Fucality of computing Bahir Dar institute

of technology
Bahir Dar university
Name Mastewal Temesgen kassie
Id No 1415293
Email: [email protected]
Advanced Computer Network
Individual Assignment 2

Submitted to: Mekuanint A. (PhD)

Submission date: September 20/2022

 1. MPLS labels are usually 20 bits long. Explain why this provides enough labels when
MPLS is used for destination-based forwarding.
 MPLS (Multi protocol Label Switching):is a routing technique in telecommunications
networks that directs data from one node to the next based on labels rather than network
addresses.
 MPLS can encapsulate packets of various network protocols, hence the multiprotocol
component of the name.
 MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including T1/E1, ATM, Frame Relay, and
DSL.

 MPLS works by prefixing packets with an MPLS header, containing one or more labels.
This is called a label stack. Each entry in the label stack contains four fields:
 20-bit labels still provides million different choices for routing.

 A 20-bit label value. A label with the value of 1 represents the router alert label.

 A 3-bit Traffic Classified for QoS (quality of service) priority and ECN (Explicit Congestion
Notification). Prior to 2009 this field was called EXP.
 A 1-bit bottom of stack flag. If this is set, it signifies that the current label is the last in the
stack.
2. What is the consequence of using service-based routing for traffic engineering? Explain
with example.
 The consequence of Service based routing is one of the key differences between IP and
other networking protocols is that IP offers direct support for prioritization, allowing network
hosts and routers to send important packets before less important packets. For example:-
assume that an organization has two high-speed networks that are interconnected by a
relatively slow wide area network (WAN), and that a lot of data has to cross the WAN
frequently. In this example, the routers could forward data across the WAN only at what ever
rate was allowed by the WAN itself.
 By using service-based routing for traffic engineering is finding the best route based on the
activities. for example: activities may be voice traffic or file server. Select a route that meets
the required network characteristics of a traffic flow is the main task of the service-based
routing. Different links within the network have different characteristics Voice traffic
requires a reliable link but file server demand high bandwidth. Sometimes the shortest path
does not meet the needs of a particular flow.

 The Main Issue of service-based Routing

 Service-based routing is much more difficult to design and implement than "best-effort"
routing

 Metric and path computation

 Knowledge propagation and maintenance
 Scaling by hierarchical aggregation
  Imprecise State Information Model
 Administrative Control

3. List at least two attributes that are included in the BGP advertisement prefix. Explain these
attributes briefly.

 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is routers usually receive multiple paths to the same
destination. Like how our IGPs (RIP, EIGRP, OSPF) work, we need to select the best path to
each destination.
 all BGP attributes include:- 1. Next-hop

2. Origin-AS PATH.

1. NEXT-HOP: indicates specific internal-AS router to next-hop AS. (may be multiple

links from current AS to next-hop-AS) • when gateway router receives route
advertisement, uses import policy to accept/decline.

 The next hop is among the series of routers that are connected together in a network
and is the next possible destination for a data packet.

2. AS-PATH: contains ASs through which prefix advertisement has passed.

 The AS path allows us to see through which autonomous systems we have to travel to get to
a certain destination and is also used in BGP for loop prevention

4. Can an SDN network have multiple controllers? Justify your answer by showing the
architecture.

Fig 1: SDN multi controller Architecture

 In a software-defined network, there are two types of architectures, physically centralized
and physically distributed
 SDN is a relatively new paradigm of a programmable network –
 changes the way that networks are designed and managed by introducing an abstraction
 The main goal of SDN is to make the network programmable
 decouples the control from the data plane

 Architectures of a Multi controller Software-Defined Network

 A multi controller architecture is a set of controllers working together to achieve some level
of performance and scalability. In a software-defined network, multi controller architectures
can have different aspects and characteristics that we are going to discover in the next
paragraphs, the differences between logically or physically centralized and distributed
architectures, and flat and hierarchical designs. Then, we will try to describe some aspects,
like elasticity, controller placement, and communication inter controllers.

5. What makes the management of traditional IP networks very challenging?

 The Traditional IP networks are need to focus on three major components of IP management:
that is Domain Name Service (DNS) Management, Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) Management and IP Address Inventory Management.
 DNS Management: This segment handles the DNS servers and zones. Administrators must
ensure the continuous availability of DNS services on the network. The objective here is to
keep DNS servers updated in accordance with the IP changes in the network. Most times,
administrators are also required to effectively manage multivendor DNS servers in the
network.
 DHCP Management: DHCP servers enable the assignment of static and dynamic IP
addresses and ensure that they are available to authorized hosts when required. In order to
make this process run smoothly, DHCP servers must be configured properly and their scope
utilizations and provisioning must be monitored in order to maintain security and availability.
DHCP management also aims to automate and optimize the usage of IP space in the network.
 IP Address Inventory Management: This includes planning, allocation, and management
of IP addresses for an organization. It also covers maintaining real-time details on current IP
inventory and status that helps facilitate optimal usage of the organization’s IP space.
 The organizations need high performance and high availability DHCP/DNS services that
come with simplified administration. Some of the common challenges that administrators
face in their daily IP management activities.
 It challenge is a human error.
6. List three mechanisms for successful IP traffic engineering and explain these mechanisms in
detail.
 Equal Cost Multipath
 When the routing protocol discovers it has two equally short paths it selects one by
some arbitrary process.
 equal cost multipath (ECMP) routes share the network load by distributing traffic
onto other paths
 Equal-cost multipath (ECMP) is a network routing strategy that allows for traffic of
the same session, or flow that is, traffic with the same source and destination to be
transmitted across multiple paths of equal cost.
 Modifying Path Costs
 use link costs to manage traffic flow
 link costs can be assigned under operator control
 Service-Based Routing
 select a route that meets the required network characteristics of a traffic flow
o voice traffic requires a reliable link with low variation in delivery rates
o file server demand high bandwidth
 Different links within the network have different characteristics
 the shortest path does not meet the needs of a particular flow
 routing decisions can be made hop-by-hop, resulting in the datagrams being routed on
links that meet the needs of the service
 Limitation: Service-based routing requires all the routers in the network to make
routing decisions on the same basis.

7. Consider the MPLS network provided below. Determine the LFIB of Y and Z.

LFIB of Y

Incoming Incoming Lable Action Out coming Out coming

Interface Interface Lables
From LSR X 4 Swap To LSR 6
LFIB of X

Incoming Incoming Lable Action Out coming Out coming

Interface Interface lables
From LSR Y 6 pop Not assigned Not assigned
From tunnel 3 swap and push To LSR S 1
From tunnel 7 swap and push To LSR U 2