not coffee in general, but a limited
amount of coffee).

We might get rain tomorrow. Some rain would be good for the crops (a
certain amount of rain, as opposed to rain in general).

There are some drops of water on the table (a limited number, but more than
one drop).

Noncount nouns are those which usually cannot be counted. Following are
some common examples:
◊ Certain food and drink items: bacon, beef, bread, broccoli, butter, cabbage,
candy, cauliflower, celery, cereal, cheese, chicken, chocolate, coffee, corn,
cream, fish, flour, fruit, ice cream, lettuce, meat, milk, oil, pasta, rice, salt,
spinach, sugar, tea, water, wine, yogurt

◊ Certain nonfood substances: air, cement, coal, dirt, gasoline, gold, paper,
petroleum, plastic, rain, silver, snow, soap, steel, wood, wool

◊ Most abstract nouns: advice, anger, beauty, confidence, courage,

employment, fun, happiness, health, honesty, information, intelligence,
knowledge, love, poverty, satisfaction, truth, wealth

◊ Areas of study: history, math, biology, etc.

◊ Sports: soccer, football, baseball, hockey, etc.

◊ Languages: Chinese, Spanish, Russian, English, etc.

◊ Other: clothing, equipment, furniture, homework, jewelry, luggage, lumber,
machinery, mail, money, news, poetry, pollution, research, scenery, traffic,
transportation, violence, weather, work

Geographical names are confusing because some require the and some do
not.
◊ Use the with: united countries, large regions, deserts, peninsulas, oceans,
seas, gulfs, canals, rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands

the Gobi Desert

the United Arab Emirates
the Sacramento River
the Aleutians

◊ Do not use the with: streets, parks, cities, states, counties, most countries,
continents, bays, single lakes, single mountains, islands

Japan
Chico
Mt. Everest
San Francisco Bay

Examples of the Use of Articles

I do not want a gun in my house (any gun).

The gun is in his closet (implies there is a specific gun).
I am afraid of guns (all guns in general).

She sent me a postcard from Italy (an unspecific postcard - not a letter, not an
e-mail).
It's the postcard that I have in my office (one specific postcard).
Getting postcards makes me want to travel (any postcard in general).

I have a dog (one dog).

The dog is very friendly (the dog that I have already mentioned).
Dogs make great pets (dogs in general).

Greta needs furniture in her apartment (furniture is a noncount noun).

She is going to select the furniture that she needs (the specific furniture that
she needs).
She hopes to find some furniture this weekend (an unspecified, limited
amount of furniture).

We are going to see the Statue of Liberty this weekend (the only Statue of
Liberty).

Phrase
A phrase in a sentence is a group of related words that complement the
structure of sentence.
Or
A phrase is a group of words that stand together as a single unit typically as
part of a clause or a sentence.
A phrase usually consists of preposition, articles, noun.
E.g. on a table, at the door, in a box, on the wall, at the hall, on the roof, under
the table.
Sana is drawing a map on the wall.
Someone is waiting at the door.
The dog is barking at a stranger.
The kid sat beside her mother.
She is standing on the roof.
The students, at the hall were making a noise.
The girl in the red shirt won the debate.
A phrase acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a senence.
 Clause
A clause is that part of sentence that contains a subject and a verb.

Present Tense
 Present Indefinite Tense

‫پہچان۔‬
‫ ہے’ تا ہوں وغیرہ آتا ہے‬ ‫میں فقرات کے آخر میں ‘تا ہے’ تی‬ ‫اردو‬
Use:

Present Indefinite Tense is used to tell about an action which happens regularly.
Routine work and universal facts are always told using this tense.

Structure:

Subject+Verb(first form)+object

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add s or es with verb.

If we have you,we,they or plural noun we do not add s or es with verb.

Example:

‫میں بازار جاتا ہوں۔‬

I go to bazaar.

‫کسان ہل چالتے ہیں۔‬

The farmers plough.

‫پرندے ہوا میں اڑتے ہیں۔‬

The birds fly in the air.

‫ہن گانا گاتے ہیں۔‬

We sing a song‫۔‬

‫وہ کپڑے دھوتی ہے۔‬

She washes the clothes.

 Negative sentence
Structure:

Subject+helping verb+Verb(first form)+object

If we have single noun we add does not before verb.

If we have plural noun we add do not before verb.

Example:

‫وہ بازار نہیں جاتا۔‬

He does not go to bazaar.

‫کسان ہل نہیں چالتے ۔‬

The farmers don’t plough.

‫پرندے ہوا می نہیں اڑتے ۔‬

The birds don’t fly in the air.

‫ہم گانا نہیں گاتے ۔‬

We do not sing a song.

 Interrogative sentence
Structure:

Helping verb+Subject+Verb(first form)+object

 If we have single noun we add does before Subject.

If we have plural noun we add do before Subject.

Example:

‫کیا وہ سکول جاتا ہے؟‬

Does he go to school?

‫کیا وہ اپنے والدین کا حکم مانتے ہیں؟‬

Do they obey their parents?

‫کیا ہم پڑھتے ہیں؟‬

Do we study?

‫کیا میں سیر کو نہیں جاتا؟‬

Do I not go for a walk?

‫کیا وہ گانا گاتی ہے؟‬

Does she sing a song?

 Negative Interrogative sentence

Structure:

Helping verb+Subject+not+Verb(first form)+object

If we have single noun we add does before Subject and not after subject.

If we have plural noun we add do before Subject and not after subject.

Example:

‫کیا وہ سکول نہیں جاتا ہے؟‬

Does he not go to school?
 ‫کیا وہ اپنے والدین کا حکم نہیں مانتے ہیں؟‬
Do they not obey their parents?

‫کیا ہم پڑھتے نہیں ہیں؟‬

Do we not study?

‫کیا میں سیر کو نہیں جاتا؟‬

Do I not go for a walk?

‫کیا وہ گانا نہیں گاتی ہے؟‬

Does she not sing a song?

 Present Continuous Tense

‫پہچان۔‬
‫ فقرات کے آخر میں ‘رہا ہے’رہی ہے’رہا ہوں وغیرہ آتا ہے۔‬ ‫اردو میں‬
Use:

Present Continuous Tense tense is used to tell about an action which is going on in
present time. It is also called present progressive tense.

Structure:

Subject+ is,are,am +Verb(first form+ing)+object

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add is before verb.

If we have you,we,they or plural noun we add are before verb.

If we have I we add am before verb.

Example:

‫جا رہاہوں۔‬  ‫میں بازار‬

I am going to bazaar.

‫ہم اچھل رہے ہیں۔‬

We are jumping.

‫تم میرا وقت ضائع کر رہے ہو۔‬

You are wasting my time.

‫وہ گانا گا رہا ہے۔‬

He is singing a song.

‫بارش ہو رہی ہے۔‬

It is raining.

 Negative sentence
Structure:

Subject+ is,are,am +not +Verb(first form+ing)+object

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add is not before verb.

If we have you,we,they or plural noun we add are not before verb.

If we have I we add am not before verb.

Example:

‫نہیں جا رہا۔‬  ‫میں بازار‬

I am not going to bazaar.

‫ہم نہیں اچھل رہے۔‬

We are not jumping.

‫تم میرا وقت نہیں ضائع کر رہے۔‬

You are not wasting my time.
 ‫ نہیں گا رہا۔‬ ‫وہ گانا‬
He is not singing a song.

‫بارش نہیں ہو رہی۔‬

It is not raining.

 Interrogative sentence
Structure:

is,are,am + Subject+ Verb(first form+ing)+object

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add is before subject.

If we have you,we,they or plural noun we add are before subject.

If we have I we add am before subject.

Example:

‫جا رہاہوں؟‬  ‫کیا میں بازار‬

Am I going to bazaar?

‫کیا ہم اچھل رہے ہیں؟‬

Are we jumping?

‫کیا تم میرا وقت ضائع کر رہے ہو؟‬

Are you wasting my time?

‫کیا وہ گانا گا رہا ہے؟‬

Is he singing a song?

‫کیا بارش ہو رہی ہے؟‬

Is it raining?

 Negative Interrogative sentence

Structure:
 is,are,am + Subject+not+ Verb(first form+ing)+object

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add is before subject.

If we have you,we,they or plural noun we add are before subject.

If we have I we add am before subject.

Example:

‫نہیں جا رہاہوں؟‬  ‫کیا میں بازار‬

Am I not going to bazaar?

‫کیا ہم نہیں اچھل رہے ہیں؟‬

Are we not jumping?

‫کیا تم میرا وقت نہیں ضائع کر رہے ہو؟‬

Are you not wasting my time?

‫کیا وہ گانا نہیں گا رہا ہے؟‬

Is he not singing a song?

‫کیا بارش نہیں ہو رہی ہے؟‬

Is it not raining?

 Present Perfect Tense

‫پہچان۔‬
‫ ہوں’ وغیرہ آتا ہے۔‬ ‫ فقرات کے آخر میں ‘چکا ہے’چکی ہے’چکا‬ ‫اردو میں‬
Use:

Present perfect tense is used to tell about an action which has completed in near
past. It shows a link between present and past.
 Structure:

Subject+ has,have +Verb(3rd form)+object

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add has before verb.

If we have I,we,they,You or plural noun we add have before verb.

Example:

‫ جاچکا ہوں۔‬ ‫میں بازار‬

I have gone to bazaar.

‫ہم اچھل چکا ہوں۔‬

We have jumped.

‫تم میرا وقت ضائع کر چکے ہو۔‬

You have wasted my time.

‫وہ گانا گا چکا ہے۔‬

He has sung a song.

‫بارش ہو چکی ہے۔‬

It has rained.

 Negative sentence
Structure:

Subject+ has,have +not +Verb(3rd form)+object

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add has not before verb.

If we have I,we,they,You or plural noun we add have not before verb.

Example:

‫میں جم نہیں جا چکا ہوں۔‬

I have not gone to gym.
 ‫ہم کھیل نہیں چکے۔‬
We have not played.

‫تم لکھ نہیں چکے۔‬

You have not written.

‫ نہیں گا چکاہے۔‬ ‫وہ گانا‬

He has not sung a song.

‫بارش نہیں ہو چکی ہے۔‬

It has not rained.

 Interrogative sentence
Structure:

has,have +Subject+ Verb(3rd form)+object

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add has before subject.

If we have I,we,they,You or plural noun we add have before subject.

Example:

‫وہ جم جا چکا ہے؟‬  ‫کیا‬

Has he gone to gym?

‫کیاہم کھیل چکے ہیں؟‬

Have we played?

‫کیا تم میرا وقت ضائع کر چکے ہو؟‬

Have you wasted my time?

‫ چکا ہے؟‬ ‫کیا وہ گانا گا‬

Has he sang a song?

‫کیا بارش ہو چکی ہے؟‬

Has it rained?

 Negative Interrogative sentence

Structure:

has,have +Subject+not+ Verb(3rd form)+object

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add has before subject.

If we have I,we,they,You or plural noun we add have before subject.

Example:

‫وہ جم نہیں جا چکا ہے؟‬  ‫کیا‬

Has he not gone to gym?

‫کیاہم کھیل نہیں چکے ہیں؟‬

Have we not played?

‫کیا تم میرا وقت نہیں ضائع کر چکے ہو؟‬

Have you not wasted my time?

‫ چکا ہے؟‬ ‫کیا وہ گانا نہیں گا‬

Has he not sang a song?

‫کیا بارش نہیں ہو چکی ہے؟‬

Has it not rained?

 Present Perfect Continuous Tense

‫پہچان۔‬
 ‫اردو میں فقرات کے آخر میں رہا ہے رہی ہے رہا ہے رہا ہوں وغیرہ آتا ہےمگر اس‬
‫میں وقت کا ذکر ضرور ہوتا ہے۔‬
Use:

It is used to describe an action which started in the past and continuing at the
present time. It is also known as present perfect progressive tense.

Structure:

Subject+ has been,have been +Verb(first form +ing )+object+ since,for + Time

We use since with We use for with

Year(1999,2000,1798,) Day, week, month,year

number(1,2,3,..)

Season(winter,spring,summer,fall)

Day of a weak(Monday,Tuesday)

Month(jan,fab,march)+ 9 o’clock

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add has been before verb.

If we have I,we,they,You or plural noun we add have been before verb.

Example:

‫ہم دو دن سے کھیل رہے ہیں۔‬

We have been playing for 2 days.

‫ سے پڑھ رہا ہوں۔‬2012 ‫میں‬

I have been studying since 2012.

‫وہ پانچ سال سے چاول کھا رہی ہے۔‬

She has been eating rice for 5 years.

‫فہیم صبح سے پڑھ رہا ہے۔‬

Faheem has been reading since morning.

‫ڈاکڑ ایک ہفتے سے مریض کا عالج کر رہا ہے ۔‬

The doctor has been treating the patient for a week.

 Negative sentence
Structure:

Subject+ has not been,have not been +Verb(first form +ing )+object+ since,for +
Time

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add has not been before verb.

If we have I,we,they,You or plural noun we add have not been before verb.

Example:

‫ہم دو دن سے کھیل نہیں رہے ہیں۔‬

We have not been playing for two days.

‫ سے پڑھ نہیں رہا ہوں۔‬2012 ‫میں‬

I have not been reading since 2012.

‫ کھا رہی ہے۔‬ ‫وہ پانچ سال سے چاول نہیں‬

She has not been eating rice for five years.

‫ نہیں رہا ہے۔‬ ‫فہیم صبح سے پڑھ‬

Faheem has not been reading since morning.

‫ کر رہا ہے۔‬ ‫ڈاکڑ ایک ہفتے سے مریض کا عالج نہیں‬

The doctor has not been treating the patient for a week.

 Interrogative sentence
 Structure:

has , have +Subject+ been, +Verb(first form +ing )+object+ since,for + Time

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add has before subject.

If we have I,we,they,You or plural noun we add have before subject.

Example:

‫رہے ہیں؟‬  ‫کیا ہم دو دن سے کھیل‬

Have we been playing for two days?

‫ سے پڑھ رہا ہوں ؟‬2012 ‫کیامیں‬

Have I been reading since 2012?

‫کیاوہ پانچ سال سے چاول کھا رہی ہے؟‬

Has she been eating rice for five years?

‫فہیم صبح سے پڑھ رہا ہے؟‬

Has Faheem been reading since morning?

‫کیاڈاکڑ ایک ہفتے سے مریض کا عالج کر رہا ہے؟‬

 Has the doctor been treating the patient for a week?

 Negative Interrogative sentence

Structure:

Has,Have +Subject+ not been, +Verb(first form +ing )+object+ since,for + Time

If we have he,she,it or single noun we add has before subject.

If we have I,we,they,You or plural noun we add have before subject.

Example:

‫رہے ہیں؟‬ ‫کیا ہم دو دن سے کھیل نہیں‬

Have we been playing for two days?

