Foreign Literature

Foreign Literature
Academic stress
Coping mechanisms was scientifically defined as the sum of cognitive and
behavioral effort, which are constantly changing, that aim to handle particular
demands, whether internal or external, that are viewed as demanding. (Richard
Lazarus and Susan Folkman, 1984)
A lot of student experiences stress, especially the college students. For
college is considered to be the last period of transition before adulthood. It is
considered that student stress is a transactional process between the new and
stressful situation they have to face. (Towbes & Cohen, 1996). Though the
situation is like that, not all of them have encountered the same stress. One type
is about academic expectation and achievements, and the other is about social
factors, such as maintaining and developing social connections, etc. the “scale
for mental stresses of college students” and made a survey in 2007 college
students from seven colleges. Studies show that the mental stresses of college
student come from two aspects: one is the personal stress, including stress from
family, stress from adaptability, stress from health, stress from relationship, stress
from low self- esteem, and stress from frustration. The other is the social
environmental stress, including stress from interpersonal communication, stress
from occupation choice, emotional stress, stress from college environment, and
stress from study (Lin Zhang, Wenbo Che & Bing Li, 2003).
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Either personal or social stress, the student who’s experiencing stress
should learn different ways in dealing with it. It is important for students to
develop different coping strategies in order to encounter and manage stressful
conditions. If not handled well, the stressors that originated from financial
problems, sleep deprivation, societal activities and many more can affect
student’s ability to perform. (Rogers and Yassin, 2003).
However, Leonard cited in NYU Study Examines Top High School
Students’ Stress and Coping Mechanisms (2015) there is growing awareness
that many subgroups of youth experience high levels of chronic stress, to the
extent that it impedes their abilities to succeed academically, compromises their
mental health functioning, and fosters risk behavior. Also, that chronic stress
appears to persist to students, and he also added warns it may contribute to
academic disengagement and mental health problems among emerging adults.
Stress becomes a negative experience when it already affects your health.
All of those people who encounter stress that leads to rapid bodily change which
makes feelings of emotions unrest causing body strains with the body part.
Repeated stressful situations, may lead to rapid tension and pressures that
contributed to physical and psychological problems and these are the situations
that affect students to have a hard time managing stress. (Dixon and Ro, 2005)
Though many students experience different stress, it is stated that
pressure in stress and stressors is not needed consistently for all the students,
where in they have been discover the differentiation between traditional and non-
traditional. (Morris, Books & May, 2003)
It is important that the persons who have been influenced by the
individual’s ability will effectively adapt a kind of situations, but they may be differ
in dealing with it. Furong Wang and Huixiang Gong (2001), make a comparative
study of mental stresses of different types of students and conclude that the
mental stresses of boys are bigger, longer, and stronger than that of girls. The
mental stresses grow along with grades, reach the maximum at the junior year,
and slightly decrease at the senior year. These are the reasons why people have
different ways in dealing with pressure.
An added study for the work of Gong et. al. (Furr, Westefeld, McConell
and Jenkins 2001) 53% of those students marked their selves as being
depressed since first, that makes the reason why academic issues, loneliness,
financial difficult social relationship problems becomes a stress encounter by
those college students. To be include, 9% of those students reported suicidal
ideation.
Local Literature
Year 2013 when K-12 was officially approved to enhance Philippines’
basic educating system. Everyone was clueless to the new environment that they
will going to face, and eventually became students’ stressor. It is stated that
students experience stress since some are trying to cope with the demands of
adapting to a new living environment, new peers, academic pressure, and sexual
concerns. Being in college can also put financial stress on the students and their
families. These situations can leave them with trembling hands, tense muscles,
migraine, headache, and multiple other symptoms of stress performance or
reduce the student to ineffectiveness. (Blona,2005)
Senior high school and college stage are the most stressful stage as a
student. This is the time where everyone has a deadline to meet in passing their
projects, thesis paper, and such. Based on the study of Mazo (2015) entitled,
“Causes, Effects of Stress, and the Coping Mechanism of the Bachelor of
Science in Information Technology Students in a Philippine University. Thesis
writing/research and school requirements/projects were the most common
causes of stress. Sleepless nights and irritable/moody feeling were the common
effects of stress. There was disparity on the causes and effects of stress between
the male and female respondents. The use of computer and praying to God were
the common stress coping mechanisms. There was an observed disparity
between the male and female responses.
The stressors and stress responses of Filipino college students in relation
to sex, course and academic classification. There were 258 respondents for the
study. Of the respondents, 68% were females and 32% were males. According to
their degree, 42% belonged to the soft sciences and 58% to the hard sciences. In
terms of academic classification, 10% were freshmen, 36% sophomores, 33%
juniors and 21% seniors. The top five overall stressors of the respondents were
academic difficulty of subject matter, workload due to subjects, time management
because of subjects, responsibilities due to being on one's own, and time
management because of both subjects and organizations. The most frequently
occurring stress responses were affective stress responses followed by cognitive
responses. For both male and female respondents, the top stressors were
academics, workload due to subjects and time management concerns. Overall,
the males reacted to stress through affective responses and females through
cognitive responses. Students enrolled in the hard and soft sciences both
considered academics, workload due to subjects and time management
concerns as their top stressors. Those in the soft sciences reacted with cognitive
stress responses while those in the hard sciences reacted with affective stress
responses. Generally, all students, regardless of their academic classification
pointed out that academics, workload due to subjects, and time management
were their main stressors. They all reacted to stress with affective stress
responses. These patterns can be monitored to maintain the psychological and
physical well-being of adolescent students. (“Stressors and Stress Responses of
Filipino College students” Dy et. al., 2015).
Stress, from early times up to now is still one of the biggest issues
nowadays. In order to become aware and to cope up with stress, Duque (2007)
cited common effects of stress. These are insomnia, headaches, backaches,
constipation, diarrhea, high blood pressure, heart disease, depression and
alcohol, tobacco or drug use. He also came up to the suggestion of doing the
following: 1) After seeing the doctor, share your treatment plan with people close
to you. Talk with friends and relatives and explain what you are going through; 2)
If your doctor prescribed medication takes it exactly the way it is prescribed. Do
not stop taking your medication until you doctor tells you to stop doing so; 3)
Keep all follow-up appointments with your doctor; 4) Remember that it may take
some time to start feeling better; 5) If you experience side effects from any
medication, tell your doctor; and 6) Seek professional counseling. He also added
that, If your methods of coping stress are not contributing to your greater
emotional and physical health, it is time to find healthier ones. There are many
healthy ways to manage and cope with stress, but they all require change. You
can either change the situation or change your reaction. When deciding which
option to choose, it is helpful to think of the four A’s: avoid, alter, adapt, or accept.
Since everyone has unique response to stress, there is no “one size fits all”
solution to managing it. No single method works for everyone or in every
situation, so experiment with different techniques and strategies. Focus on what
makes you feel calm and in control.
Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies
The studies and literatures that the researchers supply are useful devices
to accomplish the study. The gathered literature and study both foreign and local
of the researchers is somehow linked to each other and is very effective in finding
the solution, which is to determine the most difficult subject of GAS students and
what their different coping strategies/mechanisms are.
The Foreign literature focuses on the importance of developing different
coping mechanisms. It also explains different aspects of stress that affects the
mental health, and even though students experience good stress such as social
challenges, being unaware of it causes high level chronic stress.
The local literatures explain the common effects of stress that students’
experiences; what is the cause of their stress and how they respond to it.
While the Local and Foreign Studies serves as a proof that stress became
a negative experience because of too much pressure in academics or etc. There
are also different types of coping, some are good and some are bad. Usage of
strategies and ways to cope up vary because not all of these are applicable to
everyone.
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Foreign Literature

