Grade 7 Information Technology Student's Textbook

የኢትዮጵያ ፌደራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ

የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

STUDENT TEXTBOOK

GRADE 7

WRITERS LANGUAGE EDITOR

BIRHANU HAILU (PhD) LEMMA KASAYE (PhD)
BELETE BIAZEN (MSc.)
BOOK DESIGNER
CONTENT EDITOR SEMEON TIRUNEH (MSc.)
MAMO FIDENO (MSc.)
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN EDITOR ILLUSTRATOR
MEHADI ABDO (MSc.) UMER NURI (MSc.)

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 Grade 7 Information Technology Student's Textbook

UNIT
Table of Contents
Fundamentals of Information communication Technology

1.1. Definition of information communication technology................................................... 1

1.2. Basic elements of ICT system.............................................................................................. 2
1
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

1.3. ICT in our daily life............................................................................................................... 4 UNIT OUTCOME

1.4. Definition of computer.......................................................................................................... 8 AT THE END OF THIS UNIT, LEARNERS WILL BE ABLE TO :
Computer Hardware 11 ● define ICT
● define the concepts technology and information technology
2.1. Components Computer system ........................................................................................ 11
2.2. Introduction to computer hardware ................................................................................. 12 ● identify basic elements of ICT system
Computer Software 28 ● discuss the definition of computer

3.1. Computer Software ............................................................................................................... 28

1.1. DEFINITION OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
3.2. Overview of Word Processing ............................................................................................. 34
Internet 43 The term Information Communication Technologist (ICT) first came in to picture in 1997 in a report
prepared by Dennis Stevenson for the United Kingdom (UK) government. It has been widely used in
4.1. definition of internet ........................................................................................................... 43 education. Even though ICT has no universally accepted definition, it is generally used to represent
4.2. The screen elements and views of internet browsers .........................................................45 a broader and more comprehensive list of all components related to computer and telecommuni-
cation infrastructure. ICT refers to all communication technologies, including the internet, and cell
4.3. Structures of web address and accessing a website 50
phones. More recently, the term ICT has been used to refer to integrating telephone and audio-vi-
Security and Safety of Computer 55
sual networks with computer networks to enable the users to access, retrieve, store, transmit, and
5.1. Care for a computer .......................................................................................................... 55 manipulate information in a digital or electronic form.
5.2. Cleaning Computer hardware Components ..................................................................... 57
Information Technology (IT) refers to an entire industry that uses computers, networking, software
5.3. Starting up and shutting down a computer properly ....................................................... 60
and other equipment to manage information. It is the process of creating, maintaining, and using
5.4. Computer security ............................................................................................................... 63 computer software, hardware, and networks.
LOGO 68
Sometime people use IT in place of ICT and vice versa. IT and ICT must not be confused with each
6.1. LOGO Programming Language ........................................................................................68
other because they are two different fields. These two terms are related but they are not the same.
6.2. Graphical Elements of LOGO .............................................................................................71
IT is a technology related to computing data while ICT is related to both computing data and com-
6.3. Procedures on LOGO Environment ............................................................................... 74 munication technologies. IT is common in industry and ICT is a common term in education.

Digital technologies are electronic tools, systems, and devices that used to

generate and store data.

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1.2. BASIC ELEMENTS OF ICT SYSTEM User: - is a person who has access to and utilizes ICT. It is humans who develop and
operate the software, input the data, create and maintain the hardware, define the
One of the basic elements of ICT system is data. Data can be defined as any type of procedures, and finally determine if an ICT succeeds or fails.
representation of an object or an event. Numbers, text symbols, speech, static or dy-
namic image, and so on are all examples of representation. Most data represent only a Communication :- is the sense of moving information from one place to anoth-
very small number of attributes of the object or the event in question. Data therefore er. You’ll need some sort of infrastructure or network to deliver and receive data which
has to be processed, or provided with a context, before it can have meaning. is commonly called the communication network. Providing information to computer,
reading information from any system, or the transfer of message between two people
are some of the examples of communication.
Example 1
Communication devices are basically devices that allow computers and other ICT sys-
● Abebe, kebede, Sara, Melat, Alemu, Dawit tems to communicate with one another. They facilitate the transmission and receiving
● 15,17,10,15.10,20 of information and data over the transmission media that link them to each other.
Communication devices such as modems, routers, switches and hubs that are con-
These are meaningless sets of data. They could be the name list and age of grade 7 stu-
nected to computer systems help to transmit and receive information to and from
dents, but without a context we don’t know them.
other computers and ICT systems. Communication devices and the infrastructure or
transmission media that link them togetherconstitute Communication Networks.

Information:- is the result of data processing. Data processing occurs when data

is collected and translated into usable information. This results, in facts, allowing the
processed data to be put into context and given meaning. Information is data that
has meaning.
Data by itself is meaningless. It only takes on meaning and becomes information when
it is interpreted. Data interpretation is the process of reviewing data through some
predefined processes which will help assign some meaning to the data and arrive at a
relevant conclusion.
Raw input is referred to as data, which is then processed or structured to provide
meaningful output. When data is transformed into information, it becomes under-
standable and valuable. Figure 1.1 Pictures that shows communication devices

Example 2
Technology :-is the study and transformation of techniques, tools, and ma-
chines created by humans. Technology allows humans to study and evolve the phys-
Look at the examples of data given below:
ical elements that are present in their lives.Technology has made us ever more pro-
● Abebe, Kebede, Sara, Melat, Alemu, Dawit
ductive.
● 15,17, 18, 15, 14,2 0
We are surrounded by technology in modern life. It’s an essential component of all
Only when we assign a context or meaning does the data become information. It all be-
we do. Technology can be found in our homes, personal places, in industry, business,
comes meaningful when we are told.
and the medical profession. Our lives have been made easier, faster, better, and more
● Abebe, Kebede, Sara, Melat, Alemu, and Dawit is a list of grade 7 students. enjoyable thanks to technological advancements. For example, we can use cellular
● 15,17,18,15.14,20 are the ages of grade 7 students. phones technology that is designed for communicating with other people even if they
● The age of grade 7 students ranges from 14 to 20
are miles away far from us.