‫ سے پڑھ نہیں رہا ہوں ؟‬2012 ‫کیامیں‬

Have I been reading since 2012?

‫کیاوہ پانچ سال سے چاول نہیں کھا رہی ہے؟‬

Has she been eating rice for five years?

‫فہیم صبح سے پڑھ نہیں رہا ہے؟‬

Has Faheem been reading since morning?

‫کیاڈاکڑ ایک ہفتے سے مریض کا عالج نہیں کر رہا ہے؟‬

 Has the doctor been treating the patient for a week?

Past tense
 Past Indefinite Tense
‫پہچان۔‬
   ‫ فقرات کے آخر میں ‘تھا تھی تھے آ ٰٰی ے وغیرہ آتا ہے۔‬ ‫اردو میں‬
Use:

Past indefinite tense is used to tell about an action occurred in the past. It also
describes habit if the past.

Structure:
Subject+second form of verb+object
Example:

‫میں نے چائے پی۔‬

I took tea.

‫اس نے خط لکھا ۔‬
She wrote a letter.

‫ہم کل دریا پر گئے۔‬

We went to river yesterday.

‫انہوں نے ہمارا دعوت نامہ قبول کر لیا۔‬

They accepted our invitation.

‫تم خیریت سے گھر پہنچ گئے ۔‬

You reached home safe.

 Negative Sentence

Structure:
Subject+did not+First form of verb+object

Example:

‫ پی۔‬ ‫میں نے چائے نہیں‬

I did not take tea.

‫ لکھا۔‬ ‫اس نے خط نہیں‬
She did not write a letter.

‫ گئے۔‬ ‫ہم کل دریا پر نہیں‬

We didn’t go to river yesterday.

‫انہوں نے ہمارا دعوت نامہ قبول نہیں کیا۔‬

They didn’t accept our invitation.
 ‫ گئے۔‬ ‫تم خیریت سے گھر پہنچ نہیں‬
You didn’t reach home safe.

 Interrogative Sentence

Structure:
Did+Subject+First form of verb+object?

Example:

‫کیا میں نے چائے پی؟‬

Did I take tea?

‫کیا اس نے خط لکھا؟‬
Did she write a letter?

‫کیا ہم کل دریا پر گئے؟‬

Did we go to river yesterday?

‫کیا انہوں نے ہمارا دعوت نامہ قبول کر لیا؟‬

Did they accept our invitation?

‫کیا تم خیریت سے گھر پہنچ گئے ہو؟‬

Did you reach home safe?

 Negative Interrogative Sentence

Structure:
Did+Subject+not+First form of verb+object?

Example:

‫کیا میں نے چائے نہیں پی؟‬

Did I not take tea?
 ‫کیا اس نے خط نہیں لکھا؟‬
Did she not write a letter?

‫کیا ہم کل دریا پر نہیں گئے؟‬

Did we not go to river yesterday?

‫کیا انہوں نے ہمارا دعوت نامہ قبول نہیں لیا؟‬

Did they not accept our invitation?

‫کیا تم خیریت سے گھر پہنچ نہیں گئے ؟‬

Did you not reach home safe?

 Past Continuous Tense

‫پہچان۔‬

‫اردو میں فقرات کے آخر میں رہا تھا رہی تھی رہے تھے وغیرہ آتا ہے۔‬

Use:
This tense is used to tell about a continuing state or action that was happening at
some point in the past.

Structure:
Subject+was/were+First form of verb+ing+object

If we have he,she,it,I or single noun we add was before verb.

If we have We,You,They or plural noun we add were before verb.

Example:

‫بوڑھا آدمی سردی سے کانپ رہا تھا۔‬

The old man was shivering with cold.

‫وہ اپنے بھائی کو مار رہا تھا ۔‬

He was beating his brother.

‫ہبھکاری لنگڑا رہا تھا۔‬

The beggar was limping.

‫لڑکے خوف سے کانپ رہے تھے۔‬

The boys were trembling with fear.

‫میں اس کی نوکری کی سفارش کر رہا تھا۔‬

I was recommending him for job.

 Negative Sentence

Structure:
Subject+was not/were not+First form of verb+ing+object

If we have he,she,it,I or single noun we add was not before verb.

If we have We,You,They or plural noun we add were not before verb.

Example:

‫ رہا تھا۔‬ ‫بوڑھا آدمی سردی سے کانپ نہیں‬

The old man was not shivering with cold.

‫ نہیں رہا تھا ۔‬ ‫وہ اپنے بھائی کو مار‬

He was not beating his brother.

‫ رہا تھا۔‬ ‫بھکاری لنگڑا نہیں‬

The beggar was not limping.

‫ رہے تھے۔‬ ‫لڑکے خوف سے کانپ نہیں‬

The boys were not trembling with fear.

‫ کر رہا تھا۔‬ ‫میں اس کی نوکری کی سفارش نہیں‬

I was not recommending him for job.

 Interrogative Sentence

Structure:
was/were+Subject+First form of verb+ing+object

If we have he,she,it,I or single noun we add was before subject.

If we have We,You,They or plural noun we add were before subject.

Example:

‫کیا بوڑھا آدمی سردی سے کانپ رہا تھا؟‬

Was the old man shivering with cold?

‫وہ کیوں اپنے بھائی کو مار رہا تھا؟‬

Why was he beating his brother?

‫کیا بھکاری لنگڑا رہا تھا؟‬

Was the beggar limping?

‫کیا لڑکے خوف سے کانپ رہے تھے؟‬

Were the boys trembling with fear?

‫کیامیں اس کی نوکری کی سفارش کر رہا تھا؟‬

Was I recommending him for job?
  Negative Interrogative Sentence

Structure:
was/were+Subject+not+First form of verb+ing+object

If we have he,she,it,I or single noun we add was before subject and not after verb.

If we have We,You,They or plural noun we add were before subject not after verb.

Example:

‫کیا بوڑھا آدمی سردی سے کانپ نہیں رہا تھا؟‬

Was the old man not shivering with cold?

‫وہ کیوں اپنے بھائی کو مار نہیں رہا تھا؟‬

Why was he not beating his brother?

‫کیا بھکاری لنگڑا نہیں رہا تھا؟‬

Was the beggar not limping?

‫کیا لڑکے خوف سے کانپ نہیں رہے تھے؟‬

Were the boys not trembling with fear?

‫کیامیں اس کی نوکری کی سفارش نہیں کر رہا تھا؟‬

Was I not recommending him for job?

 Past Perfect Tense

‫پہچان۔‬
‫چکی تھی وغیرہ آتا ہے۔‬،‫چکے تھے‬، ‫ چکا تھا‬  ‫اردو میں فقرات کے آخر میں‬
Use:

This tense is used to tell about an action completed before a certain moment in past.

Structure:
Subject+had+third form of verb+object

If we have he,she,it,I,We,You,They or single noun/ plural noun we add had before

verb.

Example:

‫میرے پہنچنے سے پہلے ٹرین جاچکی تھی۔‬

The train had left before I reached.

‫ڈاکٹر کے آنے سے پہلے مریض مر چکا تھا۔‬

The patient had died before the doctor came.

‫وہ سکول جا چکا تھا۔‬

He had gone to school.

‫میں اسے معاف کر چکا تھا۔‬

I had forgiven him.

‫مزدور ہڑتال کرچکے تھے۔‬

The labourers had striked.

 Negative Sentence

Structure:
Subject+had not+third form of verb+object

If we have he,she,it,I,We,You,They or single noun/ plural noun we add had not before
verb.
Example:

‫میرے پہنچنے سے پہلے ٹرین نہیں جاچکی تھی۔‬

The train had not left before i reached.

‫ چکا تھا۔‬ ‫ڈاکٹر کے آنے سے پہلے مریض مر نہیں‬ 

The patient had not died before the doctor came.

‫ چکا تھا۔‬ ‫بھوہ سکول جا نہیں‬

He had not gone to school.

‫ نہیں چکا تھا۔‬ ‫میں اسے معاف کر‬

I had not forgiven him.

‫مزدور ہڑتال کر نہیں چکے تھے۔‬

The labourers had not striked.

 Interrogative Sentence

Structure:
Had+Subject+third form of verb+object

If we have he,she,it,I,We,You,They or single noun/ plural noun we add had before

subject.

Example:

‫کیا میرے پہنچنے سے پہلے ٹرین جاچکی تھی؟‬

Had the train left before ireached?

‫کیا ڈاکٹر کے آنے سے پہلے مریض مر چکا تھا؟‬

Had the patient died before the doctor came?

‫کیا وہ سکول جا چکا تھا؟‬

Had he gone to school?
 ‫کیا میں اسے معاف کر چکا تھا؟‬
Had I forgiven him?

‫کیا مزدور ہڑتال کرچکے تھے؟‬

Had the labourers striked?

 Negative Interrogative Sentence

Structure:
Had+Subject+not+third form of verb+object

If we have he,she,it,I,We,You,They or single noun/ plural noun we add had before

subject and not after the subject.

Example:

‫کیا میرے پہنچنے سے پہلے ٹرین نہیں جاچکی تھی؟‬

Had the train not left before ireached?

‫کیا ڈاکٹر کے آنے سے پہلے مریض مر نہیں چکا تھا؟‬

Had the patient not died before the doctor came?

‫کیا وہ سکول جا نہیں چکا تھا؟‬

Had he not gone to school?

‫کیا میں اسے معاف کر نہیں چکا تھا؟‬

Had I not forgiven him?

‫کیا مزدور ہڑتال کر نہیں چکے تھے؟‬

Had the labourers not striked?

 Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 ‫پہچان۔‬
‫رہی تھی وغیرہ آتا ہے۔مگر اس کے‬،‫رہے تھے‬،‫ رہا تھا‬  ‫اردو میں فقرات کے آخر میں‬
‫ساتھ وقت کا ذکر ضرور آتا ہے۔‬

Use:
This tense is used to tell about an action which started in past and continued for a
specific time in the past.

Structure:
Subject+had been+First form of verb+ing+object

If we have he,she,it,I,We,You,They or single noun/ plural noun we add had been

before verb.

Example:

‫بچہ صبح سے انگوٹھا چوس رہا تھا۔‬

The child had been sucking thumb since morning.

‫تم دو ماہ سے اپنا وقت ضائع کررہے تھے ۔‬

You had been wasting your time for two months.

‫وہ بہت دنوں سے بخار میں مبتال رہا تھا۔‬

He had been suffering from fever for many days.

‫تم صبح سے کپڑے دھو رہے تھے۔‬

You had been washing the clothes since morning.

‫وہ تمھارا تین سال سے کیس لڑ رہاتھا۔‬

He had been pleading your case for three years.

 Negative Sentence

Structure:
Subject+had not been+First form of verb+ing+object
If we have he,she,it,I,We,You,They or single noun/ plural noun we add had not been
before verb.

Example:

‫ رہا تھا۔‬ ‫بچہ صبح سے انگوٹھا چوس نہیں‬

The child has not been sucking thumb since morning.

‫تم دو ماہ سے اپنا وقت ضائع نہیں کررہے تھے ۔‬

You had not been wasting your time for two months.

‫ نہیں رہا تھا۔‬ ‫وہ بہت دنوں سے بخار میں مبتال‬

He had not been suffering from fever for many days.

‫ رہے تھے۔‬ ‫تم صبح سے کپڑے دھو نہیں‬

You had not been washing the clothes since morning.

‫ رہے تھے۔‬ ‫تم صبح سے کپڑے دھو نہیں‬

You had not been washing the clothes since morning.

‫ رہاتھا۔‬ ‫وہ تمھارا تین سال سے کیس لڑ نہیں‬

He had not been pleading your case for three years.

 Interrogative Sentence

Structure:
Had+Subject+been+First form of verb+ing+object

If we have he,she,it,I,We,You,They or single noun/ plural noun we add had before

subject and been after subject

Example:

‫ رہا تھا؟‬ ‫کیا بچہ صبح سے انگوٹھا چوس‬

Has the child been sucking thumb since morning?

‫کیا تم دو ماہ سے اپنا وقت ضائع کررہے تھے؟‬

Had you been wasting your time for two months?

‫کیا وہ بہت دنوں سے بخار میں مبتال رہا تھا؟‬

Had he been suffering from fever for many days?

‫کیا تم صبح سے کپڑے دھو رہے تھے؟‬

Had you been washing the clothes since morning?

‫کیا وہ تمھارا تین سال سے کیس لڑ رہاتھا ؟‬

Had he been pleading your case for three years?

 Negative Interrogative Sentence

Structure:
Had+Subject+not been+First form of verb+ing+object

If we have he,she,it,I,We,You,They or single noun/ plural noun we add had before

subject and not been after subject.

Example:

‫نہیں رہا تھا؟‬ ‫کیا بچہ صبح سے انگوٹھا چوس‬

Has the child not been sucking thumb since morning?

‫کیا تم دو ماہ سے اپنا وقت ضائع نہیں کررہے تھے؟‬

Had you not been wasting your time for two months?

‫کیا وہ بہت دنوں سے بخار میں مبتال نہیں رہا تھا؟‬

Had he not been suffering from fever for many days?

‫کیا تم صبح سے کپڑے دھو نہیں رہے تھے؟‬

Had you not been washing the clothes since morning?

‫کیا وہ تمھارا تین سال سے کیس لڑ نہیں رہاتھا ؟‬

Had he not been pleading your case for three years?
 Future Tense
 Future Indefinite Tense

‫پہچان۔‬
‫ آتا ہے۔‬ ‫گے وغیرہ‬، ‫گی‬، ‫ گا‬ ‫میں فقرات کے آخر میں‬ ‫اردو‬

Use:

The simple future tense is used when an action is promised and thought to occur in
the future.

‫سادہ مستقبل کا زمانہ اس وقت استعمال ہوتا ہے جب کسی عمل کا وعدہ کیا جاتا ہے اور‬
‫مستقبل میں ہونے کے بارے میں سوچا جاتا ہے۔‬
Structure:

Subject + Helping Verb (Shall/Will) + First Form Of Verb + Object.

If we have We, I, we use shall before the verb.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will before the verb.

If we have strong determination in a sentence we use will with I, we, and shall with
he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun.

Example:

‫ کرے گا۔‬L‫استاد اپنے طلباء کی رہنمائی‬

The teacher will guide his students.

 ‫میں گاڑی چالے گا۔‬
I shall drive the car.
‫ کریں گے۔‬L‫ہم آپ کا انتظار‬
We shall wait for you.
‫چپراسی گھنٹی بجائے گا۔‬
Peon will ring the bell.
‫میں صبح کی سیر کے لیے جاؤں گا۔‬
I shall go for a morning walk.
‫وہ ہماری مدد کرے گا۔‬
He will help us.
‫ہم امتحانات پاس کریں گے۔‬
We shall pass the exams.
‫وہ اپنا کام کریں گے۔‬
They will do their work.
‫علی مقابلہ جیت جائے گا۔‬
Ali will win the competition.
‫وزیر اعظم مستعفی ہو جائیں گے۔‬
The prime minister will resign.

