1.With a neat, labelled diagram, describe the parts of a mature angiosperm embryo sac.

Mention the role of synergids.

Structure of a Mature Embryo Sac: 

1.A mature embryo sac is a 7-celled structure and has 8 nuclei.
2.The end near the micropyle is called the micropylar end while the opposite end is called
the chalazal end.
3. Following are the main parts of the embryo sac:

Egg Apparatus:
1.The egg apparatus is composed of two synergids and an egg.
2.There are special thickenings at the micropylar end of synergids.
3.These thickenings are called filiform apparatus.

Function of Synergids: 
1.The synergids provide a channel for the pollen tube to enter through filiform apparatus.

Polar Nuclei: The two nuclei enclosed in the central cell are called polar nuclei.
Antipodals: The three cells at the chalazal end are called antipodals.
2.Draw the diagram of a microsporangium and label its wall layers. Write briefly on the role
of the endothecium.
Role of Endothecium: 
1.Endothecium; along with the epidermis and the middle layer; provides protection to the
pollens during development.
2. Once pollen grains are mature, the three layers (including endothecium) rupture and thus
facilitates dehiscence of pollens. 
Digram practice from the book

3. Embryo sacs of some apomictic species appear normal but contain diploid cells. Suggest a
suitable explanation for the condition.

The development of an embryo sac apomictically can occur due to Diplospory or Apospory.
In Diplospory type:
1. The embryo sac is formed from an unreduced  (with out undergoing meiotic division)
Megaspore. 2.Hence, all the component cells of the embryo sac are diploid.
3. The egg cell develops into a diploid embryo without fertilization.
In Apospory type:
The development of the embryo sac takes place by mitotic divisions in one of the cells of the
nucellus.
2.Hence, all the cells within the embryo sac are diploid including the egg cell.
3. Here also, the egg cell develops into an diploid embryo without undergoing fertilization.
4.The above forms of apomictic embryo sac development is also known as gametophytic
apomixes.
4. What are the possible types of pollinations in chasmogamous flowers. Give reasons
Chasmogamous flowers are the type of flowers which are open and therefore expose the
anther and stigmas to the outer environment.
Types of pollinations in chasmogamous flowers:
Types of possible pollinations in chasmogamous flowers are autogamy, geitonogamy and
xenogamy.

1. Autogamy is a type of pollination that occurs when pollen grains are transferred from the
anther to the stigma of the same flower in a plant.
2. Geitonogamy is the type of pollination that occurs when the stigma of a flower is
pollinated with the pollen grains from another flower of the same plant.
3. Xenogamy is the type of pollination when the stigma of a flower is pollinated with the
pollen grains from the flower of another plant.
Reasons:
Since the reproductive parts of a chasmogamous flower are accessible, all three modes of
pollination are possible.
5. Starting with the zygote, draw the diagrams of the different stages of embryo
development in a dicot.
Refer TB page no34 Fig 2.13
6. What role does pituitary gonadotropins play during follicular and ovulatory phases of menstrual
cycle? Explain the shifts in steroidal secretions.

Hormonal control of menstrual cycle:

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to
release gonadotropins called FSH and LH. They act on the ovaries.

Role of gonadotropins in follicular phase of menstrual cycle:

1.Role of gonadotropins in the follicular phase of menstrual cycle are as follows: Role of FSH (follicle
stimulating hormone)

2.The follicles in the ovary undergoes development from primary follicle up to graafian follicles
under the influence of FSH.

3.FSH reaches its peak in the mid cycle.

4.FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to secrete oestrogen.

Role of gonadotropins in the ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle:

Role of LH (Luteinizing hormone)

1.LH attains its peak in the mid cycle called LH surge.

2.It induces the rupture of the Graffian follicle and thereby release of secondary oocytes.

7.Meiotic division during oogenesis is different from that in spermatogenesis. Explain how and why?

Meiosis during spermatogenesis:

1.During spermatogenesis the primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to form two secondary
spermatocytes which further undergoes meiosis II to form four spermatids.
2.The spermatids are transformed into sperms.
3.The spermatogenesis in human male is a continuous process that starts with the onset of puberty.
Meiosis during oogenesis:
1.During oogenesis oogonia undergoes meiosis I but is arrested at prophase I and forms primary
oocyte.
2. The primary oocyte during puberty completes the first meiotic division forming the first polar
body and secondary oocyte.
3.Secondary oocyte begins meiosis II and it is arrested in the metaphase of meiosis II.

4. It is ovulated in this stage and during the time of fertilization it completes meiosis forming ootid
and second polar body.

5.The ootid changes into ovum.

6.As a result of meiosis three non functional polar bodies and one functional ovum are formed.
Meiotic division of oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis:
During oogenesis the ovum retains much of the cytoplasm for further development and the polar
bodies have less amount of cytoplasm.

2.They are formed to reduce the number of chromosomes and do not have any function.
3.In spermatogenesis meiosis results in the production of 4 sperms.

8.The zygote passes through several developmental stages till implantation, Describe each stage
briefly with suitable diagrams.

The following figure shows various stages of zygote development till implantation: 
(1) The zygote divides into a two-cell stage called cleavage. This development takes place when the
zygote is still in the isthmus. 
(2) The cleavage undergoes further rounds of mitosis to form 2, 4. 8, and finally 16-celled
stage. These daughter cells are called a blastomere. 
(3) The 16-celled stage is called the morula. 
(4) The morula changes into blastocyst; with more rounds of meiosis. At this stage, the blastomeres
are arranged in an outer layer of cells: called trophoblast and an inner mass of cells. 
(5) Implantation to the uterine wall happens at the blastocyst stage.

Diagram ref>Text Book

8. Draw a neat diagram of the female reproductive system and label the parts associated with the
following (a) production of gamete, (b) site of fertilisation (c) site of implantation and, (d) birth canal.

a) Production of gametes - Ovary

b) Site of fertilization - fallopian tube or oviduct

c) Site of implantation - Uterus

d) Birth canal - Vagina

9. With a suitable diagram, describe the organisation of mammary gland.

Internal structure of Mammary glands:

Internal structure of Mammary glands includes the following :

1.The glandular tissue of each mammary gland consists of 15 - 20 lobes called mammary lobes.

2.Each lobe contains clusters of milk secreting glands called alveoli.

3.The milk secreted by the alveoli is stored in the cavities of alveoli.

4.The alveoli then opens to mammary lobules.

5.Mammary lobules of each lobe join to form a mammary duct.

6.Mammary ducts expand near the nipple to form the mammary ampulla (lactiferous sinus).

7.From mammary ampulla milk goes to the lactiferous duct.

8.Lactiferous ducts carry milk to the exterior during the suckling of the baby

External structure of Mammary glands:

1.15 to 20 lactiferous ducts pierce the nipple.

2.The pigmented region surrounding the nipple is called areola.

3.Nipple and areola are the external structures of the mammary gland.

Diagram Ref TB46 Fig No3.4