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Nowadays people are very enthusiastic about using social media to interact to other people and
to search for everything

Figure 1.2 Pictures that shows sample technology

Activity 1.1

1. Write the difference between IT and ICT.

2. Identify and explain basic elements of ICT system.

1.3. ICT IN OUR DAILY LIFE

ICT is a broad subject and an evolving concept. ICT has a great impact on our daily
lives. It refers to any product that stores, retrieves, manipulates, transmits, or receives
data in a electronic format. We encounter many new technologies in our everyday
lives: at home, school, workplace, in the streets, in places we visit for holidays, on busi- Figure 1.3 Picture that shows ICT in communication
ness, in public spaces, through conversations. We can also consider radio, television,
telephone technologies that we use in our daily lives. Thus, ICT has a great impact on
ICT in Education :-Information and communication technology contributes greatly to edu-
our lives.
cation because it improves the way of education and provides a better educational environment.
Information communication technology in communication For example, we can consider radio education program, television program from Ethi-
We all know that information and communication technologies (ICT) play an important role opian ministry of Education. Plasma Educational channels for Secondary schools. The
in our lives; in the past, our parents used to write letters. However, with the help of informa- use of computers, tablets, data displays, interactive electronic boards, ICT technologies tend
tion and communication technology, it is now easy to communicate with our loved ones. For to expand access to education.
example, Short Message Service (SMS), Email and social medias are the most common
Through ICT, learning can occur anytime and anywhere. For example, online course materials
services of ICT that we use in our daily life to communicate with our loved ones. If you
can be accessed 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Learning and teaching are no longer solely
miss them in just one tap and you can now talk to them and enjoy the moment. Through the
dependent on printed materials thanks to ICT.
usage of the internet, ICT allows us to contact with our relatives who live in other countries.
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On the Internet, there are numerous resources available, and knowledge may be gained
through video clips, audio sounds, and visual presentations, among other things.

Figure 1.5 Picture that shows Information communication technology in entertainment

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is all around us. It is becoming in-
creasingly important in people’s lives, and this tendency is predicted to continue. The
use of information and communication technology (ICT) to complete activities is not
limited to a single organization or industry.

Activity 1.2
1. Give and explain some examples of ICT in daily life.

Figure 1.4: Picture that shows Information communication technology in education

ICT in Entertainment :-ICT provides a variety of entertainment and leisure activities
that can be accessed easily from the comfort of one’s home. Directly from the Internet, one can
watch movies and listen to music. In addition, we can also

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1.4. DEFINITION OF COMPUTER ● Computer is an electronic device that takes an input process it under a set of
instructions called program and produce an output.
In its literal meaning, a computer is any calculating device or machine, which is electri-
cal, mechanical or electromechanical. But that doesn’t mean that computer performs Review Questions
only calculation. This literal meaning was attached because the inventors (Mathema- Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE
ticians or physists) invent computers for making calculations only. But today’s com-
puters not only process numbers, they process texts, pictures, and multimedia and so 1. Computer is only calculating device or machine.
on. Therefore the meanings of a computer, nowadays, are broader than computing 2. ICT tools cannot be used for entertainment.
concepts. 3. The nature of teaching and learning system has changed because of ICT.
Generally a computer is an electronic device that takes an input process it under a set
4. People use computer to makes their job can be done easier and faster.
of instructions called program and produce an output. Computers can also store
data in appropriate storage devices for later use and retrieve it as needed. 5. Data on its own has a meaning.
Why we use Computers? 6. Data is any type of representation of an object or an event.
7. Communication devices simply allow computers and various ICT systems to be con-
The reason of why people use computer:
1. Computer also become a good communication tools for human because it has nected to one another
some software that can make us communicate all around the world Write the correct answer on the spac
2. Perform complex mathematical computations and make comparisons;
3. computers have a large storage capacity and can store a large amount of data; 1. _________________________________ refers to the development, maintenance, and
unlike humans use of computer software, hardware and networks.
4. Computer do not require to rest , they can do their own jobs for all day long 2. Data representation could be in the form of ___________, ____________, ___________,
5. Computers do not require rest and can complete their tasks independently. __________, ______________.

3. _____________is store data for later uses in appropriate storage devices, and retrieve
Unit Summary whenever it is necessary.
● Information and communication technology (ICTs) refers to all communica-
4. ___________ is people who design and operate the software, input the data, build the
tion technologies, including the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, com-
puters, software, middleware, video-conferencing, Social networking  , and hardware and keep it running,
other media applications and services enabling users to access, retrieve, store, 5. ICT stands for_________________________________________.
transmit, and manipulate information in a digital form. 6. ________________is an individual who has access to and utilizes ICT.
● Information Technology is the use of computers, storage, networking and 7. ________________ is usually the processed outcome of data.
other physical devices to create, process, store, secure, retrieve dataand infor- 8. ________________is tool that is designed based on scientific knowledge
mation.
● Data can be defined as any type of representation of an object or an event Discussion questions
● Information is the result of processing data
1. Define computer.
● User is a person who has access to and utilizes ICT
2. What is the difference between data and information?
● Technology is thestudy and transformation of techniques, tools, and machines 3. Write a short note on basic elements of ICT systems.
created by humans.
4. Explain the term technology and information technology.
● Communication is the sense of moving information from one place to another. 5. Explain the term data and information.
● ICT has a great impact on our daily lives. For example, contributes greatly to 6. Define Information and communication technology (ICT)
education, communication, entertainment and so on.
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UNIT

2 COMPUTER HARDWARE

UNIT OUTCOME
AT THE END OF THIS UNIT, LEARNERS WILL BE ABLE TO :
● Explain computer Hardware
● Identify the hardware components of the computer.
● Recognize the functions of the hardware components.