 Negative tense
Structure:

Subject + Helping Verb (Shall/Will) + not + First Form Of Verb + Object.

If we have We, I, we use shall + not before the verb.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will + not before the verb.

Example:

‫ نہیں کرے گا۔‬L‫استاد اپنے طلباء کی رہنمائی‬

The teacher will not guide his students.

‫میں گاڑی نہیں چالؤں گا۔‬
I shall not drive the car.
‫ نہیں کریں گے۔‬L‫ہم آپ کا انتظار‬
We shall not wait for you.
‫چپراسی گھنٹی نہیں بجائے گا۔‬
Peon will not ring the bell.
‫میں صبح کی سیر کے لیے نہیں جاؤں گا۔‬
I shall not go for a morning walk.
‫وہ ہماری مدد نہیں کرے گا۔‬
He will not help us.
‫ہم امتحانات پاس نہیں کریں گے۔‬
We shall not pass the exams.
‫وہ اپنا کام نہیں کریں گے۔‬
They will not do their work.
‫علی مقابلہ نہیں جیتے گا۔‬
Ali will not win the competition.
ٰ
‫استعفی نہیں دیں گے۔‬ L‫وزیراعظم‬
The prime minister will not resign.

 Interrogative tense
Structure:

Helping Verb (Shall/Will) + Subject + First Form Of Verb + Object?

If we have We, I, we use shall before the subject.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will before the subject.

Example:

‫کیا استاد اپنے طلباء کی رہنمائی کرے گا؟‬

Will the teacher guide his students?
‫کیا میں گاڑی چال لوں؟‬
Shall I drive the car?
‫کیا ہم آپ کا انتظار کریں؟‬
Shall we wait for you?
‫ گھنٹی بجائے گا؟‬L‫کیا چپراسی‬
Will peon ring the bell?
‫کیا میں صبح کی سیر کے لیے جاؤں؟‬
Shall I go for a morning walk?
‫کیا وہ ہماری مدد کرے گا؟‬
Will he help us?
‫کیا ہم امتحانات پاس کر لیں گے؟‬
Shall we pass the exams?
‫کیا وہ اپنا کام کریں گے؟‬
Will they do their work?
‫کیا علی مقابلہ جیتے گا؟‬
Will Ali win the competition?
ٰ
‫استعفی دیں گے؟‬ ‫کیا وزیراعظم‬
Will the prime minister resign?
  Negative Interrogative tense
Structure:

Helping Verb (Shall/Will) + Subject + not + First Form Of Verb + Object?

If we have We, I, we use shall before the subject and not after subject.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will before the subject and
not after subject.

Example:

‫کیا استاد اپنے طلباء کی رہنمائی نہیں کرے گا؟‬

Will the teacher not guide his students?
‫کیا میں گاڑی نہ چالؤں؟‬
Shall I not drive the car?
‫کیا ہم آپ کا انتظار نہ کریں؟‬
Shall we not wait for you?
‫ گھنٹی نہیں بجائے گا؟‬L‫کیا چپراسی‬
Will peon not ring the bell?
‫کیا میں صبح کی سیر کے لیے نہ جاؤں؟‬
Shall I not go for a morning walk?
‫کیا وہ ہماری مدد نہیں کرے گا؟‬
Will he not help us?
‫کیا ہم امتحانات پاس نہیں کریں گے؟‬
Shall we not pass the exams?
‫کیا وہ اپنا کام نہیں کریں گے؟‬
Will they not do their work?
‫کیا علی مقابلہ نہیں جیتے گا؟‬
Will Ali not win the competition?
ٰ
‫استعفی نہیں دیں گے؟‬ ‫کیا وزیراعظم‬
Will the prime minister not resign?

 Future Continuous Tense

‫پہچان۔‬
 ‫ آتا ہے۔‬ ‫ رہے ہوگے وغیرہ‬، ‫ رہی ہوگی‬،‫میں فقرات کے آخر میں رہا ہوگا‬ ‫اردو‬
Use:

The future continuous tense is used for activities that will be in progress at a point of
time. The action will start before that point of time and will continue after it. The
point in time can be given by time expressions or by other activities.

It describes the idea that an action will happen in the normal course of events. It
refers to routine activities, not intentions, decisions or plans.

‫مستقبل کے مسلسل تناؤ کو ان سرگرمیوں کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے جو وقت کے‬
‫ایک نقطہ پر جاری ہوں گی۔ کارروائی اس وقت سے پہلے شروع ہوگی اور اس کے‬
‫بعد جاری رہے گی۔ وقت میں نقطہ وقت کے اظہار یا دیگر سرگرمیوں کی طرف سے‬
‫دیا جا سکتا ہے‬.
‫یہ اس خیال کو بیان کرتا ہے کہ ایک عمل واقعات کے معمول کے مطابق ہوگا۔ اس‬
‫ فیصلے یا منصوبے۔‬،‫سے مراد معمول کی سرگرمیاں ہیں نہ کہ ارادے‬
Structure:

Subject + Helping Verb (Shall be/Will be) + First Form Of Verb + ing + Object

If we have We, I, we use shall be before the verb.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will be before the verb.

If we have strong determination in a sentence we use will with I, we, and shall with
he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun.

Example:

‫میں غسل کررہا ہوگا۔‬

I shall be taking a bath.
‫لڑکیاں تالیاں بجا رہی ہوں گی اور ناچ رہی ہوں گی۔‬
Girls will be clapping and dancing.
‫لڑکے شور کر رہے ہوں گے۔‬
Boys will be making noise.
‫وہ گھوڑے پر سوار ہورہا ہوگا۔‬
He will be riding a horse.
‫بہت سے طلباء کھیلوں میں حصہ لیں رہے ہوں گے۔‬
Many students will be participating in sports.
‫تم کھیل رہے ہوں گے۔‬
You will be playing.
‫ہم ایک کہانی سن رہے ہوں گے۔‬
We shall be listening to a story.
‫وہ چائے بنا رہی ہو گی۔‬
She will be making tea.
‫میں فٹ بال کھیل رہا ہوگا۔‬
I shall be playing football.
‫وہ سخت محنت کر رہے ہوں گے۔‬
They will be working hard.

 Negative tense
Structure:

Subject + Helping Verb (Shall + not + be/Will + not + be) + First Form Of Verb + ing
+ Object

If we have We, I, we use shall not be before the verb.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will not be before the verb.

Example:

‫میں غسل نہیں کررہا ہوگا۔‬

I shall not be taking a bath.
‫لڑکیاں تالیاں بجا کر ناچ نہیں رہی ہوں گی۔‬
Girls will not be clapping and dancing.
‫لڑکے شور نہیں کر رہے ہوں گے۔‬
Boys will not be making noise.
‫وہ گھوڑے پر سوار نہیں ہوں رہا ہوگا۔‬
He will not be riding a horse.
‫بہت سے طلباء کھیلوں میں حصہ نہیں لے رہے ہوں گے۔‬
Many students will not be participating in sports.
‫تم نہیں کھیل رہے ہوں گے۔‬
You will not be playing.
‫ہم کہانی نہیں سن رہے ہوں گے۔‬
We shall not be listening to a story.
‫وہ چائے نہیں بنائے رہی ہوں گی۔‬
She will not be making tea.
‫میں فٹ بال نہیں کھیل رہا ہو گا۔‬
I shall not be playing football.
‫وہ محنت نہیں کر رہے ہوں گے۔‬
They will not be working hard.

 Interrogative tense
Structure:

Helping Verb (Shall/Will) + Subject + be + First Form Of Verb + Object?

If we have We, I, we use shall before the subject and be after subject.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will before the subject and
be after subject.

Example:

‫کیا میں غسل کررہا ہوگا؟‬

Shall I be taking bath?
‫کیا لڑکیاں تالیاں بجا کر ناچ رہی ہوں گی؟‬
Will girls be clapping and dancing?
‫ کر رہے ہوں گے؟‬L‫کیا لڑکے شور‬
Will boys be making noise?
‫ ہوں رہا ہوگا؟‬L‫کیا وہ گھوڑے پر سوار‬
Will he be riding a horse?
‫کیا بہت سے طلباء کھیلوں میں حصہ لیں رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will many students be participating in sports?
‫کیا آپ کھیل رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will you be playing?
‫کیا ہم کہانی سن رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will we be listening to a story?
‫کیا وہ چائے بنا رہی ہوں گی؟‬
Will she be making tea?
‫کیا میں فٹ بال کھیل رہا ہو گا؟‬
Shall I be playing football?
‫کیا وہ محنت کر رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will they be working hard?

 Negative Interrogative tense

Structure:

Helping Verb (Shall/Will) + Subject + not + be + First Form Of Verb + Object?

If we have We, I, we use shall before the subject and not be after subject.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will before the subject and
not be after subject.

Example:

‫کیا میں غسل نہ کررہا ہوگا؟‬

Shall I not be taking bath?
‫کیا لڑکیاں تالیاں بجا کر ناچ نہیں رہی ہوں گی؟‬
Will girls not be clapping and dancing?
‫ نہیں کر رہے ہوں گے؟‬L‫کیا لڑکے شور‬
Will boys not be making noise?
‫ نہیں ہورہا ہوگا؟‬L‫کیا وہ گھوڑے پر سوار‬
Will he not be riding a horse?
‫کیا بہت سے طلباء کھیلوں میں حصہ نہیں لے رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will many students not be participating in sports?
‫کیا تم نہیں کھیل رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will you not be playing?
‫کیا ہم کہانی نہیں سن رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will we not be listening to a story?
‫کیا وہ چائے نہیں بنا رہی ہوگی؟‬
Will she not be making tea?
‫کیا میں فٹ بال نہ کھیل رہا ہوگا؟‬
Shall I not be playing football?
‫کیا وہ محنت نہیں کر رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will they not be working hard?

 Future Perfect Tense

‫پہچان۔‬
‫چکے ہوں گے وغیرہ آتا‬، ‫ چکی ہو گی‬، ‫ چکا ہوں گا‬ ‫میں فقرات کے آخر میں‬ ‫اردو‬
‫ہے ۔‬
Use:

The future perfect simple tense is used to describe a fact that is not yet true but
which is expected to be true in the future if certain conditions are satisfied.

‫مستقبل کا کامل سادہ زمانہ ایسی حقیقت کو بیان کرنے کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے‬
‫جو ابھی تک درست نہیں ہے لیکن جس کے مستقبل میں درست ہونے کی توقع ہے اگر‬
‫کچھ شرائط پوری ہو جائیں۔‬
Structure:

Subject + Helping Verb (Shall have/Will have) + Third Form Of Verb + Object.

If we have We, I, we use shall have before the verb.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will have before the verb.

If we have strong determination in a sentence we use will with I, we, and shall with
he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun.

Example:

‫میں غسل کر چکا ہو گا۔‬

I shall have taken a bath.
‫لڑکیاں تالیاں بجا کر ناچ چکی ہوں گی۔‬
Girls will have clapped and danced.
‫لڑکے شور کر چکے ہوں گے ۔‬
Boys will have to made a noise.
‫وہ گھر پہنچ چکا ہوگا۔‬
He will have reached home.
‫بہت سے طلباء نے کھیلوں میں حصہ لے چکے ہوں گے ۔‬
Many students will have participated in sports.
‫تم کھیل چکے ہوں گے۔‬
You will have played.
‫ہم ایک کہانی سن چکے ہوں گے ۔‬
We shall have listened to a story.
‫وہ چائے بنا چکی ہوں گی۔‬
She will have to made tea.
‫میں فٹ بال کھیل چکا ہوگا۔‬
I shall have played football.
‫انہوں نے بہت محنت کی چکی ہوگی۔‬
They will have worked hard.
  Negative tense
Structure:

Subject + Helping Verb (Shall + not + have/Will + not + have) + Third Form Of Verb
+ Object.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will not have before the
verb.

If we have We, I, we use shall not have before the verb.

Example:

‫میں نے غسل نہیں کیا ہوگا۔‬

I shall not have taken a bath.
‫لڑکیاں تالیاں بجا کر ناچتی نہیں چکی ہوں گی۔‬
Girls will not have clapped and danced.
‫لڑکے شور نہیں کر چکے ہوں گے ۔‬
Boys will not have to made noise.
‫وہ گھر نہیں پہنچ چکا ہوگا۔‬
He will not have reached home.
‫بہت سے طلباء نے کھیلوں میں حصہ نہیں لیا ہوگا۔‬
Many students will not have participated in sports.
‫تم نے نہیں کھیال ہوگا۔‬
You will not have played.
‫ہم نے کہانی نہیں سنی ہوگی۔‬
We shall not have listened to a story.
‫وہ چائے نہیں بنا چکی ہوں گی۔‬
She will not have to made tea.
‫میں فٹ بال نہیں کھیل چکا ہوگا ۔‬
I shall not have played football.
‫انہوں نے محنت نہیں کی ہوگی۔‬
They will not have worked hard.

 Interrogative tense
Structure:

Helping Verb (Shall/Will) + Subject + have + Third Form Of Verb + Object?

If we have We, I, we use shall before the subject and have after subject.
If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will before the subject and
have after subject.

Example:

‫کیا میں غسل کر چکا ہوگا ؟‬

Shall I have taken a bath?
‫کیا لڑکیاں تالیاں بجا کر رقص کرچکئ ہوں گی؟‬
Will girls have clapped and danced?
‫ کر چکے ہوں گے؟‬L‫کیا لڑکے شور‬
Will boys have made noise?
‫کیا وہ سوار گھر پہنچ چکا ہوگا؟‬
Will he rider have reached home?
‫کیا بہت سے طلباء نے کھیلوں میں حصہ لیا ہوگا؟‬
Will many students have participated in sports?
‫کیا تم نے کھیال ہوگا؟‬
Will you have played?
‫ کہانی سنی ہوگی؟‬L‫کیا ہم نے کوئی‬
Will we have listened to a story?
‫کیا وہ چائے بنا چکئ ہوگی؟‬
Will she have to made tea?
‫کیا میں فٹ بال کھیل چکا ہوگا ؟‬
Shall I have played football?
‫کیا انہوں نے محنت کی ہوگی؟‬
Will they have worked hard?

 Negative Interrogative tense

Structure:

Helping Verb (Shall/Will) + Subject + not + have + Third Form Of Verb + Object?

If we have We, I, we use shall before the subject and not have after subject.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will before the subject and
not have after subject.

