For UPSC Civil Services and State PCS Exam

ANCIENT INDIA
NCERT NOTES
SUMMARY NOTES OF ANCIENT HISTORY
NCERT
CHAPTER:- 1 TO 29

Upscsummarynotes.Com
1|Page
Telegram: http://t.me/upscsummarynotes Website: http://upscsummarynotes.com
 CONTENT

CHAPTER:-1 - THE IMPORTANCE OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY 3

CHAPTER:-2 - MODERN HISTORIANS OF ANCIENT INDIA 4
CHAPTER:-3 – TYPES OF SOURCES AND HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION 5
CHAPTER:-4 – THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING 8
CHAPTER: 5 - THE STONE AGE: THE EARLY MAN 12
CHAPTER: 6 - CHALCOLITHIC FARMING CULTURES 19
CHAPTER: 7 – THE HARAPPAN CULTURE: BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION 24
CHAPTER: 8 – ADVENT OF THE ARYAN AND THE AGE 0F THE RIG VEDA 31
CHAPTER: 9 - THE LATER VEDIC PHASE: TRANSITION TO STATE AND SOCIAL ORDERS 32
CHAPTER: 10 - JAINISM AND BUDDHISM 33
CHAPTER: 11 - TERRITORIAL STATES AND THE FIRST MAGADHAN EMPIRE 38
CHAPTER: 12 - IRANIAN AND MACEDONIAN INVASIONS 41
CHAPTER: 13 - STATE AND VARNA SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF THE BUDDHA 44
CHAPTER: 14 - THE AGE OF THE MAURYA AGE 46
CHAPTER: 15 - SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MAURYA RULE 52
CHAPTER: 16 - CENTRAL ASIAN CONTACT AND THEIR RESULT 56
CHAPTER: 17 - THE AGE OF SATAVAHANAS 61
CHAPTER: 18 - THE DAWN OF HISTORY IN THE DEEP SOUTH 64
CHAPTER: 19 - CRAFTS, TRADE AND TOWNS IN THE POST-MAURYA AGE 66
CHAPTER: 20 – THE RISE AND GROWTH OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE 69
CHAPTER: 21 - LIFE IN THE GUPTA AGE 73
CHAPTER: 22 - SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN INDIA 78
CHAPTER: 23 - HARSHA AND HIS TIMES 81
CHAPTER: 24 – FORMATION OF NEW STATES AND RURAL EXPANSION IN THE PENINSULA 84
CHAPTER: 25 - DEVELOPMENTS IN PHILOSOPHY 90
CHAPTER: 26 – INDIA’S CULTURAL CONTACTS WITH THE ASIAN COUNTRIES 92
CHAPTER: 27 – TRANSFORMATION OF THE ANCIENT PHASE 94
CHAPTER: 28 - SEQUENCE OF SOCIAL CHANGES 97
CHAPTER: 29 - LEGACY IN SCIENCE AND CIVILIZATION 99

2|Page
Telegram: http://t.me/upscsummarynotes Website: http://upscsummarynotes.com
 CHAPTER:-1 - THE IMPORTANCE OF ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY

I. IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY-

• It tells us how, when, and where people developed the earliest cultures in India.
• It tell us how they began undertaking agriculture and stock raising which made life secure and
settled.
• It shows how the ancient Indians discovered and utilized natural resources, and how they created
the means for their livelihood.
• We get an idea of how the ancient inhabitants made arrangements for food, shelter, and transport,
and learn how they took to farming, spinning, weaving, metalworking, and the like, how they
cleared forests, founded villages, cities, and eventually large kingdoms.
II. UNITY IN DIVERSITY-
• Pre-Aryans, the Indo-Aryans, the Greeks, the Scythians, the Hunas, the Turks, and others made
India their home.
• Aryan elements are equated with the Vedic and Puranic culture of the north and the preAryan with
the Dravidian and Tamil culture of the south. Many Munda, Dravidian and other non-Sanskritic
terms occur in the Vedic texts ascribed to 1500–500 BC.
• Many Pali and Sanskrit terms, signifying ideas and institutions, developed in the Gangetic plains,
appear in the earliest Tamil texts called the Sangam literature which is roughly used for the period
300 BC–AD 600.
• The people of eastern region inhabited by the pre-Aryan tribals spoke the Munda or Kolarian
languages. Munda pockets in Chhotanagpur plateau, the remnants of Munda culture in the Indo-
Aryan culture are fairly strong. Many Dravidian terms too are to be found in the IndoAryan
languages.
• States or territorial units, called janapadas, were named after different tribes.
• Aryavarta came to be named after the dominant cultural community called the Aryans. Aryavarta
denoted northern and central India and extended from the eastern to the western sea coasts. The
other name by which India was better known was Bharatavarsha or the land of the Bharatas.
Bharata, in the sense of tribe or family, figures in the Rig Veda and Mahabharata, but the name
Bharatavarsha occurs in the Mahabharata and post-Gupta Sanskrit texts. The term Bharati or an
inhabitant of India occurs in post-Gupta texts.
• Iranian inscriptions are important for the origin of the term Hindu. The term Hindu occurs in the
inscriptions of fifth–sixth centuries BC. It is derived from the Sanskrit term Sindhu. Linguistically s
becomes h in Iranian. The Iranian inscriptions first mention Hindu as a district on the Indus. the
term Hindu means a territorial unit.
• Kings who tried to establish their authority from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin and from the
valley of the Brahmputra in the east to the land beyond the Indus in the west were universally
praised. They were called Chakravartis. This form of political unity was attained at least twice in
ancient times. In the third century BC Ashoka extended his empire over the whole of India barring
the extreme south. His inscriptions are scattered across a major part of the Indo-Pakistan
subcontinent, and even in Afghanistan. Again, in the fourth century AD, Samudragupta carried his
victorious arms from the Ganga to the borders of the Tamil land.
• In the seventh century, the Chalukya king, Pulakeshin defeated Harshavardhana who was called
the lord of the whole of north India.
• Word Hind or Hindu is derived from the Sanskrit term Sindhu, and on the same basis, the country
became known as ‘India’ which is very close to the Greek term for it. India came to be called

3|Page
Telegram: http://t.me/upscsummarynotes Website: http://upscsummarynotes.com
 ‘Hind’ in the Persian and Arabic languages. In post-Kushan times, the Iranian rulers conquered the
Sindh area and named it Hindustan.
• In the third century BC Prakrit served as the lingua franca across the major part of India. Ashoka’s
inscriptions were inscribed in the Prakrit language mainly in Brahmi script.
III. THE RELEVANCE OF THE PAST TO THE PRESENT
• There is no doubt that Indians of old made remarkable progress in a variety of fields, but these
advances alone cannot enable us to compete with the achievements of modern science and
technology. One cannot ignore the fact that ancient Indian society was marked by gross social
injustice.
• India cannot develop rapidly unless such vestiges of the past are eradicated from its society. The
caste system and sectarianism hinder the democratic integration and development of India.