2.1. COMPONENTS COMPUTER SYSTEM

A computer is an electronic device used to manipulate data or information. It can
store, retrieve, and process information. A computer system, like a human, can be
viewed as a combination of body and mind. The computer is a two-part system with
a body that serves as the hardware and a mind that serves as software. As a result, a
computer is a collection of electronic parts (body) controlled by a set of instructions
(mind).
Computer can be divided into two parts.
● Hardware
● Software

Figure 2.1 : Figure that shows components of the computers

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Input Devices

2.2. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE An input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data and
control signals to the computer. It enables the user to input information into the computer. The
Computer hardware is the physical equipment of the computer you see and touch.
input device converts data from a human-readable format to a computer-readable format.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such
Common input devices are:
as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, hard drive disk, etc. All hardware components of a
computer are physical objects that can be touched and seen. All computer systems, ● Keyboard
no matter how small or large, have the same fundamental capabilities: processing, ● Mouse
storage, input and output.
● Joystick
● Scanner
● Touch Sensitive Screen
● Light Pen
● Digital Stills Camera
● Bar Code Reader
● Voice Data Entry

Figure 2.2 :Picture that shows fundamental capabilities of computer system

Hardware components of a computer system can be classified as:

● Input Devices
● Processing Device
● Output devices Figure 2.3 : Picture that shows sample input devices

● Memories / Storage devices

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both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick
can be moved in all four directions.
Keyboard
is the most common and widely used input device for entering data into a computer.

Figure 2.6: Picture that shows sample Joystick

Scanner
Figure 2.4 :Figure 4: Picture that shows sample Keyboard
is used when data is available on paper and needs to be transferred to the computer’s
hard disk for further processing. Scanners are used to reproduce photographs on the
 pointing device computer screen.
allows you to point to things on the screen, click on them, and move them around.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is
present between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of
the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.

Figure 2.7: Picture that shows sample Scanner

Figure 2.5 Picture that shows the sample wired and wireless Mouse
Touch Sensitive Screen
A touch sensitive screen is a pointing device that allows the user to interact with the
Joystick
computer by touching it.
Also a pointing device, which is used to move within the screen’s environment, and is
widely used in the computer games industry. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its

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Bar Code Reader

A bar code is a pattern made up of different-thickness lines. The technology allows for
quick and error-free data entering into the computer. Bar codes make it easy to keep
track of what’s been sold.

Figure 2.8: Picture that shows sample touch Sensitive Screen

Light Pen
is a pointing device in the shape of a pen. It can be used to select a menu item or to
draw on the monitor screen. The light pen’s tip has a light-sensitive element that de-
tects the light from the screen when it is placed against it, allowing the computer to
recognize the pen’s location on the screen. Figure 2.11: Picture that show sample Bar Code Reader
Microphone
This system accepts the spoken word as input data or commands.

Figure 2.9: Picture that shows sample Light Pen

Digital Camera
captures an image that is saved in the camera’s memory. When the memory is full, it
can be deleted to make space for more photographs.
Figure 2.12: Picture that shows sample Microphone
Processing Device – CPU
The central processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer which performs all
arithmetic, logical and control operations. It is responsible for all functions and pro-
cesses.

Figure 2.10: Picture that shows sample Digital Camera

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Output devices
An output device is computer hardware that allows a computer to communicate the
results of data processing to the outside world. A computer’s output device allows
data easy to be understand by a human.
The following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.
Figure 2.13: Picture that shows sample central processing Unit ● Monitor
The CPU consists of arithmetic-logic unit, registers and the control unit. ● Printer
● Plotters
● Speaker
● Headphone

Figure 2.14: Picture that shows sample parts of CPU

Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
The arithmetic logical unit (ALU) is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical
operations and comparisons of data. Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtrac-
tion, multiplication and division. Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or
special characters.
Figure 2.15: Pictures that show all sample output devices.
Control Unit (CU)
Monitor
The control Unit of the CPU controls and directs the operation of the entire system.
Monitors, also known as Visual Display Units (VDUs), are the main output device of a
Registers
computer. The visual and graphics information generated by the computer is shown
The CPU also contains a small high speed memory which is used to store temporary on the monitor via the video card.
results and control information. Figure 2.16: Picture that shows sample CRT,LCD and LED Monitor
Activity 2.1

1. List and explain examples of input devices.

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Printer Memories / Storage devices

A printer is a type of output device that prints data on paper. A ‘hard copy’ is created A storage device is used in the computers to store the data. It’s any device that can
when you print something. Printers are one of the most often used computer periph- store data, either temporarily or permanently. There are two types of storage devices
erals, and they are used to print text, pictures, and photos. used with computers: a primary storage device, such as RAM, ROM and a secondary
storage device, such as a hard drive.
Primary Storage Devises
Primary storage (also known as main memory) is the part of the computer that stores
current data, programs, and instructions. It is memory architecture within a computer
system that is responsible for temporarily storing data so that it can be accessed by
the processor as needed.
Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is responsible for storing the instructions
and data that the computer is using at that present moment in time. It is called Ran-
Figure 2.17: Picture that shows sample Printer dom Access Memory because any storage location can be accessed directly.
Plotters It is described as volatile memory as the contents of RAM chips can be lost when
the computer is turned off or when new data is being written to RAM while other data
A plotter is an output device much like a printer that is used to produce graphs or dia- is being processed.
grams. Plotters are different from printers in that they use a pen to draw lines. Plotters
are considerably more expensive than printers.