Example:

‫کیا میں غسل نہ کر چکا ہوگا ؟‬

Shall I not have taken a bath?
‫کیا لڑکیاں تالیاں بجا کر ناچ نہیں چکی ہوں گی؟‬
Will girls not have clapped and danced?
 ‫کیا لڑکے شور نہیں کرچکے ہوں گے؟‬
Will boys not have made noise?
‫کیا وہ سوار گھر نہیں پہنچ چکا ہوگا؟‬
Will he rider reached home?
‫کیا بہت طلباء نے کھیلوں میں حصہ نہیں لیا ہوگا؟‬
Will many students not have participated in sports?
‫کیا تم نے نہیں کھیال ہوگا؟‬
Will you not have played?
‫کیا ہم نے کہانی نہیں سنی ہوگی؟‬
Will we not have listened to a story?
‫کیا وہ چائے نہیں بنا چکی ہوں گی؟‬
Will she not have to made tea?
‫کیا میں فٹ بال نہ کھیل چکا ہوگا ؟‬
Shall I not have played football?
‫کیا انہوں نے محنت نہیں کی ہوگی؟‬
Will they not have worked hard?

 Future Perfect Continuous Tense

‫پہچان۔‬
‫رہی ہوگی رہے ہونگے وغیرہ آتا ہے مگر‬، ‫ رہا ہوگا‬ ‫میں فقرات کے آخر میں‬ ‫اردو‬
‫اس کے ساتھ وقت کا بھی زکر ہوتا ہے۔‬

Use:

The Future Perfect Continuous is normally used to predict the length of an activity as
if looking back at such activity from some finished time in the future.

The Future Perfect Continuous refers to ongoing events or actions that will continue
up to some point in the future. It is most often used with a time expression.

Future Perfect Continuous ‫عام طور پر کسی سرگرمی کی لمبائی کا اندازہ‬

‫لگانے کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے گویا مستقبل میں کسی مکمل وقت سے اس طرح‬
‫کی سرگرمی کو پیچھے دیکھنا۔‬
Future Perfect Continuous ‫سے مراد جاری واقعات یا اعمال ہیں جو مستقبل‬
‫میں کسی وقت تک جاری رہیں گے۔ یہ اکثر اوقات کے اظہار کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتا‬
‫ہے۔‬
Structure:

Subject + Helping Verb (Shall have been/Will have been) + First Form Of Verb + ing
+ Object + since/for + Time.

If we have We, I, we use shall have been before the verb.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will have been before the
verb.

If we have strong determination in a sentence we use will with I, we, and shall with
he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun.

Example:

‫وہ صبح سے نہا رہا ہو گا۔‬

He will have been taking bath since morning.
‫لڑکیاں دو گھنٹے سے تالیاں بجا رہی ہوں گی اور ناچ رہی ہوں گی۔‬
Girls will have been clapping and dancing for two hours.
‫لڑکے صبح سے شور کر رہے ہوں گے۔‬
The boys will have been making noise since morning.
‫وہ دو سال سے گھوڑے پر سوار ہو رہا ہوگا۔‬
He will have been riding a horse for two years.
‫علی دو سال سے ہماری کالس میں حاضر ہوں رہا ہو گا ۔‬
Ali will have been attending our class for two years.
‫میرا بھائی تین گھنٹے سے سو رہا ہو گا۔‬
My brother will have been sleeping for three hours.
‫وہ پانچ گھنٹے سے ٹی وی دیکھ رہا ہوگا۔‬
He will have been watching TV for five hours.
‫ کر رہے ہوں گے۔‬L‫دو نوجوان کھالڑی تین گھنٹے سے ورزش‬
Tow young athletes will have been working out for three hours.
‫وہ تین گھنٹے سے کھیل رہے ہوں گے۔‬
They will have been playing for three hours.
‫بہت سے طلباء تین سال سے کھیلوں میں حصہ لے رہے ہوں گے۔‬
Many students will have been participating in sports for three years.

 Negative tense
Structure:

Subject + Helping Verb (Shall not have been/Will not have been) + First Form Of
Verb + ing + Object + since/for + Time
If we have We, I, we use shall not have been before the verb.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will not have been before
the verb.

Example:

‫وہ صبح سے نہیں نہا رہا ہو گا۔‬

He will not have been taking bath since morning.
‫لڑکیاں دو گھنٹے سے تالی اور ناچ نہیں رہی ہوں گی۔‬
Girls will not have been clapping and dancing for two hours.
‫صبح سے لڑکوں کا شور نہیں ہو رہا ہو گا۔‬
The boys will not have been noisy since morning.
‫وہ دو سال سے گھوڑے پر سوار نہیں ہو رہا ہو گا۔‬
He will not have been riding a horse for two years.
‫علی دو سال سے ہماری کالس میں حاضر نہیں ہو رہا ہو گا۔‬
Ali will not have been attending our class for two years.
‫میرا بھائی تین گھنٹے سے نہیں سو رہا ہوگا۔‬
My brother will not have been sleeping for three hours.
‫وہ پانچ گھنٹے سے ٹی وی نہیں دیکھ رہا ہوگا۔‬
He will not have been watching TV for five hours.
‫ نہیں کر رہے ہوں گے۔‬L‫دو نوجوان کھالڑی تین گھنٹے سے ورزش‬
Tow young athletes will not have been working out for three hours.
‫وہ تین گھنٹے سے نہیں کھیل رہے ہوں گے۔‬
They will not have been playing for three hours.
‫بہت سے طلباء تین سالوں سے کھیلوں میں حصہ نہیں لے رہے ہوں گے۔‬
Many students will not have been participating in sports for three years.

 Interrogative tense
Structure:

Helping Verb (Shall/will) + Subject + have been + First Form Of Verb + ing + Object
+ since/for + Time?

If we have We, I, we use shall before the subject and have been after subject.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will before the subject and
have been after subject.
Example:

‫کیا وہ صبح سے نہا رہا ہوگا؟‬

Will he have been taking bath since morning?
‫کیا لڑکیاں دو گھنٹے سے تالیاں بجاتی اور ناچ رہی ہوں گی؟‬
Will girls have been clapping and dancing for two hours?
‫ کر رہے ہوں گے؟‬L‫کیا صبح سے لڑکے شور‬
Will boys have been making noise since morning?
‫ رہے گا؟‬L‫کیا وہ دو سال سے گھوڑے پر سوار‬
Will he have been riding a horse for two years?
‫کیا علی دو سال سے ہماری کالس اٹینڈ کر رہا ہوگا؟‬
Will Ali have been attending our class for two years?
‫کیا میرا بھائی تین گھنٹے سے سو رہا ہوگا؟‬
Will my brother have been sleeping for three hours?
‫کیا وہ پانچ گھنٹے سے ٹی وی دیکھ رہا ہوگا؟‬
Will he have been watching TV for five hours?
‫کیا دو نوجوان کھالڑی تین گھنٹے ورزش کر رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will tow young athletes have been working out for three hours?
‫کیا وہ تین گھنٹے سے کھیل رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will they have been playing for three hours?
‫کیا تین سال سے بہت سے طلباء کھیلوں میں حصہ لے رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will many students have been participating in sports for three years?

 Negative Interrogative tense

Structure:

Helping Verb (Shall/will) + Subject + not + have been + First Form Of Verb + ing +
Object + since/for + Time?

If we have We, I, we use shall before the subject and not have been after subject.

If we have he, she, it, they, singular or plural noun we use will before the subject and
not have been after subject.

Example:

‫کیا وہ صبح سے نہیں نہا رہا ہو گا؟‬

Will he not have been taking bath since morning?
‫کیا لڑکیاں دو گھنٹے سے تالیاں اور ناچ نہیں رہی ہوں گی؟‬
Will girls not have been clapping and dancing for two hours?
‫ نہیں کر رہے ہوں گے؟‬L‫کیا صبح سے لڑکے شور‬
Will boys not have been making noise since morning?
‫ نہیں ہو رہا ہو گا؟‬L‫کیا وہ دو سال سے گھوڑے پر سوار‬
Will he not have been riding a horse for two years?
‫کیا علی دو سال سے ہماری کالس میں نہیں آ رہا ہوگا؟‬
Will Ali not have been attending our class for two years?
‫کیا میرا بھائی تین گھنٹے سے نہیں سو رہا ہوگا؟‬
Will my brother not have been sleeping for three hours?
‫کیا وہ پانچ گھنٹے سے ٹی وی نہیں دیکھ رہا ہوگا؟‬
Will he not have been watching TV for five hours?
‫کیا دو نوجوان کھالڑی تین گھنٹے ورزش نہیں کر رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will tow young athletes not have been working out for three hours?
‫کیا وہ تین گھنٹے سے نہیں کھیل رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will they not have been playing for three hours?
‫کیا بہت سے طلباء تین سال سے کھیلوں میں حصہ نہیں لے رہے ہوں گے؟‬
Will many students not have been participating in sports for three years?

Present tenses (I am doing and I do)

for the Future
 I am doing
We use present continuous (I am doing) to say what we have already arranged to do
use for future.
He is playing tennis on Monday.
She is making a speech at the conference next week.
He is having dinner with Ali on Friday.
What are you doing on Sunday evening?
I am going to the theatre.
What time is train arriving tomorrow?
At 10:30. I am meeting her at the airport.
I am not working tomorrow, so we can go somewhere.
What are you going to do Sunday night?
Do not use will to talk about what you have arranged to do.
What are you going tonight?
Ali is getting married next month.

When we talk about an intention to do something in the future, although no definite

arrangement has been made, we prefer going to rather than the present continuous.
To emphasize that we are talking about a definite arrangement, we prefer the
present continuous. Study these sentences:
Before I go to China next year, I am going to learn some Cantonese.
I am still not feeling very well, so I think I am going to see the doctor sometime this
week.
What are you going to do next, now that you have finished your course?
They are leaving from Pakistan airport at 6.30 pm.
We are having a party on Sunday, 12 November. Can you come?

When we make or report predictions about activities or events over which we have
no control. Do not use will to talk about what you have arranged to do.
I think it is going to rain.
Scientists say that the satellite is going to fall.

We tend to avoid going to and go and use the present continuous form of go
instead:
I am going to town on Saturday.
Alice is going to university next year.

You can also use the present continuous for an action just before you begin to do it.
This happens especially with verb of movement.
I am tired. I am going to bed now.
Ali are you ready yet? I am coming.

 I do
Simple present I do with a future meaning
We use the simple present to talk about timetables, schedules, etc.
The plane leaves Pakistan at 11:30 and arrives in Iran at 2:45.
What time does the movie begin?
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
It is Friday tomorrow.

You can use the simple present for people if their plans are fixed, like a schedule:
I start my new job on Monday.
What time do you finish work tomorrow?

But the continuous is more commonly used for personal arrangements:

What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow?

Compare:
What time are you leaving tomorrow? But what time does the plane leave tomorrow?
I am going to the movies tonight. But the movie starts at 8:15 tonight.

We use the present simple when we talk about future events that are part of some
official arrangement such as a timetable or programme:
Their plane arrives at 2 o'clock in the morning.
The next meeting of the committee is on November 5th.
We get off the train in Lahore and continue by bus.
I am away on holiday next week. Can we meet the week after?

We often use will and infinitive in sentences like these with little difference in
meaning, although the present simple suggests that the arrangement is fixed and
definite.
We do not use the present simple when we talk about personal plans or predictions.
Instead we use will, going to, or the present continuous.
I am really exhausted. I am just staying in to watch TV tonight.
Although it is a problem only in Britain at the moment, I think it will affect the rest of
Europe soon.

However, we prefer the present simple if we can make a definite, specific prediction
because an activity or event is part of an official arrangement such as a timetable or
programme.
There is a full moon tonight.
The sun rises at 5.16 tomorrow.

We use the present simple to refer to the future, not will, in adverbial clauses
introduced by time conjunctions such as after, before, when, and until.
After you go another 50 metres, you will see a path to your left.
When you see Dennis, tell him he still owes me some money.
Wait here until I call you.
And in conditional clauses with if, unless, in case, and provided:
Let me know he says anything interesting.
Provided the right software is available, I should be able to solve the problem.
I will bring a compass in case we get lost.

Compare:
I guarantee that you will enjoy the play.
It is fortunate that they arrive at the same time tomorrow

Example:

‫ تو آپ کو ایک سرٹیفکیٹ ملے گا۔‬،‫اگر آپ کورس مکمل کرتے ہیں‬

If you complete the course, you will receive a certificate.

‫اگر آپ محنت سے مطالعہ کریں گے تو آپ کامیاب ہوں گے۔‬

If you study hard, you will succeed.

‫اگر موسم اچھا ہے تو ہم تیراکی کریں گے۔‬

If the weather is nice, we will go swimming.

‫میں خوش ہوں اگرچہ میں کافی پیسہ کما لوں گا۔‬
I am happy even though I shall make enough money.

‫تم جانتے ہو کہ میں ڈاکٹر بنوں گا۔‬

You know that I shall become a doctor.

‫وہ اپنا ہوم ورک ختم کر رہے ہیں پھر بازار جائیں گے۔‬
They are finishing their homework then they will go to market.

‫اگر میرے استاد میری بہت مدد کریں تو میں بالکل سیکھ جاؤں گا۔‬
If my teacher help me a lot, I shall learned perfectly.

‫میں بہت اچھا نہیں ہوں لیکن مجھے کرکٹ کھیلنے میں مزہ آئے گا۔‬
I am not very good but I shall enjoy playing cricket.

‫آپ بیمار ہیں اور آپ ڈاکٹر کے پاس جائیں گے۔‬

You are sick and you will go to see a doctor.
 ‫جلدی کرو ورنہ بس چھوٹ جائے گی۔‬
Hurry up or we shall miss the bus.

‫جب میں کام سے گھر پہنچوں گا تو میں پیٹ کو کال کروں گا۔‬
I shall give Pete a call when I get home from work.

 How long are you going for?

When are you leaving?

Are you going alone?

Are you travelling by car?

Where are you staying?

Where are you going?

I am going to the cinema this evening.
Does the film begin at 3.30 or 4.30?
We are having a party next Saturday. Would you like to come?
The art exhibition finishes on 3 May.
I am not going out this evening. I am staying at home.
Are you doing anything tomorrow morning? No I am free.
We are going to a concert tonight. It starts at 7.30.
I am leaving now. I have come to say goodbye.
Have you seen Ali recently? No but we are meeting for lunch next week.
You are on the train to London and you ask another passenger. Excuse me.  What
time does this train get to London?
You and a friend are watching television. You say. I am bored with this programme.
What time does it end?
I am not use the car this evening so you can have it.

I am going to do
 I am going to do
I have already decided to do it. I intend to do it:
Are you going to eat anything? No, I am not hungry.
I hear Sarah has won some money. What is she going to do with it?
She is going to buy a new car.
I am just going to make a quick phone call. Can you wait for me?
This cheese smells horrible. I am not going to eat it.

We use I am doing when we say what we have arranged to do.

For example, arranged to meet somebody, arranged to go somewhere:
What time are you meeting Ali this evening?
I am leaving tomorrow. I have got my plane ticket.

I have decided to do it but perhaps not arranged to do it.

