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38 viewsSQL Notes All in One
Uploaded by
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/ 31
fal Nad
STRUCTURED
QUERY LANGUAGE
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the most popular query language used by Coo
major relational database management systems such as MySQL, ORACLE, S% CHAPTER CHECKLIST
SQL Server, etc. SQL is easy to learn as the statements comprise of descriptive
english words and are not case sensitive, 717
SQL provides statements for defining the structure of the data, manipulating
data in the database, declaring constraints and retrieving data from the database
in various ways, depending on your requirements. .
SQL provides variety of tasks such as
+ Querying data. °
+ Creating, replacing, altering and dropping tables. °
+ Inserting, updating and deleting rows in a table. ®
+ Controlling access to the database.” acl
+ Guaranteeing database consistency and integrity.
Advantages of SQL
+ SQL is portable It is not platform dependent, it can be used in all types of
devices; PCs, laptops and even mobile phones also, .
+ High speed SQL queries can be used to retrieve large amount of records from
a database quickly and efficiently,
+ Eagy to lea and understand SQL generally consists of english language
statements and ic is very easy to learn and understand,
+ SQLs used for relational database SQL is widely used for relational database,
SQL Statements
SQL Data Types
DDLStatements/Commands
DML Statements/Commands|
Working with Null Values
Aggregate Functions
Group By Statement
Having Clause
Join qured Query Language
ge
ats as both programming language and interactive
seme SQL can do both the jobs of being a
ey seaming language as well asan interactive language
f
pitpesame CE, :
Seenserer language SQL. provides client-server
rretut. Ics used for linking front end computers
aback end databases.
pepo abet based programming With theemergence of
abject based programming, object storage capabilities are
ded to rational database
pisadvantages of SQL.
pificulty in interfacing. Interfacing a SQL database is
pie complex than adding a few lines of code.
| More features implemented in proprietary way Although
sQL databases confirm to ANSI and ISO standards,
some databases go for proprietary extensions to standard
SOL to ensure vendor lock-in,
sQL STATEMENTS
QL command or statement is a special kind of sentence
gutcontains clauses and all end with a semicolon() just as
sentence ends with a period.
‘There are four types of SQL statements
LDDL (Dats Definition Language)
Ic provides statements for creation and deletion of the
database tables, views, etc.
The DDL provides a sec of definitions to specify the storage
structure in a database system.
Some DDL statements are as follows
(i) CREATE used to create new table in the database.
(ii) DROP used to delete tables from the database,
(ii) ALTER used to change the structure of the database
table, This statement can add up additional column,
drop existing, and even change the dara type of
columns involved in a database table.
(iv) RENAME used to rename a table.
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
manipulating the database
the databases for information
Ik provides statements for
objects. Ie is used to query ¢
retrieval.
Some DML statements are as follows
(i) INSERT used to insert data into a table.
(ii) SELECT used to retieve daa from a database
199
(iii) UPDATE used to update existing dara within a rable.
(iv) DELETE used to delete all records from a table.
3. DCL (Data Control Language)
Itis used to assign security levels in database, which involves
multiple user setups. They are used to grant defined role
and access privileges to the users.
Some DCL statements are as follows
(i) GRANT used to give user's access privileges to
database.
(ii) REVOKE used to withdraw access privileges given
with grant command.
4. TCL (Transaction Control Language)
Ic is used for controlling the transactions in a database
system. These are also used to manage the changes made by
DML.
Some TCL statements ate as follows
() COMMIT used to save the work done.
(ii) SAVEPOINT used to identify a point in a
transaction to which you can later rollback.
(ii) ROLLBACK used to restore database to original
since the last COMMIT.
(iv) SET TRANSACTION establishes properties for the
current transactions.
In this chapter, we wi
statements.
Rules for SQL commands
Rules for SQL commands are given below
( SQL statements can be typed in lowercase or
uppercase letter. SQL statements are not case
iscuss only DDL and DML
sensitive,
(ii) The statements can be typed in single line or multiple
lines.
(iii) A semicolon ()) is used to terminate the SQL
statements
ww) eer be distributed across the line but
Ww) Acoma () is used co separate parameters without a
clause.
(ci) Characters and date constants of literals
enclosed in single quotes CA). THs Must be
(vil) A command can bi i
characters. ped cither full or First four
__ iva 7
200
SQL DATA TYPES
Data types are declared to identify the type of data that will
be stored in a particular field or variable.
The following list of general SQL data types are given below
Data Type Syntax Explanation (f applicable
INTEGER INTEGER A32-bitsigned integer vae
or TNT andits range trom
2147483648 102147409647.