Figure 2.20: Picture that shows sample RAM

Read Only Memory (ROM): ROM It refers to computer memory chips containing
permanent or semi-permanent data. ROM stays active regardless of whether power
supply is turned on or off. ROM is further classified into PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. 
Figure 2.18: Picture that shows sample Plotters
● PROM (Programmable read-only memory)–It can be programmed by the
Speaker user. Once programmed, the data and instructions in it cannot be changed. 
A computer speaker is a hardware device that outputs sounds generated by the com-  
puter. The computer’s sound card generates the signal that produces the sound that ● EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory) – It can be repro-
comes from a computer speaker. Speakers can be used to play music, as well as to grammed. To erase data from it, expose it to ultraviolet light. To reprogram it,
play sounds that are meant to notify the user. erase all the previous data. 
● EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only memory)– The
data can be erased by applying an electric field, with no need for ultraviolet
light. We can erase only portions of the chip. 

Figure 2.19: Picture that shows sample Speaker

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Hard Disk: In a computer, the hard disk drive is the most common and usually
largest data storage device. This data comes in many different forms, but is essentially
anything saved or installed to a computer: such as computer programs, family pho-
tos, operating systems, word-processing papers, and so on. Hard drives, unlike floppy
disks, are normally installed inside the computer and are not easily removed. They
can store very large amount of information and provide for more rapid storage and
retrieval of data and information than the floppy diskette.

Figure 2.21: Picture that shows RAM and ROM.

RAM ROM
Data stored in RAM can be retrieved Data stored in ROM can only be read.
and altered.
Store data in megabytes Store data in Gigabytes
Volatile which could store the data as Non-volatile which could retain the data
long as the power is supplied. even when power is turned off.
Figure 2.22: Picture that that shows sample Hard disk images
It is a high-speed memory. It is much slower than the RAM.

Magnetic Tape: A recording medium consisting of a thin tape with a coating of a

Used to store the data that has to be It stores the instructions required during fine magnetic material, used for recording analogue or digital data. Magnetic tape is
currently processed by CPU tempo- bootstrap of the computer. a serial access medium, similar to an audio cassette, and so data (like the songs on a
rarily. music tape) cannot be quickly located.

Table 1: Difference between RAM and ROM

Secondary Storage
Secondary storage is the second type of storage that stores data and information
permanently. Any non-volatile storage device, whether internal or external to the
computer, is referred to as a secondary storage device. The CPU does not have di-
rect access to it. The computer’s input/output channels are typically used to access
secondary storage, and the needed data is transferred utilizing the primary storage’s
intermediary area. Secondary storage devices are required since primary storage does Figure 2.23: Picture that shows sample magnetic tape images
not permanently store user data and information and has a limited capacity. Auxiliary Floppy Disk: Floppy disks, sometimes called flexible disks or diskettes, can store
storage devices are another name for secondary storage devices. Storage Devices: between a few hundred thousand and several million alphabets or symbols of infor-
● Hard Disk
● Magnetic Tape mation. It is a type of storage media capable of storing electronic data, like a comput-
● Floppy Disk er file. Once data is stored on a floppy disk it can be ‘write protected’ by clicking a tab
● Optical Disk on the disk. This prevents any new data being stored or any old data being erased.
● USB flash disk
● Secure digital card (SD card)
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large quantities of data in a wide variety of mobile electronics, cameras, and smart
devices.

Figure 24: Picture that shows sample floppy disk images

Figure 27: Picture that Shows Secure Digital card

Optical Disk: An optical disk is any computer disk that uses optical storage tech- Activity 2.2
niques and technology to read and write data.
1. Identify and explain the basic parts of computer Hardware with example.
2. Explain and demonstrate different examples of primary and secondary storage devices.

Summary
● Computer can be divided into two parts: Hardware and Software
● Computer hardware is the physical equipment of the computer you see and
touch.
● Hardware can be classified as: Input Devices, Processing Device. Output devic-
Figure 25: Picture that shows sample Optical Disk images es, Storage devices
The most common types of optical media are ● An input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide
data and control signals to the computer.
● Blu-ray (BD)
● Common input devices are: Keyboard , Mouse , Joystick , Scanner, Touch Sen-
● Compact Disc (CD) sitive Screen, Light Pen etc…
● Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) ● The central processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer which performs
CDs can store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of data and DVDs can store up all arithmetic, logical and control operations.
to 8.4 GB of data. Blu-ray discs, which are the newest type of optical media, can store ● The CPU consists of arithmetic-logic unit, registers and the control unit.
up to 50GB of data. This storage capacity is a clear advantage over the floppy disk ● An output device is computer hardware equipment used to communicate the
storage media (amagnetic media), which only has a capacity of 1.44 MB. results of data processing carried out by a computer to the outside world.
● Common input devices are: Monitor, Printer, Robot, Plotters, Speaker, and
USB flash drive: it is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an in- Headphone…
tegrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an ● A storage device is used in the computers to store the data.
optical disc. ● There are two types of storage devices used with computers: a primary stor-
age, such as RAM, ROM and a secondary storage device, such as a hard drive.
● Primary storage is holds data, programs and instructions that are currently in
use.
● Secondary storage is stores data and information permanently.
Figure 26: Picture that shows USB flash drive ● Random Access Memory (RAM) is responsible for storing the instructions and
data that the computer is using at that present moment in time.
Secure Digital card: is a type of removable memory card used to read and write
● Read Only Memory (ROM is a permanent form of storage.
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Review Questions
I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE

1. Scanner is the most common and very popular output device.

2. Secondary storage is stores data and information permanently.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM) is a permanent form of storage.
4. Plotters differ from printers in that they draw lines using a pen.
5. Keyboard is commonly known as a pointing device, used to control the position of the
cursor on the screen.
6. Control Unit of the CPU controls operation of the entire computer system.
7. Light Pen is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor
screen.
8. The arithmetic logical unit (ALU) is used to store temporary results.

II. Write the correct answer on the space provided.

1. _____________________ allows data to be transmitted by the computer in a hu-
man-friendly form.
2. ____________________ is an output device, which is used to print information on
paper.
3. _____________________is parts of CPU used to store temporary results and control
information.
4. The storage devices are classified as ____________________ and
___________________.
5. Computer can be divided into two parts_______________ and _______________.
6. ___________________allows the user to enter data into the computer.
7. ___________________ is an input device widely used in computer games industry.
8. ___________________ is the brain of the computer.