Your shoes are dirty. Yes, I know. I am going to clean them.
I have decided not to stay here any longer. Tomorrow I am going to look for
somewhere else to stay.
Often the difference is very small and either form is possible.

You can also say that something is going to happen in the future.
For example:
The man is not looking where he is going.
He is going to walk into the wall.
Look at those black clouds! It is going to rain.
I feel terrible. I think I am going to be sick.
The economic situation is bad now and things are going to get worse.

I intended to do it, but did not do it:

We were going to travel by train but then we decided to go by car instead.
Peter was going to do the exam but he changed his mind.
I was just going to cross the road when somebody shouted Stop!

You can say that something was going to happen but did not happen.
I thought it was going to rain, but it did not.

Example:

Your friend has won some money. What are you going to do with it?

Your friend is going to a party tonight. What are you going to wear?

Your friend has just bought a new table. Where are you going to put it?

Your friend has decided to have a party. Who are you going to invite?
There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. It is going to rain.

It is 8.30. Tom is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8.45, but the journey
takes 30 minutes. He is going to be late.

There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in through the
hole. The boat is going to sink

Lucy and Chris are driving. There is very little petrol left in the tank. The nearest
petrol station is a long way away. They are going to run out of petrol

Will / Shall 1

 Will
We use I will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking:
Oh, I have left the door open. I will go and shut it.
What would you like to drink? I will have an orange juice.
Did you call Ali? Oh no, I forgot. I will call her now.

We cannot use the present simple I do and I go in these sentences:

I will go and shut the door.

We often use I think I will and I do not think I will:

I feel a bit hungry. I think I will have something to eat.
I do not think. I will go out tonight. I am too tired.

In spoken English the negative of will is usually will not:

I can see you are busy so I will not stay long. 

Do not use will to talk about what you have already decided or arranged to do.
I am going on holiday next Saturday.
Are you working tomorrow?
We often use will in these situations offering to do something.
That bag looks heavy. I will help you with it.

Agreeing to do something:
You know that book I lent you. Can I have it back if you have finished with it?
Of course I will give it to you this afternoon.
Can you give this book? Sure I will give it to you.

Promising to do something:
Thanks for lending me the money. I will pay you back on Friday.
I will not tell anyone what happened. I promise.

Asking somebody to do something:

Will you please be quiet? I am trying to concentrate.
Will you shut the door please?

You can use will not to say that somebody refuses to do something:
I have tried to advise her but she will not listen.
The car will not start. I wonder what is wrong with it.

 Shall
Shall is used mostly in the questions shall I? and shall we?

We use shall I? and shall we? to ask somebody is opinion especially in offers or
suggestions:
Shall I open the window?
I have got no money. What shall I do?
Shall we go? Just a minute. I am not ready yet.
Where shall we go this evening?

Compare: shall I? and will you?:

Shall I shut the door?
Will you shut the door? 

Example:

‫ بجے تک ہوٹل میں رہیں گے۔‬8 ‫ہم رات‬

We shall be at the hotel until 8pm.
L‫۔‬L‫ی‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫و‬L‫ ہ‬L‫ٹ‬L‫ی‬L‫ ل‬L‫ج‬L‫ آ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ن‬L‫ی‬L‫ر‬L‫ ٹ‬L‫ے‬L‫ س‬L‫ہ‬L‫ج‬L‫ و‬L‫ی‬L‫ ک‬L‫م‬L‫س‬L‫و‬L‫ م‬L‫ب‬L‫ا‬L‫ر‬L‫خ‬
The trains will be late today because of the bad weather.
L‫؟‬L‫ے‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ہ‬L‫ ر‬L‫ک‬L‫ ت‬L‫ب‬L‫ ک‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ م‬L‫گ‬L‫ن‬L‫ا‬L‫ ک‬L‫گ‬L‫ن‬L‫ ہا‬L‫پ‬L‫آ‬
How long will you stay in Hong Kong?
 L‫۔‬L‫ی‬L‫ گ‬L‫ے‬L‫ئ‬L‫ جا‬L‫ھ‬L‫ڑ‬L‫ ب‬L‫ت‬L‫ہ‬L‫ ب‬L‫ی‬L‫د‬L‫ا‬L‫ب‬L‫ آ‬L‫ی‬L‫ ک‬L‫یا‬L‫ن‬L‫ د‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ م‬L‫ں‬L‫و‬L‫ل‬L‫ا‬L‫ س‬50 L‫ے‬L‫ل‬L‫گ‬L‫ا‬
The world population will grow a lot in the next 50 years.
L‫۔‬L‫ا‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫و‬L‫ہ‬L‫ ر‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ م‬L‫ی‬L‫ن‬L‫پ‬L‫م‬L‫ ک‬L‫س‬L‫ ا‬L‫ک‬L‫ ت‬L‫ے‬L‫ن‬L‫و‬L‫ ہ‬L‫ر‬L‫ئ‬L‫ا‬L‫ٹ‬L‫ی‬L‫ ر‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫م‬
I shall stay in this company until I retire.
L‫؟‬L‫ے‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ئ‬L‫ ال‬L‫ی‬L‫ن‬L‫ پا‬L‫د‬L‫ی‬L‫ز‬L‫ م‬L‫پ‬L‫ آ‬L‫ا‬L‫ی‬L‫ک‬
Will you bring some more water please?
L‫؟‬L‫ے‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ئ‬L‫ آ‬L‫ر‬L‫ پ‬L‫ت‬L‫ا‬L‫ق‬L‫ال‬L‫ م‬L‫ھ‬L‫ت‬L‫ سا‬L‫ے‬L‫ر‬L‫ی‬L‫ م‬L‫پ‬L‫ آ‬L‫ا‬L‫ی‬L‫ک‬
Will you come to the appointment with me?
L‫۔‬L‫ا‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫و‬L‫ر‬L‫ ک‬L‫ل‬L‫ کا‬L‫و‬L‫ ک‬L‫پ‬L‫ آ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ م‬L‫و‬L‫ ت‬L‫ گا‬L‫ں‬L‫و‬L‫چ‬L‫ن‬L‫ہ‬L‫ پ‬L‫ر‬L‫ھ‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ م‬L‫ب‬L‫ج‬
I shall call you when I get home.
L‫۔‬L‫ی‬L‫ گ‬L‫ے‬L‫ر‬L‫ ک‬L‫د‬L‫د‬L‫ م‬L‫ی‬L‫ ک‬L‫پ‬L‫ آ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ م‬L‫ے‬L‫ن‬L‫ر‬L‫ ک‬L‫م‬L‫ت‬L‫ خ‬L‫م‬L‫ کا‬L‫ہ‬L‫و‬
She will help you finish the work.
L‫۔‬L‫ے‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ د‬L‫ج‬L‫ی‬L‫ھ‬L‫ ب‬L‫د‬L‫ل‬L‫ ج‬L‫ز‬L‫ ا‬L‫د‬L‫ل‬L‫ ج‬L‫ن‬L‫ا‬L‫م‬L‫ سا‬L‫و‬L‫ ک‬L‫پ‬L‫ آ‬L‫م‬L‫ہ‬
We shall send you the goods as soon as possible.
L‫؟‬L‫ا‬L‫ گ‬L‫ے‬L‫ل‬L‫ م‬L‫و‬L‫ ک‬L‫ے‬L‫ن‬L‫ا‬L‫ھ‬L‫ ک‬L‫ھ‬L‫چ‬L‫ ک‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫م‬L‫ ہ‬L‫ا‬L‫ی‬L‫ک‬
Shall we have something to eat?
L‫؟‬L‫ے‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ر‬L‫ ک‬L‫ا‬L‫ی‬L‫ ک‬L‫م‬L‫ ہ‬L‫د‬L‫ع‬L‫ ب‬L‫ے‬L‫ ک‬L‫ے‬L‫ن‬L‫ھ‬L‫ک‬L‫ی‬L‫ د‬L‫م‬L‫ل‬L‫ف‬
What shall we do after we’ve watched the film?
L‫۔‬L‫ا‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫و‬L‫ل‬L‫و‬L‫ھ‬L‫ ب‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ہ‬L‫ ن‬L‫ی‬L‫ھ‬L‫ب‬L‫ ک‬L‫و‬L‫ ک‬L‫د‬L‫د‬L‫ م‬L‫ی‬L‫ ک‬L‫پ‬L‫ آ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫م‬
I shall never forget the help you gave me.
L‫۔‬L‫ے‬L‫ گ‬L‫ں‬L‫ی‬L‫ر‬L‫ ک‬L‫ش‬L‫ش‬L‫و‬L‫ ک‬L‫ن‬L‫ک‬L‫م‬L‫ م‬L‫ر‬L‫ ہ‬L‫ے‬L‫ی‬L‫ ل‬L‫ے‬L‫ ک‬L‫ے‬L‫ن‬L‫ر‬L‫ ک‬L‫ حل‬L‫و‬L‫ ک‬L‫ے‬L‫ل‬L‫ئ‬L‫س‬L‫ م‬L‫م‬L‫ہ‬
We shall do everything we can to solve the problem.

I am too tired to walk home. I think I will take a taxi.

It is cold in this room. Is it? I will turn on the heating then.
Shall I do the washing up? No it is all right. I will do it later.
Bye! Have a nice holiday! Thanks. I will send you a postcard.
I do not know how to shut down this computer. OK I will show you.
Would you like tea or coffee? I will have coffee please.
Are you coming with us? No I think I will stay here.
Thanks for lending me the money. I will pay it back as soon as possible.

Will / Shall 2
  Will
We do not use will to say what somebody has already arranged or decided to do
in the future:
Ali is working next week.
Are you going to watch television this evening?

But often, when we talk about the future, we are not talking about what
somebody has decided to do. For example:
Ali: Do you think Hina will pass the exam?
Aslam: Yes, She will pass easily.
She will pass does not mean she has decided to pass. Aslam is saying what he
knows or thinks will happen.
He is predicting the future.
When we predict a future happening or situation, we use will and won't.
For example:
They have been away a long time. When she returns, they will find a lot of
changes.
Where will you be this time next year? I will be in Japan.
That plate is very hot. If you touch it, you will burn yourself.
Ahmad will not pass the examination. He has not worked hard enough for it.
When will you know your exam results?

We often use will with:

Probably: I will probably be home late this evening.
I expect: I have not seen Carol today. I expect she will phone this evening.
I am sure: Do not worry about the exam. I am sure you will pass.
I think: Do you think Sarah will like the present we bought her?
I do not think: I do not think the exam will be very difficult.
I wonder: I wonder what will happen.

After I hope, we generally use the present: (will is also possible).

I hope Ali call this evening.
I hope it does not rain tomorrow.

Generally we use will to talk about the future but sometimes we use will to talk
about now. For example:
Do not call Ali now. She will be busy.

 Shall
I shall and we shall
Normally we use shall only with I and we.
You can say I shall or I will, we shall or we will:
I shall be late this evening. (I will be late this evening)
We shall probably go to Scotland for our holiday. (We will probably go to
Scotland for our holiday)

In spoken English we normally use I will and we will:

We will probably go to Scotland.

The negative of shall is shall not or shan't:

I shall not be here tomorrow.

Do not use shall with he/she/it/you/they:

She will be very angry.

Example:
‫ کرے گا۔‬L‫استاد اپنے طلباء کی ضرور رہنمائی‬

The teacher shall guide his students.

‫ گاڑی چالے گا۔‬L‫میں ضرور‬
I will drive the car.
‫ کریں گے۔‬L‫ہم آپ کا ضرور انتظار‬
We will wait for you.
‫چپراسی ضرور گھنٹی بجائے گا۔‬
Peon shall ring the bell.
‫ صبح کی سیر کے لیے جاؤں گا۔‬L‫میں ضرور‬
I will go for a morning walk.
‫ ہماری مدد کرے گا۔‬L‫وہ ضرور‬
He shall help us.
‫ہم ضرور امتحانات پاس کریں گے۔‬
We will pass the exams.
‫ اپنا کام کریں گے۔‬L‫وہ ضرور‬
They shall do their work.
‫ مقابلہ جیت جائے گا۔‬L‫علی ضرور‬
Ali shall win the competition.
‫ مستعفی ہو جائیں گے۔‬L‫وزیر اعظم ضرور‬
The prime minister shall resign.
‫ صبح سے نہا رہا ہو گا۔‬L‫وہ ضرور‬
He shall have been taking bath since morning.
‫لڑکیاں دو گھنٹے سے ضرور تالیاں بجا رہی ہوں گی اور ناچ رہی ہوں گی۔‬
Girls shall have been clapping and dancing for two hours.
‫ صبح سے شور کر رہے ہوں گے۔‬L‫لڑکے ضرور‬
The boys shall have been making noise since morning.
‫ گھوڑے پر سوار ہو رہا ہوگا۔‬L‫وہ دو سال سے ضرور‬
He shall have been riding a horse for two years.
 ‫ ہماری کالس میں حاضر ہوں رہا ہو گا ۔‬L‫علی دو سال سے ضرور‬
Ali shall have been attending our class for two years.
‫میرا بھائی ضرور تین گھنٹے سے سو رہا ہو گا۔‬
My brother shall have been sleeping for three hours.
‫ ٹی وی دیکھ رہا ہوگا۔‬L‫وہ پانچ گھنٹے سے ضرور‬
He shall have been watching TV for five hours.
‫ کر رہے ہوں گے۔‬L‫دو نوجوان کھالڑی تین گھنٹے سے ضرور ورزش‬
Tow young athletes shall have been working out for three hours.
‫ کھیل رہے ہوں گے۔‬L‫وہ تین گھنٹے سے ضرور‬
They shall have been playing for three hours.
‫ کھیلوں میں حصہ لے رہے ہوں گے۔‬L‫بہت سے طلباء تین سال سے ضرور‬
Many students shall have been participating in sports for three years.
I think Ali will get the job. He has a lot of experience.
Don't be afraid of the dog. It will not hurt you.
Can you wait for me? I will not be long.
Do not ask Hina for advice. She will not know what to do.
I am glad. You are coming to see us next week. It will be good to see you again.
I am sorry about what happened yesterday. It will not happen again.
You do not need to take an umbrella with you. I do not think it will rain.
I have got some incredible news! You will not believe it.
I have bought this picture for Karen. Do you think she will like it?

The weather does not look very good. Do you think it will rain?

The meeting is still going on. When do you think it will end?

My car needs to be repaired. How much do you think it will cost?

Sally and David are in love. Do you think they will get married?

I am going out now. OK. What time do you think you will be back?

The future situation is uncertain. What do you think will happen?

I will and I am going to

 I Will and I am going to
We use will to announce a new decision.
Sarah is talking to Hina:
Sarah: Let’s have a party
Hina: That is a great idea. We will invite lots of people.
Later that day, Hina meets Ali:
Hina: Sarah and I have decided to have a party. We are going to invite lots of people.