SMALUNT _ SMALLINT 16-bit signed integer valve
and its range trom 327680
ss sora eaeane
NUMERIC NUMERIC Where, pis a precision vale
(ps) and sis a scale valve. ¢9.
numeric (6.2) is a6 digit
number that has 4 dit before
the decimal and 2 digit ater the
decimal is
DECWAL DECIMAL Where, pisaprecisionvalueand
(3) sisascale value, (sameas
7 . NUMERIC)
REAL REAL Single-precision floating point
umber.
DOUBLE DOUBLE ___Doublesprecision floating point
PRECISION PRECISION number on
FLOAT FLOAT(p) Where, pis a precision vaue
CHARACTER CHAR(x) _Where,xistnenumber of
chatacters tobe stored. This
Gsiatype wlloccupy spacetor
NULLvalves. ean hold almost
__255 characters.
CHARACTER VARCHAR(x) Where, xis the number of
VARYING characters to be stored. It wil
‘occupy space for NULL values
TRean hol atmost 2000,
characters and used in ANSI
standard
CHARACTER VARCHAR? Where, xis the number of
VARYING) characters 1 be stored. can
hold 4000 byes of characters
and used only in Oracle.
Dare ATE ‘Stores year, month and day
values
Me TIE Stores hour, minute and
second values,
Check Point 01
4, Write 1wo advantages of SQL.
2, Write he short note on DDL.
3, Write use of semicolon (:) in SQL statements
4, Which language is used to query the database for
information retrieval?
5, Write two disadvantages of SOL.
| Alone | COMPUTER SCIENCE Chass yy,
SQL Command Basics
SQL database is a way of organizing a group of tables
Ske Ses the dae 1 he form of tow and cola M4
To create a bunch of different tables that share a coming,
theme, you would group them into one database to may”
the management process easier. So, for manipulating dar
we need to know about database commands, why a
described below
Creating and Using a Database
Create a database Creating database is an easier task, Yoy
need to just type the name of the database in a CREATE
DATABASE command.
Syntax
CREATE DATABASE CIF NOT
EXISTS];
CREATE DATABASE command will create an. emp
database with che specified name and would not contin
any table.
IF NOT EXISTS is an optional part of this seatement which
prevents you from an error if there exists a database with the
given name in the database catalog.
For example, nysq\>CREATE DATABASE BOOK:
Output Query OK, 1 row affected <0.01 sec
Select a Database
Creating database is not enough for use. Before working
with tables, first you have to select the database,
The only thing need to be considered before selecting 2
database is that it must already exist. To select a databise
‘USE command is used.
Syntax USE :;
For example, mysq)>USE ENGBOOK:
‘Where, USE command makes the specified database asa
current working database and EGNBOOK is the database
name.
Output Database changed
Show Databases
To check the names of the existing databases on the sever
you need to use the SHOW command. This will provide
you the information about databases and the contents
available in it.
Syntax
SHOW DATABASES;
For example,
mmysq]>SHOW DATABASES; yr
gostred Query Language
jxtput
Bo0K
ScHOOL j
copies}
stupent }
yopping a Database
prabase, can be removed or deleted using DROP
jonmand. But before deleting a database make sure that
x1 do not need the data stored in different tables of a
Yabase because when you delete a database, all its tables
sho gets removed along with it,
gyntax
OROP DATABASE ;
fir xample,
sysq12DROP DATABASE, SCHOOL:
Output
Query 0K, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
‘+ Drop command permanently removes the
database.
+ MySQL is not case-sensitive,
'S0 you can write SOL commands either in
GIGO uppercase o: lowercase bul for UNIX MySQL is
case-sensitive,
DDL STATEMENTS/COMMANDS
Some DDL statements are as follows
CREATE Statement
The CREATE statement is used to create a table in a
database. In this command, we need to give information
about table like number of columns, rows and its types
and constraints.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE
q
mn_namel>(()]
uae Coonstraints).
rn_name2><éate_typert()1
ae Ceonstratnts),
e3>)]
anna
Displaying the Table Structure
DESCRIPTION or DESC. command is used 0
the structure of a table that you have created,
‘This command display the column names, available data
items with theie data types.
verify
Syntax
DESCRIBE :;
DESC :
For example, |
DESC PERSONS; k
CA ih nd; | a _
202
Output
Field
Pid
Firstilame
Lastane— { varchar(25)i YES
Address varchar(30)! YES !
f varchar(25): YES
city
DROP Statement
~ The DROP statement is used to remove the table
definition and all data, constraints and permission
Specified for that cable. You have to be careful while using
the DROP command because once the table is deleted,
then all the information available in the table would be
lost forever, But there is a condition for dropping a table;
it must be empry. A table with rows in i¢ cannot be
dropped.