Coping mechanisms was scientifically defined as the sum of cognitive and

demands, whether internal or external, that are viewed as demanding. (Richard

Lazarus and Susan Folkman, 1984)

A lot of student experiences stress, especially the college students. For

college is considered to be the last period of transition before adulthood. It is

environmental stress, including stress from interpersonal communication, stress

develop different coping strategies in order to encounter and manage stressful

student’s ability to perform. (Rogers and Yassin, 2003).

However, Leonard cited in NYU Study Examines Top High School

Students’ Stress and Coping Mechanisms (2015) there is growing awareness

extent that it impedes their abilities to succeed academically, compromises their

appears to persist to students, and he also added warns it may contribute to

academic disengagement and mental health problems among emerging adults.

Stress becomes a negative experience when it already affects your health.

Though many students experience different stress, it is stated that

traditional. (Morris, Books & May, 2003)

different ways in dealing with pressure.

financial difficult social relationship problems becomes a stress encounter by

those college students. To be include, 9% of those students reported suicidal

Year 2013 when K-12 was officially approved to enhance Philippines’

migraine, headache, and multiple other symptoms of stress performance or

reduce the student to ineffectiveness. (Blona,2005)

“Causes, Effects of Stress, and the Coping Mechanism of the Bachelor of

Science in Information Technology Students in a Philippine University. Thesis

writing/research and school requirements/projects were the most common

the common stress coping mechanisms. There was an observed disparity

between the male and female responses.

The stressors and stress responses of Filipino college students in relation

terms of academic classification, 10% were freshmen, 36% sophomores, 33%

academic difficulty of subject matter, workload due to subjects, time management

because of subjects, responsibilities due to being on one's own, and time

management because of both subjects and organizations. The most frequently

academics, workload due to subjects and time management concerns. Overall,

considered academics, workload due to subjects and time management

responses. Generally, all students, regardless of their academic classification

responses. These patterns can be monitored to maintain the psychological and

physical well-being of adolescent students. (“Stressors and Stress Responses of

Filipino College students” Dy et. al., 2015).

cited common effects of stress. These are insomnia, headaches, backaches,

constipation, diarrhea, high blood pressure, heart disease, depression and

If your doctor prescribed medication takes it exactly the way it is prescribed. Do

solution to managing it. No single method works for everyone or in every

situation, so experiment with different techniques and strategies. Focus on what

makes you feel calm and in control.

what their different coping strategies/mechanisms are.

The Foreign literature focuses on the importance of developing different

challenges, being unaware of it causes high level chronic stress.

a negative experience because of too much pressure in academics or etc. There

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