We use going to when we have already decided to do something. Hina had already
decided to invite lots of people before she spoke to Ali.

We use both will and going to predict future happenings and situations.
I think the weather will be nice later. or
I think the weather is going to be nice later.

Those shoes are well-made. They'll last a long time. or

Those shoes are well-made. They're going to last a long time.

When we say something is going to happen. We know this from the situation now.
What is happening now shows that something is going to happen in the future. For
example:

Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.

We can see that it is going to rain from the clouds that are in the sky now.

I feel terrible. I think I am going to be sick.

I think I am going to be sick because I feel terrible now.

Do not use will in this type of situation.

Compare:
As you can see, both Will and Going to can be used for making future predictions
without having a real difference in meaning,

The weather report says it will rain tomorrow.

The weather report says it is going to rain tomorrow.

Gary phoned while you were out. OK. I will call him back.
Gary phoned while you were out. Yes, I know. I am going to call him back.

Anna is in hospital. Oh really? I did not know. I will go and visit her.
Anna is in hospital. Yes, I know. I am going to visit her this evening.

Example:
I will eat pasta and he is going to eat burger.

He is going to get some coffee. Okay. I will get some too.

He is going to call Ali at 3:00 pm then I will call him in a few minutes.

We are going to visit Spain next month. I will probably visit Spain next month.

He is going to have lunch. I think. I will have lunch.

He is going to get the test result today. I believe. He will pass the test.

I am going to study for my exam and then maybe I will watch a show.

I am going to pack my suitcase and maybe I will meet some friends for dinner.

He is going to study medicine and I will study law or medicine.

I will arrive at 8:00 pm and Jack is going to come over at 7:00 pm.

Why are you turning on the TV? I am going to watch the news.

Will be doing and will have done

See this example and situation:

Now People are standing in a queue to get into the cinema.
Half an hour from now the cinema will be full. Everyone will be watching the film.
Three hours from now the cinema will be empty. The film will have finished. Everyone
will have gone home.

 Will be doing
I will be doing something (Future Continuous). I will be in the middle of doing it:
This time next week I will be on holiday. I will be lying on the beach or swimming in
the sea.
You have no chance of getting the job. You will be wasting your time if you apply.
Do not phone between 7 and 8. We will be having dinner.
Let's wait for Ali to arrive and then we will have dinner.

At 10 o'clock yesterday, Sally was in her office. She was working.

It is 10 o'clock now. She is in her office. She is working.
At 10 o'clock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will be working.

We also use will be doing to talk about complete actions in the future.
For example:
The government will be making a statement about the crisis later today.
Will you be going away this summer?
Later in the programme, I will be tacking to the minister of Education.
Our best player is injured and will not be playing in the game on Saturday.
The team star player is injured and will not be playing in the game in Saturday.

 Will have done

We use will have done something (future perfect). It will be complete before a time in
the future.
For example.
Ali always leaves for work at 8:30 in the morning. He will not be at home at 9 o’clock.
He will have gone to work.
We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years.

Next year they will have been married for 25 years.
When their son was born, they had been married for three years.

Example:

Do not come by between 12:00 and 1:00. We shall be having lunch then. But we shall
have finished at 1:00.

Do not phone between 7 and 8. We will be having dinner then.

Phone me after 8 o'clock. We will have finished dinner by then.

Tomorrow afternoon we are going to play tennis from 3 o'clock until 4.30. So at 4
o'clock, we will be playing tennis.

 Can we meet tomorrow? Yes, but not in the afternoon. I will be working.
Will you be free at 11.30? Yes, the meeting will have ended by then.

Ben is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this,
he will have spent all his money before the end of his holiday.

Do you think you will still be doing the same job in ten years time?

Lisa is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe at the moment. So far she
has travelled about 11000 miles. By the end of the trip, she will have travelled more
than 3,000 miles.

If you need to contact me, I will be staying at the Lion Hotel until Friday.

Will you be seeing Laura tomorrow? Yes, probably. Why?  I borrowed this DVD from
her. Can you give it back to her?

When I do and When I have done.

When and If
 When I do
See this example.
I will phone you when I get home. (sentence with two parts)
The main part: I will phone you
When part: When I get home

The time in the sentence is future tomorrow, but we use a present tense I get in
the when part of the sentence.
We do not use will in the when part of the sentence.
Some more examples:
We will go out when it stops raining.
When you are in London again, come and see us.
Said to a child, what do you want to be when you grow up?

The same thing happens after while / before / after / as soon as / until or till:

What are you going to do while I am away?
I will probably go back home on Sunday. Before I go, I do like to visit the museum.
Wait here until I come back.

 I have done
You can also use the present perfect (have done) after when / after / until / as soon
as:
Can I borrow that book when you have finished with it?
Do not say anything while Ali is here. Wait until he has gone.

If you use the present perfect, one thing must be complete before the other so the
two things do not happen together:
When I have call Ali we can have dinner.

Do not use the present perfect if the two things happen together:
When I call Ali, I will ask her about the party.

It is often possible to use either the present simple or the present perfect:
I will come as soon as I finish. or I will come as soon as I have finished.
You will feel better after you have something to eat. or You will feel better after you
have had something to eat.

 If
After if, we normally use the present simple (if I do / if I see etc.) for the future:
It is raining hard. We will get wet if we go out.
I will be angry if it happens again.
Hurry up! If we do not hurry, we will be late.

 When
We use when for things which are sure to happen:
I am going out later. For sure.  When I go out, I will get some bread.

We use if not when for things that will possibly happen:

I might go out later. If I go out, I will get some bread.
If it is raining this evening, I will not go out.
Do not worry if I am late tonight.
If they do not come soon, I am not going to wait.
Example:

When you are in London again come and see us.

I want to see Sofia before she goes out.

Call me when you know what time you are going to get here.

I am going out now. Will you be here when I get back?

I think everything will be fine but if there are any problems I will call you.

We must do something soon before it is too late.

Anna looks very different now. When you see her again you will not recognise her.

Steve has applied for the job but he is not really qualified for it. I will be surprised if
he gets it.

I am going to be away for a few days. If you need to contact me while I am away
here’s my mobile number.

I do not want to go without you. I will wait for you until you are ready.

It will stop raining soon. Then we will go out.

We will go out when it stops raining.

I will find somewhere to live. Then I will give you my address.

I will give you my address when I have found somewhere to live.

I will do the shopping. Then I will come straight back home.

I will come straight back home after I have done the shopping.

It is going to get dark. Let's go home before that.

Let's go home before it gets dark.

She must apologise to me first. I will not speak to her until then.
I will not speak to her until she has apologised.

Do not worry if I am late tonight.

Be careful. You will hurt yourself if you fall.

I am going to Rome next week. When I am there, I hope to visit a friend of mine.

I am going shopping. If you want anything, I can get it for you.

If I do not see you tomorrow, when will I see you again?

I am going away for a few days. I will call you when I get back.

I hope Sarah can come to the party. It will be a shame if she cannot come.

We can eat at home or, if you prefer, we can go to a restaurant.

If I do and if I did
 If I do
When we imagine something that will not happen, or we don't expect that it will
happen, we use if + past (if we went / if there was / if you found etc.).
But the meaning is not past:
What would you do if you won a lot of money?
If there was an election tomorrow, who would you vote for?

See this example:

Hina: Shall we go by bus or by train?
Ali: If we go by bus, it will be cheaper.

For Ali, it is possible that they will go by bus, so he says:

If we go by bus, it will be cheaper.

Hina and Ali decide to go by train. Later, Ali talks to Aslam.

Aslam: How are you going to travel?
Ali: We are going by train. If we went by bus, it would be cheaper, but the train is
quicker.

Now Ali knows they are not going to travel by bus, so he says:
If we went by bus, it would be cheaper. (not If we go ... )

 If I did
We do not normally use would in the if-part of the sentence:
I would be very scared, if somebody pointed a gun at me.
If we went by bus, it would be cheaper.

But you can use if with would when you ask somebody to do something:

I would be grateful if you would let me know your decision as soon as possible.

In the other part of the sentence (not the if-part) we use would not:
What would you do if you were bitten by a snake?
I am not going to bed yet. I am not tired. If I went to bed now, I would not sleep.
Would you mind if I used your phone?

Could and might are also possible:

If I won a lot of money, I might buy a house.
If I won a lot of money, it is possible that I would buy a house.

If it stopped raining, we could go out.

If it stopped raining, we would be able to go out

Example:
Of course you do not expect to win the lottery. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big
house.
You are not going to sell your car because it is old and not worth much. If I sold my
car, I would not get much money for it.
You often see Sarah. A friend of yours wants to contact her. If I see Sarah, I will tell
her to call you.
You do not expect that there will be a fire in the building.  What would you do if
there was a fire in the building?
You have never lost your passport. I do not know what I would do if I lost my
passport.
Somebody stops you and asks the way to a bank. If you go right at the end of this
street, you will see a bank on your left.
You are in a lift. There is an emergency button. Nobody is going to press it. What
would happen if somebody pressed that button?
I would be very scared if somebody pointed a gun at me.
I cannot afford to buy a car. If I bought a car, I would have to borrow the money.
Do not lend Amy your car. If she asked me, I would not lend her mine.
If the computer factory closed down, many people would lose their jobs.
I do not think Gary and Emma will get married. I would be amazed if they did.
What would you do if you were in a lift and it stopped between floors?
If somebody gave me £10,000, I would have a long holiday.
We have not decided to catch the 10.30 train. If we caught the 10.30 train, we would
arrive too early.
Kevin is not going to do his driving test now. If he did his driving test now, he would
fail.
We have decided not to stay at a hotel. If we stayed at a hotel, it would cost too
much.
Sally is not going to leave her job. If she left her job, she would not get another one.
We have decided not to invite Ben to the party. If we invited Ben to the party, we
would have to invite his friends too.
I am not going to tell him what happened. If I told him what happened, he would not
believe me.
If I won a lot of money, I would buy a house.
I would be very angry if somebody broke into my house.
If you bought a car, it would cost you a lot to maintain it.
I would be surprised if the economic situation improved.
Would you mind if I did not go out with you tonight?

If I knew and I wish I knew

 If I knew
When we imagine a situation like this, we use if + past
(if I knew / if you were / if we didn't etc.). But the meaning is present, not past:
There are many things I would like to do if I had more time.
If I did not want to go to the party, I would not go.
We would not have any money if we did not work.
If you were in my position, what would you do?

It is a pity he cannot drive. It would be useful if he could.

See this example situation:

Sarah wants to phone Paul, but she cannot do this because she does not know his
number. She says:

If I knew his number, I would phone him.

Sarah says: If I knew his number, I would phone him. This tells us that she does
not know his number. She is imagining the situation. The real situation is that she
does not know his number.
  I wish I knew
We use the past in the same way after wish (I wish I knew / I wish you were etc.). We
use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to
be:
I wish I knew Paul phone number.
Do you ever wish you could fly?
It rains a lot here. I wish it did not rain so much.
It is very crowded here. I wish there weren't so many people.
I wish I did not have to work tomorrow, but unfortunately I do.

After if and wish, you can use were instead of was (if I were / I wish it were etc.).

If I was / I wish it was are also possible. So you can say:
I would go for a walk if it was not so cold.
I wish she was here.

We do not normally use would in the if-part of the sentence or after wish:

If I was rich, I would travel a lot.
Who would you ask if you needed help?
I wish I had something to read.
I wish you would listen.

Could sometimes means 'would be able to' and sometimes 'was/were able to':
She could get a better job if she could speak English.
She would be able to get a better job if she could speak English.
She could get a better job if she was/were able to speak.
I wish I could help you.
I wish I was able to help you.
Example:

We do not see you very often because you live so far away. If you did not live so far
away, we would see you more often.

It is a nice book but it is too expensive, so I am not going to buy it. I would buy it, if it
was not so expensive.

We do not go out very often, we cannot afford it. We would go out more often, if we
could afford it.

I cannot meet you tomorrow. I have late for work. If I did not have late for work, I
could meet you tomorrow.
It would be nice to have lunch outside but it is raining, so we cannot. We could have
lunch outside if it was not raining.

I do not want his advice and that why I am not going to ask for it. If I wanted his
advice, I would ask for it.

I do not know many people and I am lonely. I wish I knew more people.

I do not have a computer and I need one. I wish I had a computer.

Helen is not here and I need to see her. I wish Helen was here.

It is cold and I hate cold weather. I wish it was not cold.

I live in a big city and I do not like it. I wish I did not live in a big city.

I cannot go to the party and I would like to. I wish I could go to the party.

I have to get up early tomorrow but I would like to sleep late. I wish I did not have to
get up early tomorrow.

I do not know anything about cars and my car has just broken down. I wish I knew
something about cars.

I am not fee ling well and it is not nice. I wish I were feeling I was feeling better.

If I had known and I wish I had know

 If I had known
We use if + had to talk about the past (if I had known/been/done etc.):
I did not see you when you passed me in the street. If I had seen you, of course I
would have said hello, but I did not see you.
I did not go out last night. I would have gone out if I had not been so tired, but I was
tired.
If he had been looking where he was going, he would not have walked into the wall,
but he was not looking.
The view was wonderful. If I had had a camera with me, I would have taken some
pictures, but I did not have a camera.

See this example situation:

Last month Ali was in hospital for a few days. Hina did not know this, so she did not
go to visit him. They met a few days ago.
Hina said: If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to see you.

I am not hungry. If I was hungry, I would eat something.

I was not hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something.

We do not use would in the if-part of the sentence. We use would in the other part

of the sentence:
If I had seen you, I would have said hello.

Note that 'd can be would or had:

If I had seen you. I would have said hello.

 I wish I had know

We use had done in the same way after wish. I wish something had happened or I
am sorry that it did not happen:
I wish I had known that Ali was ill. I would have gone to see him.
I feel sick. I wish I had not eaten so much cake.
Do you wish you had studied science instead of languages?

Do not use would have after wish:

The weather was cold when we were on holiday. I wish it had been warmer.

Compare would do and would have done:

If I had gone to the party last night, I would be tired now.
If I had gone to the party last night, I would have met lots of people.

Compare would have, could have and might have:

If the weather had not been so bad, we would have gone out.
If the weather had not been so bad, we could have gone out.
If the weather had not been so bad, we would have been able to go out.
If the weather had not been so bad, we might have gone out.
If the weather had not been so bad, we would have gone out.

Example:

You have eaten too much and now you feel sick. I wish I had not eaten so much.

There was a job advertised in the paper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you
think that your decision was wrong. I wish I had applied for it.

When you were younger, you never learned to play a musical instrument. Now you
regret this. I wish I had learned to play a musical instrument.

You have painted the gate red. Now you think that red was the wrong colour. I wish I
had not painted it red.

You are walking in the country. You had like to take some pictures, but you did not
bring your camera. I wish I had brought my camera.