III. Discussion questions

1. Give the differences between input and output device.

2. Explain Memories or Storage devices.
3. Explain the term Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
4. List examples of output devices.
5. Explain computer hardware.
6. Explain the term input device.
7. What is central processing Unit (CPU)?
8. What are 3 parts of a CPU?

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UNIT System software

3
System software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individ-
COMPUTER SOFTWARE ual hardware components of a computer system. It does not perform specific tasks
for the user, such as document creation or data analysis. System software consists of
programs that enhance the hardware system’s capabilities.
Systems software is developed in order to automate the following routine tasks:
UNIT OUTCOME ● Loading of programs that perform routines to control peripheral devices.
AT THE END OF THIS UNIT, LEARNERS WILL BE ABLE TO : ● Execution of programs.
● Explain Computer Software System software helps the user, hardware, and application software to interact and
● Explain application and system software function together. These types of computer software allow an environment or plat-
● Discuss system software with example form for other software and applications to work in. This is why system software is
● Discuss application software and provide example essential in managing the whole computer system. Types of system software includes
Operating Systems, utility software, and language translator.
● Differentiate between hardware and software
Operating System
3.1. COMPUTER SOFTWARE
The operating system is the best-known example of system software.It is the most
Computer hardware cannot perform alone. It is virtually useless without computer important program that runs on a computer. Every computer system runs under the
control of an operating system.
software. To accomplish any task, hardware must give a serious of instructions called Operating systems are responsible for providing essential services within a computer
software. A program is a finite set of instructions that the computer follows to complete system:
a task. ● Initial loading of programs and transfer of programs between secondary stor-
age and main memory
Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions ● Supervision of the input/output devices
that tell the computer how to work. Computers would be useless if they didn’t have ● File management
software. For example, without your Internet browser software, you could not sure the
● Protection facilities
Internet and read what you want. Without an operating system, the browser could
All of your computer-like devices run on an operating system, including your desk-
not run on your computer. Software is a generic term used to describe computer pro-
top, laptop, phone, and tablet, etc. Here is a list of examples of an operating system.
grams.
For desktop computers, laptops and tablets:
The hardware is designed to accomplish a variety of tasks, and the software instructs
the hardware on how to complete each one. Software is defined as everything that ● Microsoft Windows ( Windows XP, 7, 8, 10 and 10)
may be stored electronically on your computer. Both computer hardware and soft- ● Mac (for Apple devices)
ware are interdependent, and neither can be used effectively on its own.
● Linux based os distribution like ubuntu, Kubuntu, Fedora, Mandirva Linux
There are two types of software
● System Software
● ApplicationSoftware

Windows OS Linux OS MAC OS

Figure 3.2: Picture that shows sample Computer operating System

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For phones: Language translator:

● Apple’s iOS it is the other example of system software which is normally used by the programmer
● Google’s Android to develop application program. It is a generic name consisting of various programs
● Windows Phone OS that serves as compilers and translators to develop program in a number of different
programming language.

Application Software
Application Software, also known as end-user programs or productivity programs are
software that helps the user in completing tasks. Application Software’s are designed
to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment.

Figure 3.3: Picture that shows sample Phone operating System

Utility programs
Utility program is another example for system software generally used to support,
enhance, or expand existing programs in a computer system. Many operating systems
have utility programs built in for common purposes because of its existence can be an
effort in prevention when suddenly a computer error or error occurs. Additional utility
programs are available separately. Some of examples of the utility programs are the
following.
● Backup software: it is a type of software which facilitate to a user to have a
recovery copy if his/her computer suddenly stop. It enables the creation of an
Figure 3.4: Picture that shows sample applications software
exact duplicate of computer files that can be used for restoring the original
files in case of file corruption, accidental deletion. The common application programs are.
Word processing:
● Disk Cleaner: Disk cleaner software works to clean the files on the hard disk
drive that is no longer useful. These applications for documentation. It is a type of software which permits the user to create, edit,
format, file and print usually text documents.
● Driver Scanner: Driver Scanner is a tool that is easily used to be able to scan
a computer for drivers, identify those who are out of date, incompatible, or For example: MS-WORD, WordPerfect, WordStar, and WordPad.
damaged.
● Data recovery: it is used to restore data that has been physically damaged or
corrupted. Data can be damaged by viruses, bad software, hardware failure,
and power fluctuation.
● Virus protection: if there is an attack of computer viruses on your computer
system there may be a need to have antivirus utility software. Computer virus-
es attack the data and programs stored on your computer. It is important to MS-WORD WordPerfect WordPad Notepad
have antivirus software installed to help prevent data loss or corruption.
● Data compression utility:removes redundant elements, gaps and unneces-
sary data from the computer storage space so that you will have enough space 3.5: Picture that shows sample MS-WORD, WordPerfect, WordStar, and WordPad
to work and to transport data.

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Spreadsheet:
it is an electronic tabular spreadsheet displayed on the VDU of the computer. It pro-
vides the user the opportunity to create, edit, format, file, print, calculate, and analyze
data in tabular form. For example: FoxPro, MS-Excel and so on.

9: Picture that shows sample presentation application software

MS-Excel FoxPro Difference between System Software and Application Software

System Software Application Software

Figure 3.6: Picture that shows sample Spreadsheet soft wares System software can run inde- Application software cannot run with-
pendently of the application soft- out the presence of the system soft-
Database management:
ware. ware.
serve to create computerized datable, to insert records, to make queries, to analyze System software is used for operating Application software is used by user to
data, and append data. Example, Microsoft office access computer hardware. perform specific task.
It starts running when the system is
It starts when the user begins, and it
powered on and runs until the sys-
ends when the user stops it.
tem is powered off.
Users do not interact with system Users always interact with application
software as it works in the back- software while doing different activi-
ground. ties.

