MAP TOPOLOGY

 Topology basically refers to the relationship between things

and therefore in GIS topology refers to the relationship
between spatial features.

 In GIS, the topology is set of rules and behaviour that models

how point , line and polygon are related to each other.
A map topology creates
topological relationships
between the parts of features
that are coincident, which
allows you to simultaneously
edit features that share
geometry. You can create a
map topology for point, line,
or polygon layers from
shapefiles or geodatabase
feature classes.
 Spatial Relationship is the principle of topology. A
spatial relation specifies how some object is
located in space in relation to some reference
object.
Spatial Relationship may exist between any of this:
 Point-Line
 Point-Polygon
 Line-Line
 Line-Polygon
 Polygon-Polygon
Following are few spatial relationship which may exist between
different features:
 Intersect
 Contain
 Adjacent
 Within
 Overlap
 Near
 Far away
 The topology is based on rules that define the
required spatial relationship between two feature
classes and relationship which should not exist
between features. Those rules are called as the
rules of topology.
There exist total 25 rules of topology which can be
used to relate different layer out of which following
are given as:
Polygon Rules:
 Must not overlap
 Must not have gaps
 Must not overlap with
Line Rules:
 Must not overlap
 must not intersect
 must not have dangles

Point Rules:
 Must be disjoint
 Must be properly inside
 Must be coincident with
 The topology Toolbar
consist of topology related
features.
 It is enabled by selecting
Customize tab and then
select toolbar and then
topology.
 Error Inspector Tool
 This tool is the inspection
tool. It is used to find , sort
and fix the topological
errors.
 It open the error window
and you can see all the
rule violations
 Fix Topology Error
Tool
 This tool is used to just fix
the topology error. Just
right click on the
Topology error area and it
will fix the error.
 Validate Topology In
Current Extent

 This Tool is used to

validate the topology in
the whole map. hence it
will look for the
topological error in the
current map extent.
 Validate Topology in
Specified Area

 This tool is used to

validate topology in the
specified area selected by
user.
We have put our focus on
one of the polygon topology
which states that Polygon
must not overlap.
 Personal geodatabases:
store datasets in a Microsoft Access (.mdb) file on disk. The
storage sizes of personal geodatabases are effectively limited to
between 250 and 500 MB for the entire geodatabase and are only
supported on Windows operating systems. Personal geodatabases
can only be accessed by one client at a time.
 File geodatabases:
store datasets in a folder of files on your computer. Each dataset is
held as a file and can be up to 1 TB in size File geodatabases can
be stored on both Microsoft Windows and Linux platforms.
Which Database do we use?
In File Database there is more storage capacity, multiple users
can view/read the database at the same time, and the file
geodatabase runs tools and queries faster than a Personal
Geodatabase. So, we can say File Database is prefferable.
 Step one:
 Click on Catalog , select the
folder where you want to
create the database.
 right click on the folder
Select New then select File
Database. the file database
will be generated and name
the database.
 Catalog>Right click Folder
>New>File Database
 All the features in feature
dataset must have same
geometry type but in
feature class you can have
features with different
geometry.
 Step Two:
 Now Right Click on the
Selected Database and
then select New then
select Feature Dataset.

 Right Click File Database

> New > Feature Data Set.
 Step three:
 The Dialogue box opens
and then Name the
Dataset and then select
the desired Coordinate
System.
 Step Four:
 After selecting coordinate
system choose the
tolerance.
 If there is no specification,
then choose the default
one.
 Step Five:
 Now Right Click on the
Feature Dataset Select
New then Select Feature
Class

 Right Click
Dataset>New>Feature
Class.
 Step Six:
 Then a dialogue box
appears , name the feature
class and select the type
of feature and select the M
and Z coordinate if
required otherwise ignore.
then it will show the fields.
Now Draw the polygons.
 Step seven:
 Now Right Click on the
Feature Dataset again and
select new and select
topology.
A cluster tolerance is used to integrate vertices. All vertices
that are within the cluster tolerance may move slightly in the
validation process. The default cluster tolerance is based on
the precision defined for the dataset. The default cluster
tolerance is 0.001 meters in real-world units.
• The ranks of the feature class in the topology controls how features
are snapped together. Lower ranking features are snapped to higher
ranking features. Equally ranked features are snapped to the
geometric average of their position
• Coordinate accuracy ranks allows specified for feature classes
in a geodatabase topology control the movement of feature
vertices during validation.

• Typically, the less accurate coordinate is moved to the location

of the more accurate coordinate, or a new location is
computed as a weighted average distance between the
coordinates in the cluster.

• The features with the highest accuracy get a rank of 1, less

accurate a rank of 2, and so on.
 Step Eight:
 Now the dialogue box
appears, name the
Topology and enter the
cluster tolerance. usually,
the default is selected.
then the layers to be
included in topology are
selected.
When you define a topology, you rank the feature classes in the
topology to control how vertices are moved when they fall
within the cluster tolerance of one another. Feature classes with
a rank of 1 are considered to have the highest accuracy.
 Step Nine:
 Now select the rank of all
the selected layers. After
that
 Choose the rule you want
to apply on topology.
 Step Ten:
 Now select the Add rule
option and choose the
desired rule then select
next and then finish.
 Validating the topology means checking the features to
identify any violations of the rules that have been defined
for the topology.

 You can validate the whole topology, validate the visible

extent of your map, or drag a box around the area to
validate.You can also validate the whole topology in
ArcCatalog.
 Step One:
 From the Catalog Select
the topology and drag it to
the layer where you want
to apply topology. then
add the layer in it.
 Step two:
 The layers for topology
will be created and it will
represent the error.
 Step One:
 Enable the editor and
topology toolbar.
 Start editing from editor
toolbar.
Step Two:
 Click on the right most
icon named error
inspector. The error
inspector dialogue box will
appear.
Step Three:
 Now Click on the Search
Now box.
 It is better to uncheck the
visible extent only box.
When searched ,all the
violations of rules will be
listed in the white pane.
Step Four:
 Now Right click on the
violated rule and select
the Subtract option from
the dropdown menu.
Step Five:
 When “subtracted” it will
remove the overlapping
area. You may also use
“merge”, “mark as
exception and “create
feature” rule.
 Must not have gap

 Must not have dangles

 Submission Deadline 4th April, 2022