CHAPTER:-2 - MODERN HISTORIANS OF ANCIENT INDIA

I. Colonialist Views and their Contribution-

• When Bengal and Bihar fell under the rule of the East India Company in 1765, they found it difficult to
administer the Hindu law of inheritance.
• Therefore, in 1776, the Manu Smriti, (the law-book of Manu), which was considered authoritative, was
translated into English as A Code of Gentoo Laws.
• Pandits were associated with British judges to administer Hindu civil law and maulvis to administer
that of Muslims.
• In 1784 of the Asiatic Society of Bengal-established in Calcutta.
• It was set up by a civil servant of the East India Company, Sir William Jones (1746–94). He was the
first to suggest that Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek belonged to the same family of languages. He also
translated the play known as the Abhijnanashakuntalam into English in 1789; the Bhagvadgita, the
most popular Hindu religious text was translated into English by Wilkins in 1785.
• The Bombay Asiatic Society was set up in 1804, and the Asiatic Society of Great Britain was set up in
London in 1823.
• Altogether fifty volumes, some in several parts, were published under the Sacred Books of the East
series. the Early History of India by Vincent Arthur Smith (1843–1920), who wrote in 1904 the first
systematic history of ancient India. ‘Autocracy is substantially the only form of government with which
the historian of India is concerned’-Vincent Arthur Smith.
II. Nationalist Approach and its Contribution-
• Rajendra Lal Mitra (1822–91)-Indo- Aryans.
• R.G. Bhandarkar reconstructed the political history of the Satavahanas of the Deccan and the history of
Vaishnavism and other sects.
• V.K. Rajwade-History of the institution of marriage in Marathi in 1926.
• Pandurang Vaman Kane (1880–1972)- entitled the History of the Dharmasastra- is an encyclopaedia of
ancient social laws and customs.
• R.C. Majumdar (1888–1980)- History and Culture of the Indian People.
• K.A. Nilakanta Sastri (1892–1975)- A History of Ancient India, A History of South India.
III. Move Towards Non-Political History-
• A.L. Basham (1914–86)-The Wonder That Was India (1951)
4|Page
Telegram: http://t.me/upscsummarynotes Website: http://upscsummarynotes.com
 • D.D. Kosambi’s (1907–66) book, An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (1957), later
popularized in The Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline (1965).
• The chauvinists and sophisticated colonialists use the study of India’s past to prevent its progress.
IV. Communal Approach- Since 1980 some Indian writers and their Western counterparts have adopted
an aggressive and irrational approach to the study of ancient India.

CHAPTER:-3 – TYPES OF SOURCES AND HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION

I. Material Remains-
• A mound is an elevated portion of land covering the remains of old habitations.
• It may be of different types: single-culture, major-culture, and multi-culture.
• Single-culture mounds represent only one culture throughout.
• Some mounds represent only the Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture, others Satavahana culture, and yet
others that of the Kushans.
• In major-culture mounds, one culture is dominant and the others are of secondary importance. Multi-
culture mounds represent several important cultures in succession which occasionally overlap with one
another.
• Vertical excavation means lengthwise digging. Horizontal excavation entails digging the mound as a
whole or a major part of it
• In the dry arid climate of western UP, Rajasthan, and north-western India, antiquities are found in a
better state of preservation, but in the moist and humid climate of the mid-Gangetic plains and in the
deltaic regions even iron implements suffered corrosion and mud structures become difficult to detect.
Only the burnt brick structures or stone structures of the Gangetic plains are well preserved.
• Villages- people established around 6000 BC in Baluchistan.
• People in south India buried in graves, along with the dead, their tools, weapons, pottery, and other
belongings, and these were encircled by large pieces of stone. These structures are called megaliths.
• Radiocarbon dating is the most important to fix the date. Radiocarbon or Carbon 14 (C14) is a
radioactive carbon (isotope). Half-life of C14 is 5568 years.
• History of climate and vegetation is known through an examination of plant residues, and especially
through pollen analysis. Agriculture was practised in Rajasthan and Kashmir around 7000– 6000 BC.

II. Coins-
• Ancient coins were made of metal— copper, silver, gold, and lead.
• Indian coins are preserved mostly in museums in Kolkata, Patna, Lucknow, Delhi, Jaipur,
• Mumbai, and Chennai. There are many Indian coins in the museums of Nepal, Bangladesh,
• Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Catalogues of the coins in the Indian Museum at Kolkata, of Indian coins in
the British Museum in London.
• Indo-Greeks who came to India from north Afghanistan
• Largest number of Indian coins date to the post-Maurya period. These were made of lead, potin,
copper, bronze, silver, and gold. The Guptas issued the largest number of gold coins.
III. Inscriptions-
• Study of inscriptions is called epigraphy, and the study of the old writing used in inscriptions and other
old records is called palaeography.

5|Page
Telegram: http://t.me/upscsummarynotes Website: http://upscsummarynotes.com