3.7: Picture that shows sample Database management Software  Microsoft Word (Word Process-
ing)
Graphics software:  Microsoft Windows
 Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet
Example:  Linux based OS
these are a type of application software which provides the user the workspace to software)
 DOS
create, edit, format image, and graphical information. AutoCAD is one of the example  Microsoft PowerPoint (Presenta-
of graphical software. tion Software)

Activity 3.1
1. Explain and demonstrate different examples of system and application software..

Figure 3.8: Picture that shows graphics software

Presentation application software:
which provide the user to create edit and present presentations, For example: MS-pow-
er point, Key Notes and google slides.

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3.2. OVERVIEW OF WORD PROCESSING

A word processor is an application program that allows users to create, edit, and print
documents. It allows you to type text, save it electronically, display it on a screen, edit
it using keyboard instructions and characters, and print it. You may use this tool to
add images, tables, and charts to your documents. You can also double-check

Main features of word processing applications:

word processor allows one to

 Enter text
 Edit text
 Insert
 Delete
igure 3.10: Picture that shows how to start Word Processor
 Copy
2. use the Search command – enter “word” in the search field and select
 Move
Microsoft Word 2016 from the offered search results
 Save and Open text documents
 Format text and the document
 Export and save your word documents in PDF and XPS file format.
 Indices of keywords and their page numbers;
 Validate text
 Spelling
 Grammar
 Add graphics
 Pictures
 Graphs
 Equations

Open word Processor

MS-Word is a member of the MS-Office family provided by Microsoft. The Word screen Figure 3.11: Picture that shows how to start Word Processor
is similar to any other Microsoft Office application. Let us assume that your computer
has MS-Word 2010 installed on it.
3. Double-click the Microsoft Word 2016 application shortcut usually found
To start Word Processor, use one of the listed options: on the computer’s desktop.
1. on the Start menu click All Programs and from the Microsoft Office folder
select Microsoft Word 2016

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Figure 3.12: Picture that shows how to start Word Processor

These listed options will open and display a blank document, ready for text to be en-
tered.
Figure 3.1shows the screen which should appear when you start Word. A brief de-
scription of each of the screen elements follows.

Figure 3.13: Picture that shows the Microsoft word 2016 working area Screen
● Title Bar: This lies in the middle and at the top of the window. Title bar shows
the program and document titles.
● Quick Access Toolbar: This you will find just above the File tab. It is a custom-
izable toolbar that displays common commands. By default the Save, Undo
and Repeat icons appear on the toolbar.
● Ribbon: The ribbon shows the most commonly used buttons associated with
a certain task. The Ribbon stretches across the top of the application and is
divided in to Tabs for specific activities.
● Rulers: Word’s ruler measures your document and shows indenting and tabs.
Rulers show the positions of margins, tabs, indents and table columns on the
page.
● Help: The Help Icon can be used to get word related help anytime you like.
● Status Bar: Status Bar displays the document information as well as the inser-
tion point location. Displays information such as the current page number, the
number of words in the document.
● Document Area: Document area is the area where you type.
● File Tab: The main options accessible from the File tab are: Save, Save as,
Open, Close, Info, Recent, New, Print as well as other document settings.

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● View Buttons: View Buttons is used to switch between different views modes
for a document: Print Layout, Full Screen Reading, Web Layout, Outline and
Draft.
● Zoom control: Zoom control allows you to zoom in and out of a document to
view it at a selected zoom level.
Save word document

If you’re saving a document for the first time, go to the File menu and choose Save
As. By utilizing the Save in field and providing the file name in the File Name area in
the Save As dialog box, you may select the location where the file will be saved. It is
required to select the Save command from the File menu for each subsequent saving.

gure 3.14: Picture that shows steps to save the document

Microsoft Word automatically adds the .docx suffix to the document name. This is
used by the computer to recognize what type of file this is.

Close word Processor

● click the Close button placed on the window’s title bar

● open the File menu: choose the Exit command

Figure 3.15: Pictures that shows steps to close the document

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Activity 3.2 Review Questions

I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE
1. Locate where the word processing software is in the computer and open, save and
close the document. 1. Computer hardware and software require each other, and neither can be realisti-
cally used on its own. 
2. Using Word processer, write a text about yourself. Put your name and class section 2. By default the Save,Undo and Repeat icons appear on the status bar.
at the top of the document and include text on: what is your favorite food? , What 3. A word processor allows you can check spelling and grammar.
do you want to be in the future?Who is your friend? etc.
4. View Buttons is used to switch between different views modes for a document.
3. Use the View icons on the status bar to switch between the different views of the 5. Computer hardware can perform any task alone.
document. 6. System software does not accomplish specific task to the user.
7. Application Software’s are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular
4. Save the document created in Task 1 to your user desktop calling it My_history. environment.
docx.
8. Spreadsheet is example of system software.
5. Close the Word Help dialogue box by clicking on close at the top‐right of the Help
dialogue box.
II. Write the correct answer on the space provided.
1. Using _____________________ application program you can add pictures, ta-
Summary bles, and charts to your documents.
2. __________________________ is responsible for controlling, integrating, and
● Computer software is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the
managing the individual hardware components of a computer system.
computer how to work.
3. _________________________ is elements of word processer that shows the pro-
● Computer hardware and software require each other, and neither can be real- gram and document titles.
istically used on its own. 4. ________________________ is example of system software which is normally
● There are two types of computer software: System Software and Application used by the programmer to develop application program.
Software 5. ______________ is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the com-
● System software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the puter how to work.
individual hardware components of a computer system. 6. Computer software can be classified as ____________________ and
● Application Software is software that helps the user in completing tasks. ___________________.
● Operating Systems, utility software and programming languages are 7. Every computer system runs under the control of __________________.
some examples of system software. 8. __________________ is also known as end-user programs.
● Word processing, Spreadsheet, Database management, Graphics soft- III. Discussion questions
ware, Presentation application software’s are some examples of applica-
tion software. 1. Define computer Hardware and software.
2. What are main features of word processer?
● A word processor is an application program that allows users to create,
edit, and print documents. 3. Explain the steps to create and save a word processing document in MS-Word.
4. List and explain examples of utility program.
● MS-Word is a member of the MS-Office family provided by Microsoft.
5. Define Computer hardware.
● Text can be entered anywhere in a document area by placing the cursor
6. Give the differences between System and Application software.
at that place.
7. Define operating system.
● To start Word Processor, on the Start menu click All Programs and from the
8. What is utility program?
Microsoft Office folder select Microsoft Word 2010.