Syntax DROP TABLE table_name
eg. DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE:
‘The above query will delete the table EMPLOYEE and
after this, no rable with Employee name would exist
“We cannot even rollback after dropping a table.
‘TER Statement
‘The ALTER statement is used to add, delete or modi
columns and constraints in the existing table.
To ADD a Column
Syntax
7? ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name
data_type: se
/ 0g ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD ‘Section CHAR:
‘The above query will add column Section to STUDENT
table, whose data type is character.
To DROP Column
Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN
column_name;
eg. ALTER TABLE STUDENT DROP COLUHN location:
‘The above query will delete a column location from
STUDENT table.
To MODIFY Column Data Type
Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_nane MODIFY colunn_name
data_types i
| Allznone | COMPUTER SCIENCE Class 124,
DIFY Fee NUNBER(IS.2):
the data type of Fee column, of
e.g: ALTER TABLE STUDENT MO
‘The above query will modify #
STUDENT table.
To DELETE a Constraint
Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
eg ALTER TABLE STUDENT DROP Primary Key:
sy will delete the primary key constraint from
pRop Constraint_Nane:
‘The above quet
STUDENT «able.
RENAME Statement
The RENAME statement is used to rename a table.
Syntax
RENAME old_table_name TO new_table_name:
eg. RENAME STUDENT TO CANDIDATE:
The above query will rename STUDENT table 0
CANDIDATE.
DML STATEMENTS/COMMANDS
Some DML statements are as follows
INSERT Statement
‘The INSERT statement is used to insert a new row/data ina
rable.
Syntax
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES
(valuel, value2, valued...
or
INSERT INTO table_name(columnt, column2.
column3, ...)VALUES(valuel, valuez
value3,...)5
e.g, IF we have the following PERSONS table
Pid LastName FirstN ‘Address Cily
1 Hansen Ola_Timoteivn 10 _Sancines_
Svendson Tove Borgyn 23 Sandnes_
Pettersen Kati_——_Storgt 20 Stavanger
and we want to
ert a new row in the PERSONS rable.
‘We use the following SQL statement
INSERT INTO PERSONS VALUES (4, ‘Nilsen’.
Johan", ‘Bakken 2°, ‘Stavanger’); y
sed Query Language
pgRsONS sible will now look ike this
ire [LastName FirstName Add i
a eo aaron
a ee
Sa mee
aaa ~ soverae
Se
jgert Data Only in Specified Columns
ao posible to add data only in specific columns.
‘The following SQL statement will add a new row, but
‘fi daa only in the P_Id, LastName and the FirstName
ise the following SQL statement
INSERT INTO PERSONS(P_Id, Lastiame,
FirstName)
VALUES(S, ‘Tjessem*, ‘Jakob’ ):
the PERSONS rable will now look like this
Pid LastName FretName Address Oly
1 Hansen Ola ___Timoteivato__Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Peterson K ‘Slorgi 20 Stavanger
"4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2_ Stavanger
“5 Tiessem dake NULL NULL
SELECT ‘Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a
aabase or view able information. The result is stored in a
teal table, called che result se
‘Syntax.
To select some specify columns
SELECT colunn_name(s) FROM table_nane:
To select all columns
SELECT * FROM toble_nane:
SQ) is nor case sensitive, SELECT isthe same as select. The
See) iv a quick Way of selecting all columns.
Ta SQy SELECT chase wed to lit he atibutes desired
In SQL Sif a query and FROM clause is ued ro list the
the es auch columns are co be extracted.
relations from whic
select the content of che columns named
from the PERSONS table.
ar
eg, If we want (0
iE Ne and Fem
203
‘We have to use thi following SELECT statement
SELECT Lastliame, FirstName FROM PERSONS:
The result set will look like this
‘astame FirstName
~Svendson Tove
Pettersen Kari
eg IF we want to select all the columns from the
PERSONS table.
‘We have to use the following SELECT statement
SELECT * FROM PERSONS:
“The result set will look like cis
“Pid_LastWame FirstName Address _ ity _
1 Hansen Ola ___Timotehm 10 Sandnes_
2 Svendeon Tove Borgn23__ Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kai Slongt20__ Stavanger
‘Odlumn Alias
Colunin alias is used to temporarily rename a table's
column for the purpose of a particular query. This
renaming is a temporary change and the actual column
name does not change in the database.
‘Syritax
SELECT