You have some unexpected guests. They did not phone you first to say they were
coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them. I wish I had known
they were coming.

I did not see you when you passed me in the street, if I had seen you. I would have
said hello.

Sam got to the station just in time to catch the train to the airport. If he had missed
the train, he would have missed his flight too.

I am glad that you reminded me about Rachel's birthday. I would have forgotten, if I
would have forgotten me.

I wanted to send you an email, but I did not have your email address. If I had had
your address, I would have sent you an email.

 How was your trip? Was it good?  It was OK, but. We would have enjoyed it more if
the weather had been better.

I took a taxi to the hotel, but the traffic was bad. It would have been quicker if I had
walked.

I am not tired. If I was tired, I would go home now.

I was not tired last night. If I had been tired, I would have gone home earlier.
 Wish
 Wish
We say wish somebody something (luck and a happy birthday etc.). But you cannot
say I wish that something happens. We use hope in this situation. For example:
I am sorry you are not well. I hope you feel better soon.

You can say I wish you luck / all the best / a happy birthday etc.
I wish you all the best in the future.
I saw Mark before the exam and he wished me luck.

Compare I wish and I hope:

I wish you a pleasant stay here.
I hope you have a pleasant stay here.

We also use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would
like it. When we use wish in this way, we use the past (knew/lived etc.), but the
meaning is present:
I wish I knew what to do about the problem.
I wish you did not have to go so soon.
Do you wish you lived near the sea?
Jack's going on a trip to Mexico soon. I wish I was going too.

To say that we regret something in the past, we use wish + had  (had known / had

said) etc.:
I wish I had known about the party. I would have gone if I had known.
It was a stupid thing to say. I wish I had not said it.

I wish I could do something, is equal to. I regret that I cannot do it:

I am sorry I have to go. I wish I could stay longer.
I have met that man before. I wish I could remember his name.

I wish I could have done something, is equal. I regret that I could not do it:

I hear the party was great. I wish I could have gone.
You can say I wish somebody would do something.
For example:
It is been raining all day. Tanya does not like it.
She says: I wish it would stop raining.

Tanya would like the rain to stop, but this will probably not happen.

We use I wish ... would when we would like something to happen or change. Usually,

the speaker does not expect this to happen.

We often use I wish ... would to complain about a situation:

The phone has been ringing for five minutes. I wish somebody would answer it.
I wish you would do something instead of just sitting and doing nothing.

You can use I wish ... would not ... to complain about things that people do
repeatedly:
I wish you would not keep interrupting me.
I wish you please do not interrupt me.

We use I wish ... would ... to say that we want something to happen. But we do not

use I wish ... would ... to say how we would like things to be. Compare:
I wish Sarah would come.
I wish Sarah was  here now.

I wish somebody would buy me a car.

I wish I had a car.

Example:

I wish you a pleasant stay here.

Enjoy your holiday. I hope you have a great time.

Goodbye. I wish you all the best.

We said goodbye to each other and wished each other luck.

We are going to have a picnic tomorrow, so I hope the weather is nice.

I wish you luck in your new job. I hope it works out well for you.

It is raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain. I wish it would stop raining.
You are waiting for Jane. She is late and you are getting impatient. I wish Jane would
hurry up.

You are looking for a job so far without success. Nobody will give you a job.  I wish
somebody would give me a job.

You can hear a baby crying. It is been crying for a long time and you are trying to
study. I wish that baby would stop crying.

Brian has been wearing the same clothes for years. You think he needs some new
clothes. I wish you would get some new clothes.

Your friend drives very fast. You do not like this. I wish you would not drive so fast.

Joe leaves the door open all the time. This annoys you. I wish you would not leave
the door open all the time.

A lot of people drop litter in the street. You do not like this. I wish people would not
drop litter in the street.

-ing and to…

 Verb+ -ing (enjoy doing/stop doing etc.)
After enjoy, mind and suggest, we use -ing (not to ... ).
Some more verbs that are followed by -ing:
Stop, Finish, Postpone, Admit, Consider, Deny, Avoid, Risk, Imagine, Fancy

Example:
Suddenly everybody stopped talking. There was silence.
I will do the shopping when I have finished cleaning the flat.
He tried to avoid answering my question.
I do not fancy going out this evening.
Have you ever considered going to live in another country?
They said they were innocent. They denied doing anything wrong.
I enjoy reading.
Would you mind closing the door?
Chris suggested going to the cinema.

The negative form is not -ing:

When I'm on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up early.

 Verb+ to… (Decide to…/forget to… etc)

After these verbs you can use to ... (infinitive):
Offer, agree, refuse, decide, plan, arrange, manage, fail, deserve, afford, forget,
promise, threaten, learn

Example:
It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
Simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed to help him.
How old were you when you learnt to drive?
I waved to Karen, but failed to attract her attention.

The negative is not to ... :

We decided not to go out because of the weather.
I promised not to be late.

 Verb+Object+to…(I want you to… etc)

These verbs have the structure verb + object + to ... :
tell, order, remind, warn, force, invite, encourage, teach, enable, persuade, get

Example:
Can you remind me to call Sam tomorrow?
Who taught you to drive?
I did not move the piano by myself. I got somebody to help me.
Joe said the switch was dangerous and warned me not to touch it.

In the next example, the verb is passive (I was warned / we were told etc.):
I was warned not to touch the switch.
You cannot use suggest with the structure verb + object + to ... :
Jane suggested that I ask your advice. (not Jane suggested me to ask)

 Verb+ -ing or to… (remember/regret etc)

Some verbs can be followed by -ing or to ... with a difference of meaning:

Remember:
I remember doing something. Equal to (I did it and now I remember this.)
You remember doing something after you have done it.
I know I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it. Equal to (I locked it, and now I
remember this)
He could remember driving along the road just before the accident, but he could not
remember the accident itself.

I remembered to do something. Equal to (I remembered that I had to do it , so I did

it.)
You remember to do something before you do it.
I remembered to lock the door, but I forgot to shut the windows. Equal to (I
remembered that I had to lock it, and so I locked it)
I must remember to pay the electricity bill. Equal to (I must not forget to pay it)

Regret:
I regret doing something. Equal to (I did it and now I'm sorry about it):
I now regret saying what I said. I should not have said it.
Do you regret not going to college?

I regret to say / to tell you / to inform you. Equal to (I am sorry that I have to say
(etc.):
From a formal letter. We regret to inform you that your application has been
unsuccessful.

Go on:
Go on doing something. Equal to (continue with the same thing:)
The president paused for a moment and then went on talking.
We need to change. We can not go on living like this.
Go on to do something. Equal to (do or say something new:)
After discussing the economy, the president then went on to talk about foreign
policy.

The following verbs can be followed by -ing or to .. . with no difference of meaning:

begin, start, continue, intend, brother

So you can say:

It started raining. or It started to rain.
Andy intends buying a house. or Andy intends to buy ...
Do not bother locking the door. or Don't bother to lock ...

 Verb+ -ing or to… (try/need/help)

Try to ... and try -ing
Try to do. Equal to attempt to do, make an effort to do:
I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open, but I could not.
Please try to be quiet when you come home. Everyone will be asleep.

Try also means 'do something as an experiment or test'. For example:

These cakes are delicious. You should try one. Equal to you should have one to see if
you like it.
We could not find anywhere to stay. We tried every hotel in the town, but they were
all full. Equal to. We went to every hotel to see if they had a room.

If try (with this meaning) is followed by a verb, we say try -ing:

The photocopier does not seem to be working.
Try pressing the green button. Equal to. Press the green button - perhaps this will
help to solve the problem

Need to ... and need -ing

I need to do something equal to it is necessary for me to do it:
I need to get more exercise.
He needs to work harder if he wants to make progress.
I do not need to come to the meeting, do I?
Something needs doing equal to it needs to be done:
My phone needs charging. Equal to. It needs to be charged.
Do you think this jacket needs cleaning?
It is a difficult problem. It needs thinking about very carefully.

Help and can not help

You can say help to do or help do (with or without to):
Everybody helped to clean up after the party. or Everybody helped clean up after the
party.
Can you help me to move this table? or Can you help me move this table?

I can not help doing something equal to I can not stop myself doing it:
I do not like him, but he has a lot of problems. I can not help feeling sorry for him.

She tried to be serious, but she couldn't help laughing. Equal to she could not stop
herself laughing.

I am sorry I am so nervous. I can not help it. Equal to I can not help being nervous.

 Verb+ -ing or to… (like/would like etc)

Like
When you talk about repeated actions, you can use -ing or to ... after these verbs. So
you can say:
Do you like getting up early? or Do you like to get up early?
Stephanie hates flying. or Stephanie hates to fly.
I love meeting people. or I love to meet people.
I do not like being kept waiting. or ... like to be kept waiting.
I do not like friends calling me at work. or ... friends to call me at work.
but
We use -ing when we talk about a situation that already exists (or existed). For
example:
Paul lives in Berlin now. He likes living there. He likes living in Berlin. Equal to. He
lives there and he likes it.
Do you like being a student?
The office I worked in was horrible. I hated working there. (I worked there and I hated
it)
There is sometimes a difference between I like to do and I like doing:
I like doing something equal to I do it and I enjoy it:
I like cleaning the kitchen. Equal to. I enjoy it.
I like to do something. Equal to. I think it is a good thing to do, but I do not
necessarily enjoy it:
It is not my favourite job, but I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible.

Would like
Would like / would love etc. are usually followed by to ... :
I'd like. Equal to (I would like) to go away for a few days.
Would you like to come to dinner on Friday?
I would not like to go on holiday alone.
I'd love to meet your family.
Would you prefer to have dinner now or later?

 Prefer and would rather

Prefer to do and prefer doing
You can use 'prefer to (do)' or 'prefer -ing' to say what you prefer in general:
I do not like cities. I prefer to live in the country. or I prefer living in the country.
Study the differences in structure after prefer. We say:
I prefer = something = to something else.
I prefer = doing something = to doing something else.
I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday.
I prefer driving to travelling by train . But I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
Sarah prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city.

Would rather
Would rather (do) = would prefer (to do). We use would
rather + infinitive (without to). Compare:
'Shall we go by train?'
'I'd prefer to drive.'
'I'd rather drive.'
'Would you rather have tea or coffee?'  'Coffee, please.'
The negative is 'I'd rather not (do something)':
I am tired. I'd rather not go out this evening, if you don't mind.
Do you want to go out this evening?'  'I'd rather not.'
We say 'would rather do something than do something else':
I'd rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.
  Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing
If a preposition (in/for/about etc.) is followed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing:

Are you interested in working for us?

I am not good at learning languages.
Sue must be fed up with studying.
what are the advantages of having a car?
Thanks very much for inviting me to your party.
How about meeting for lunch tomorrow?
Why do not you go out instead of sitting at home all the time?
Ali went to work in spite feeling ill.

 Be / get used to something ( I am used to)

After be/get used you cannot use the infinitive (to do / to drive etc.). We say:
She is used to driving on the left.
When we say 'I am used to something', to is a preposition, not a part of the infinitive.
So we say:
We are not used to the noise.
Paul is used to living alone.
Lisa had to get used to driving on the left.

I am used to something equal to it is not new or strange for me:

Paul lives alone. He does not mind this because he has lived alone for 15 years. It is
not strange for him. He is used to it. He is used to living alone.
I bought some new shoes. They felt a bit strange at first because I was not used to
them.
Our new apartment is on a very busy street. I expect we will get used to the noise,
but at the moment it is very disturbing.
Helen has a new job. She has to get up much earlier now than before - at 6.30. She
finds this difficult because she is not used to getting up so early.
Katherine's husband is often away from home. She does not mind this. She is used to
him being away.
  Verb+preposition+-ing(succeed in -ing/accuse
somebody of -ing etc.)
The following verbs can have the structure verb + object + preposition + -ing:
They accused us of telling lies.
We all congratulated Lisa on winning the first prize.
Excuse me for phoning you so late.
What prevented you from coming to see us?
The rain did not stop us from enjoying our holiday.
Nobody suspected the general of being a spy.
I forget to thank them for helping me.

 Expressions + -ing
When these expressions are followed by a verb, the verb ends in -ing:
It is no use / It's no good ...
There is nothing you can do about the situation, so it is no use worrying about it.
It is no good trying to persuade me. You won't succeed.
There is no point in ...
There is no point in having a car if you never use it .
There was no point in waiting any longer, so we left.
But we usually say 'the point of doing something':
What is the point of having a car if you never use it?

 To…, for… and so that…

To… and for….
To + verb
We stopped to get petrol.
I had to run to catch the bus.

For + noun
We stopped for petrol.
I had to run for the bus.

You can say 'for somebody to do something':

There were not any chairs for us to sit on, so we sat on the floor.
You can use for -ing or to ... to talk about the general purpose of something, or what
it is generally used for:
I use this brush for washing the dishes. or ... to wash the dishes.

But we do not use for -ing to say why somebody does something:

I went into the kitchen to wash the dishes. (not for washing)

You can use What ... for? to ask about purpose:

What is this switch for?
What did you do that for?

So that
We use so that (not to ... ) especially
when the purpose is negative (so that .. . won't/wouldn't):
I hurried so that I would not be late.
Eat something now so that you will not get hungry later.
with can and could (so that .. . can/could):
She is learning English so that she can study in Canada.
We moved to London so that we could see our friends more often.
You can leave out that. So you can say:
I hurried so that I wouldn't be late. or I hurried so I wouldn't be late.

 Adjective + to…
You can use adjective + to ... to say how somebody reacts to something:
I am sorry to hear that your mother is not well.
Was Julia surprised to see you?
It was a long and tiring journey. We were glad to get home.
If I have any more news, you will be the first person to know.
The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 10.50 to Liverpool.
Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time.
Carla is a very good student. She is bound to pass the exam.
I am likely to get home late tonight.

 To… (afraid to do) and preposition + -ing (afraid of

-ing)
Afraid to (do) and afraid of (do)ing
I am afraid to do something = I don't want to do it because it is dangerous or the
result could be bad.
We use afraid to do for things we do intentionally; we can choose to do them or not:
This part of town is dangerous. People are afraid to walk here at night.
James was afraid to tell his parents what had happened.
I am afraid of something happening = it is possible that something bad will happen
(for example, an accident).
We do not use afraid of -ing for things we do intentionally:
The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We were afraid of falling.
I do not like dogs. I am always afraid of being bitten.
So, you are afraid to do something because you are afraid of something
happening as a result:
I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.

 -ing clauses (feeling tired, I went to bed early)

When two things happen at the same time, you can use an -ing clause:
Kate is in the kitchen making coffee. (= she is in the kitchen and she is making
coffee)
A man ran out of the house shouting. (= he ran out of the house and he was
shouting)
Do something! Don't just stand there doing nothing!

We also use -ing when one action happens during another action. We use -ing for
the longer action:
Joe hurt his knee playing football. (= while he was playing)
Did you cut yourself shaving? (= while you were shaving)

You can also use -ing after while or when:

Joe hurt his knee while playing football.