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UNIT

4 INTERNET

UNIT OUTCOME
AT THE END OF THIS UNIT, LEARNERS WILL BE ABLE TO :
● define Internet
● identify the internet and the world wide web
● list and describe different types of browser
● open a browser and identify the screen elements
● use web addresses to access websites
4.1. DEFINITION OF INTERNET

Have you ever heard the term internet?

A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the
computer to communicate with another computer. Computer networks are the ba-
sis of communication in Information Technology (IT). Internet is a  network of net-
works that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks
of local to global scope. It is a collection of computers, all linked together, to share/
access information globally.

Figure 4.1: Picture that shows sample Internet

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Who owns internet? quests for viewing or exploring that web site. Example Apache Web Server nad Mic-
rosoft’s Internet Information Services (IIS).
In actual terms no one owns the Internet, and no single person or organization con-
trols the Internet in its entirety. It is owned by everyone that uses it. ● Web Address
Basic Internet Terminologies A web address is the address or location of information and resources available on the
internet. The address of the web page is called Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that
● Internet versus web displayed in the browser window. Each web address on the web has to be uniquely
The Internet is a global network of networks while the Web is a means of accessing different to be able to identify it. The detail structures of a web address is presented
information available on the Internet using software called a browser and it is a syn- in section 4.3.
onym for the World Wide Web. World Wide Web is a collection of information which
is accessed via the Internet. Activity 4.1
● Website
1. Discuss in group about website and a web pages; write the difference be-
A website is composed of a web page or collection of related web pages linked to-
tween them and present your report to the class.
gether to have more information. A computer with a domain name is called a website
(site). The top-level domains are .com, .edu, .org, and .net. For example, when you
decide to buy books at the online site of a bookseller, you would visit its website. Each
website has a unique address. The details about the web address are given in the web
address section below. A single page of information containing text, images, sound, 4.2. THE SCREEN ELEMENTS AND VIEWS OF INTERNET BROWSERS
or video clips on a website is called web page.
● Home page ● Internet Explorer
Home page is the first page of a particular website with links to other pages in the
website. The first page you see on a website is like the title page of a book. This is
usually also referred as a welcome page that identifies the website and contains links
to other web pages at the site. For example, If you have your own personal website,
it might consist of just one page while other large websites have many pages. The
contents of home pages often change.
● Browser
A browser is a software tool for exploring the Internet. A web browser, or simply
browser, is software that enables users to locate and view web pages and to move
from one page to another. It is what you use to get around the web. A web browser
makes it easy to navigate the web, to search, and to download items. A browser runs
on users’ computers and allows them to view and interact with the web pages on the
World Wide Web. Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Netscape, Safari,
Opera, etc. are the most common examples web browsers. The screen elements and
detail views of these browsers are discussed in section 4.2.
● Search Engine
Search engine is an internet tool that facilitates and speeds the search for information
and resources on the internet. Google (www.google.com) and Yahoo (www.yahoo.
com) are the most common examples of search engines.
● Web Server
A web server is a computer that stores a web site, and is responsible for servicing re- Figure 4.2: Picture that shows sample internet explorer browser image

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● Opera
● Mozilla Firefox

Figure 4.5: Picture that shows sample Opera browser image

Screen elements of internet explorer
Figure 4.3: Picture that shows sample Mozilla Firefox browser image
● Google Chrome

Figure 4.4: Picture that shows sample Google Chrome image

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One typing the URL in the address bar, to access a web page, you can click the GO button

(or press the Enter key from the keyboard).

● Status bar: the status bar is a bar at the bottom of the browser window that
displays messages such as a webpage’s download progress.

Figure 4.6: Picture that shows sample Internet Explorer browser window elements
● Menu bar: a menu bar is a horizontal strip that contains lists of available
menus for a certain program or application interface.

Figure 4.10: Picture that shows status bar of internet explorer browser
● Command bar: the Command Bar is a bar which displays the menu informs
Figure 4.7: Picture that shows sample menu bar of internet explorer browser
of buttons or icons.

● The favorites or links bar: A favorite bar can be also called navigation bar or
link bar. It is a sub region of a web page that contains hypertextlinks in order
to navigate between the pages of a website.

Figure 4.11: Picture that shows command bar of internet explorer

● Closing and exiting internet browser
Figure4. 8: Picture that shows favorites or link bar of internet explorer browser Steps to close/exit a web browser, click close button on the upper right corner of the
● Address bar: an address bar is also referred as a location bar or URL bar that window or select Exit from file menu in the current windows.
let you type a web address.