Be careful when crossing the road. (= when you are crossing)

 Pronoun & Determiners
 Pronoun
A word used in place of noun is known as a pronoun. It is used to avoid repetition.
I, She, Our, They, It etc
She always helps me with my homework.
You can visit the shopping centre at one o’clock.

 Determiners
Words that comes at the beginning of the noun introduces noun determines noun
whether a noun us specific or general.

One dog, many dog, my dog, that dog, the dog etc.

 Myself/yourself/themselves etc.
We use myself/yourself/himself etc. (reflexive pronouns) when
the subject and object are the same:

Reflexive pronoun:

Reflexive pronoun means that the action done by the subject returns back or reflects
upon the subject. Moreover it means the person denoted by the subject and the
person denoted by the object or the same.

singular: myself, yourself (one person), himself/herself/itself

plural: ourselves, yourselves (more than one person), themselves

I do not want you to pay for me. I will pay for myself.

Amy had a great holiday. She really enjoyed herself.
Do you talk to yourself sometimes?
If you want more to eat, help yourselves.
  A friend of mine/my own house/on my own/by
myself
A friend of mine / a friend of yours My own / your own On my own / by
myself etc. (Possessive pronoun)

Possessive pronoun:

A pronoun used to express possession or ownership is known as possessive pronoun.

I am going to a wedding on Saturday. A friend of mine is getting married.

We went on holiday with some friends of ours.
Mike had an argument with a neighbor of his.
It was a good idea of yours to go to the cinema.
I do not want to share a room with anybody. I want my own room.
Vicky and Gary would like to have their own house.
It is a shame that the apartment has not got its own parking space.
It is my own fault that I have got no money. I buy too many things I do not need.
Why do you want to borrow my car? Why do not you use your own?
I like living on my own.
Jack was sitting on by himself in a corner of the cafe.

 There and it
There can be used in the following ways: as a pronoun (demonstrative pronoun)
(to introduce the subject of the sentence):
There is a spider in the bath.

Demonstrative pronoun:
A pronoun used to point out the person or thing we talk about is known as a
demonstrative pronoun.

We use there when we talk about something for the first time, to say that it exists:
There is a new restaurant in Hill Street.
I am sorry I am late. There was a lot of traffic.
Things are more expensive now. There has been a big rise in the cost of living.

We commonly use the pronoun it as both a subject and an object pronoun:

(personal pronoun-Third person)
Personal pronoun:
A pronoun used for three persons is known as personal pronoun.
Third pronoun:
A pronoun used for the person spoken about is known as the third person.

Do not drink the milk. It smells terrible.

Has anyone seen my phone? I can not find it anywhere.

We often use it in question tags:

That furniture is lovely. It is not too expensive for us, is it?
You know the flat with three bedrooms by the supermarket? It is the best one we
have seen so far, is not it?
It did not take us long to get here.
It is a shame you can not come to the party.
Let's go. It is not worth waiting any longer.

 Some and Any

In general we use some (also somebody/someone/something) in positive
sentences and any (also anybody etc.) in negative sentences:(Indefinite pronoun)

Indefinite pronoun:
A pronoun used to talk about a person or thing indefinitely is known as indefinite
pronoun.

We bought some flowers.
He is busy. He is got some work to do.
There is somebody at the door.
I want something to eat.
We did not buy any flowers.
He is lazy. He never does any work.
There is not anybody at the door.
I do not want anything to eat.

 No/none/any nothing/nobody etc.

Indefinite pronoun:
A pronoun used to talk about a person or thing indefinitely is known as indefinite
pronoun.

No one means not a single person and it is used with a singular verb.
No one is ready to help me.
No one can live without money.

None means no one. It may be used with a singular or plural verb but singular is
commoner.
None of my parents is educated.

Any is used with singular verb.

Any of you can do that.
Have you any money.

Nothing means not anything and it is used with a singular verb.

Nothing is so sweet as honey.

Nobody means no one and it is used with a singular verb.

Nobody helped me.
Nobody can be perfect in anything.

 Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty

We use much and little with uncountable nouns:
Much time, much luck, little energy, little money

We use many and few with plural nouns:
Many friends, many people, few cars, few countries

We use a lot of / lots of / plenty of with both uncountable and plural nouns:

A lot of luck, lots of time, plenty of money, a lot of friends, lots of people, plenty of
ideas

Much is unusual in positive sentences (especially in spoken English).

We did not spend much money but We spent a lot of money.
Do you see David much? But I see David a lot.
We use many and a lot of in all kinds of sentences:
Many people drive too fast.
Do you know many people?
There are not many tourists here.

 All/all of most/most of no/ none of etc

You can use the words with a noun:
All, some, any, most, much/many, little/few, no
All cars have wheels.
Some cars can go faster than others.
Many people drive too fast.
I do not go out very often. I am at home most days.
Most tourists do not visit this part of the town.
Most of the people I work with are not very friendly.
None of this money is mine.
Have you read any of these books?
I was sick yesterday. I spent most of the day in bed.
All my friends live in Faisalabad.
All flowers are beautiful. 

 Both/ both of neither/neither of either/ either of

Demonstrative pronoun:
A pronoun used to point out the person or thing we talk about is known as a
demonstrative pronoun.

Both restaurants are very good.

Neither restaurant is expensive.
We can go to either restaurant. I do not mind.
I could not decide which of the two shirts to buy. I liked both.
Is your friend British or American?'  'Neither. She is Australian.'
Do you want tea or coffee?'  'Either. I don't mind.'
Both of these restaurants are very good.
I have not been to either of those restaurants.

Either means the one or the other of the two and it is used only in speaking about
two persons or things.
Either of my two sisters is beautiful.
Either of you can answer my question.

Neither means not the one or the other of the two and it is the negative of the either.
It is used to talk about only two persons or things.
Neither of my parents is educated.
Neither of us passed the exam.

 All, every and whole

Indefinite pronoun:
A pronoun used to talk about a person or thing indefinitely is known as indefinite
pronoun.

Everybody had a great time at the party.

All of us had a great time at the party.
I will do all I can to help.
He thinks he knows everything.
Our holiday was a disaster. Everything went wrong.
He knows all about computers.
All I have eaten today is a sandwich.
Did you read the whole book?
Emily has lived her whole life in the same town.
I was so hungry, I ate a whole packet of biscuits.
I have spent all the money you gave me.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

 Each and every

Each and every are similar in meaning. Often it is possible to use each or every:
Each time (or Every time) I see you, you look different.
There are computers in each classroom (or every classroom) in the school.
But each and every are not exactly the same. Study the difference:

We use each when we think of things separately, one by one.

Study each sentence carefully.
Each is more usual for a small number:
There were four books on the table. Each book was a different colour.
At the beginning of the game, each player has three cards.

We use every when we think of things as a group. The meaning is similar to all.

Every sentence must have a verb.

Every is more usual for a large number:

Kate loves reading. She has read every book in the library.
I'd like to visit every country in the world.

The Participle
A participle is a word which has the feature of the verb and adjective. So, it is known
as a verbal adjective.

Examples:

I saw a woman holding a baby in her arms.

Angrily speaking with me, my father asked me to leave the house.

KINDS OF PARTICIPLES

There are three types of Participles in English, namely

Present Participle, Past Participle, Prefect Participle.

Present Participle:

Present Participle is formed with -ing form of the verb to indicate an action going on
incomplete or imperfect.

Active Form Passive Form

Verb + ing being + past participle (Verb 3)
writing being written

PAST PARTICIPLE

Past Participle ends with 'ed', 'd', 't' or 'n' and is used to indicate an action is
completed Form - verb3 (Past Participle) written.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE

A Perfect Participle is formed with 'having' + verb3 to indicate an action as

completed in the past.

Active Form Passive Form

Having + Past Having Been + Past
Participle (Verbs3) Participle (Verb 3)
Having written Having been written

Use of Participle

Participles are used as simple adjectives.

EXAMPLES:

Pleasing personality, Dedicated work, Interesting film, Reputed poet, Fascinating

story, Developed nation.

Looking at the beautiful painting. I dropped the cup in my hand.

Putting the newspaper away, I closed my eyes.

She looks worried.

Ali Seems disappointed.

The Gerund
A gerund is a word ending with -ing and has the force of a noun and verb. It is also
known as verbal noun.

Example:

Writing is my profession.

I enjoy teaching the subject of English.

Walking is a good exercise for health.

I am tired of applying for jobs.

 Relative clause
A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and verb, but can’t
stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it
functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun. A relative clause
always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase,
or a pronoun when sentences are combined.

The relative pronouns are:

Pronoun Stands For Uses

who people substitutes for subject nouns/pronouns (he, she, we, they)

whom people substitutes for object nouns/pronouns (him, her, us, them)

whose people or substitutes for possessive nouns/pronouns (his, hers, ours, theirs)
things

that people or can be used for either subject or object

things
can only be used in restrictive relative clauses (see below)

which things can be used for either subject or object

can be used in non-restrictive relative clauses

can also be used in restrictive relative clauses, though some people

don’t like this use

Relative pronoun as subject

I like the person. The person was nice to me.

I like the person who was nice to me.

I hate the dog. The dog bit me.

I hate the dog that bit me.

I am moving to Louisville, KY. It is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

I am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

Relative pronoun as object

I like the bike. My father gave me the bike.

I like the bike that my father gave me.

Restrictive Relative Clauses

Restrictive relative clauses give information that defines the noun—information that’s
necessary for complete identification of the noun. Use “that” or “which” for non-
human nouns; use “that” or “who” for human nouns. Do not use commas.

I like the paintings. (Which paintings? We can’t clearly identify them without the
relative clause.)

So we add the clause:

The paintings hang in the SASB North lobby.

I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.

I like the paintings which hang in the SASB North lobby. (Again, this is acceptable,
but some people object to using “which” in a restrictive relative clause. “That” is
preferred.)

Students who study hard will do well in my class. (Only this group of students will
do well.)

Students whose grades are low can drop one test score. (Only this group can drop a
test score.)

When the noun is the object of the preposition, both the noun and the preposition
move together to the front of the relative clause. In less formal English, it’s common
to move only the pronoun to the front of the clause.
I spent hours talking with a person last night. I hope to hear from her.

I hope I hear from the person with whom I spent hours talking last night. (more
formal)

I hope to hear from the person whom I spent hours talking with last night. (less
formal)

Non-restrictive relative clauses

This type of relative clause merely provides extra information. The information may
be quite interesting and important to the larger conversation, but it is not essential
for precise identification of the noun. “That” cannot be used as a relative pronoun in
a non-restrictive relative clause. Commas are always used at the beginning and end
of this type of relative clause.

A non-restrictive relative clause can modify a single noun, a noun phrase, or an entire
proposition.

My mother is thinking of opening a restaurant. My mother is an excellent cook.

“My mother” is already a clearly defined noun, so the second sentence becomes a
non-restrictive relative clause set off by commas on both sides.

My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

I’m planning to grow roses. I find roses quite beautiful.

I’m planning to grow roses, which I find quite beautiful.

(not okay) I’m planning to grow roses, that I find quite beautiful.

I’m driving across the country with three small children.

Driving across the country with three small children is going to be stressful.

I’m driving across the country with three small children, which is going to be
stressful.

Reducing relative clauses

Some types of relative clauses can be “reduced”— the relative pronoun and maybe
other words can be removed. You might reduce the clause to make your writing
more concise or to add sentence variety. We’ll use the examples above to
demonstrate how to reduce both restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.

Restrictive relative clauses can be reduced in two ways.

Subject pronouns can be deleted if –ing is added to the verb.

I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.

I like the paintings hanging in the SASB North lobby.

Object pronouns can be deleted.

I like the bike that my father gave me.

I like the bike my father gave me.

Non-restrictive relative clauses can be reduced in one way.Subject pronouns with

“be” verbs can be deleted in non-restrictive clauses.

>I am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

I am moving to Louisville, KY, home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.

My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

My mother, an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

Subject-verb agreement in relative clauses

Remember that the relative pronoun is substituting for a noun, which could be
singular or plural before the substitution. The verb in the relative clause must agree
with the original noun.

People are lucky. People win the lottery.

People who win the lottery are lucky. (plural verb)

A person is lucky. She wins the lottery every year.

A person who wins the lottery every year is lucky. (singular verb)

Agreement can be tricky in “one of the…” constructions. The key is to find which
noun the relative pronoun is referring to.
Homelessness is a problem. The problem needs to be addressed.

Homelessness is a problem that needs to be addressed. (singular problem)

Many problems need to be addressed. Homelessness is one of the problems.

Homelessness is one of the problems that need to be addressed. (plural problems)

Phrasal Verb
Phrasal verbs are very common in English, especially in more informal contexts. They
are made up of a verb and a particle or, sometimes, two particles. The particle often
changes the meaning of the verb.

Example:

I called Jen to see how she was. (call = to telephone)

They've called off the meeting. (call off = to cancel)

In terms of word order, there are two main types of phrasal verb: separable and
inseparable. 

 Separable
With separable phrasal verbs, the verb and particle can be apart or together.

They've called the meeting off.
OR
They've called off the meeting.
However, separable phrasal verbs must be separated when you use a pronoun. 

The meeting? They've called it off.

Here are some common separable phrasal verbs:

I didn't want to bring the situation up at the meeting.

(bring up = start talking about a particular subject)

Please can you fill this form in?

(fill in = write information in a form or document)

I'll pick you up from the station at 8 p.m.

(pick up = collect someone in a car or other vehicle to take them somewhere)

She turned the job down because she didn't want to move to Glasgow.

(turn down = to not accept an offer)

 Non-Separable
Some phrasal verbs cannot be separated. 

Who looks after the baby when you're at work?

Even when there is a pronoun, the verb and particle remain together.
Who looks after her when you're at work?

Here are some common non-separable phrasal verbs:

I came across your email when I was clearing my inbox.

(come across = to find something by chance)

The caterpillar turned into a beautiful butterfly.

(turn into = become)
It was quite a major operation. It took months to get over it and feel normal again.
(get over = recover from something)

We are aware of the problem and we are looking into it.

(look into = investigate)

Some multi-word verbs are inseparable simply because they don't take an object.
I get up at 7 a.m.

 With two particles

Phrasal verbs with two particles are also inseparable. Even if you use a pronoun, you
put it after the particles.

Who came up with that idea?

(come up with = think of an idea or plan)

Let's get rid of these old magazines to make more space.

(get rid of = remove or become free of something that you don't want)

I didn't really get on with my stepbrother when I was a teenager.

(get on with = like and be friendly towards someone)

Can you hear that noise all the time? I don't know how you put up with it.
(put up with = tolerate something difficult or annoying)

The concert's on Friday. I'm really looking forward to it.

(look forward to = be happy and excited about something that is going to happen)