Activity 4.2

1. Open a browser on one of your school computer Laboratory. List and de-
scribe the basic screen elements of the browser that you opened

Figure 4.9: Picture that shows Address bar of internet explorer browser

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4.3. STRUCTURES OF WEB ADDRESS AND ACCESSING A WEBSITE Accessing a website

To visit a website, users should type the URL (which is the site’s address) on the web The use of a browser or a search engine to look for information on the internet. The
browser. Usually a URL is used to specify the particular machine path by which a file major use of Internet is for searching the information stored in millions of computers
name accesses the resources through the client. For example, http://www.google.com, of the Internet. Whether you are a doctor, an engineer, a teacher, a student or busi-
is the address of a Google server. The URL consists of 4 main parts: nessman; the Internet can keep you update about the latest issues in your field and
● Hypertext transfer protocol (e.g http:// ) the past issues already occurred. You can search for the information, take part in on-
line test, audio or video conversation or you can share the information with the other
● World Wide Web, means web pages (www) users of the Internet.
● Domain name (google)
● Domain extension (.com) To access information from a particular website, you should have to know the the
URL of the website. For example, to access information about Ethiopian grade seven
There are various domain extensions where their name identifies the type of website.
students, you need to know the website of the Federal Democratic Governmant of
The most common domains extensions are: -
Ethiopia Ministry of Education which is http://www.moe.gov.et, then you can type this
● .org - nonprofit or private organization address on the address bar of your browser and follow the link for the information
● .edu – education institution (belongs to educational institutions) that you would like to access.
● .gov – government site
To access information from internet students might use different searching techniques
● .mil – military site,
and searching parameter which are usually called the quick finder parameters or key-
● .co.uk - in the UK, words. Keyword searching refers to a search type in which you enter words in a search
● .com – commercial site, box representing the concepts you wish to retrieve. In a keyword search, you can type
in a few important words that explain what you are looking for from the internet. For
● .net – network site,
example, to search information about the battle between Ethiopia and Italy, you can
● .et - in Ethiopia, etc. use the keyword “Adawa Victory”.
Opening search engines
Here is a typical website of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Minis-
When you load the search engine that you need on your web browser, you can get a
try of Education: http://www.moe.gov.et screen with various search engine feature. Example: Google, Yahoo, Yandex, Aol., ask.
There are four parts to this particular website: com, Baidu, and Bing
● A web address always begins with “http://“ which stands for hypertext trans-
fer protocol that refers to the manner in which web pages are sent over the
Internet.
● A web address typically includes “www” which is short for World Wide Web.
However, some web addresses (including those that allow you to access your
e-mail over the web) do not have the www as part of their address.
● A web address includes a site name. In the example above, the site name is
“moe”, which stands for Ministry of Education.
● A web address includes a domain name. In the example above the category
is “.gov.et” that refers to government site in Ethiopia. There is occasionally a
slash (“/”) and some text following the domain name. This typically represents
a specific web page within the web site Figure 4.12: Picture that shows sample features of Google search engine

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Unit Summary
● Internet is the network that is available to users across the globe.
● The major use of Internet is for searching the information stored in millions of
computers of the Internet.
● A web browser, or simply browser, is software that enables users to locate and
view web pages and to move from one page to another. For example, Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, etc.
● Screen elements of Internet Explorer are: Menu bar, Address bar, Standard
toolbar, Status bar etc.
● Examples of popular search engines are Google and Yahoo.

Review Questions
Figure 4.13: Picture that shows sample features of yahoo search engine I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE
1. Internet is owned by everyone that uses it.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
2. Search engine and web browsers are the same terms.
To connect to the Internet, we have to connect our computer to the computer server
of Internet Service Provider (ISP). ISP’s are companies which provide Internet related 3. Google is one of the popular search engine.
services to its users. ISP’s have special computers called Internet Servers which are
4. ‘Kids’ can be used as a keyword to search news about Ethiopian athletics in world athletic champion.
connected to the Internet from one end and to several users from the other end. Ex-
ample, Ethiotelecom is an ISP in Ethiopia. II. Write the correct answer on the space provided.
1. The network of network is called........................................
Dear student, do you know any other ISP in Ethiopia?
2. The domain name of educational institutes is called a..............................

Dear students, in grade 8, you will learn about emails, FTP, social net- 3. .................................is a single page of a website.
works and other different services of internet. 4. A collection of information which is accessed via the Internet is called................

II. Discussion questions

Activity 4.3 1. What is Internet? Where do we get internet service?

1. Search information about COVID-19 and write a half page report. 2. Explain the difference between internet and network?

2. Open the internet browser and find the Ethiopian national archive and li- 3. Define website, Home page, and a web page.
brary agency website address
4. List at least 4 different types of browser.

5. List the screen elements of your preferred browser

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UNIT

5 SECURITY AND SAFETY OF COMPUTER

UNIT OUTCOME
AT THE END OF THIS UNIT, LEARNERS WILL BE ABLE TO :
● Carefully Handle components of the computer system
● Properly clean hardware components of the computer
● Turn on and shut down the computer system properly
● Using a password to protect a computer

5.1. CARE FOR A COMPUTER

In unit two, you have covered the different components of computer system.
This unit mainly focus on how to handle and properly use it.

Improper use of the computer is one of the most dangerous physical hazards in the
workplace where a hazard is defined as ‘anything that could cause harm’.
Sitting at the computer, using the keyboard and looking at the screen for long periods
of time, will often result in back pain, stiff neck and shoulders, sore hands and wrists
and tired legs.

Dear students, you will learn the impact of improper use of computer
on our health which referred as “computer Ergonomics” in Grade 8.
Guidelines should be followed to prevent damage to computing equipment or injury
to people which is usually referred to as precautions. The following are very import-
ant precautions:
● Before cleaning any electrical equipment make sure that it is  switched
off and unplugged from the mains.
● Allow certain equipment, such as monitors and laser printers, to cool down
and lose their capacitance (charge) before cleaning them for at least 30 min-
utes.
● When cleaning inside the PC, or handling parts from a PC such as hard disk or
circuit boards, you should earth yourself using antistatic wrist strap.
● Always refer to the manufactures manual before attempting to clean any
equipment, because improper cleaning or maintenance may be dangerous

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For cleaning computer equipment, please use only specifically designed cleaners. Un-
suitable cleaners may: The single best way to care for our computer is to provide it with routine care. Basic
● Cause dangerous fumes that is dangerous to inhale software and hardware maintenance is easy to perform and extends the life of our
computer.
● Damage the plastics used in computer hardware
● Release ozone-damaging gases Activity 5.1

● Not clean effectively

In addition to above the precautions, to prevent dangerous physical hazards from 1. Make a group and discuss how to prevent dangerous physical hazard from
happening we should also: happening in your computer laboratory.
● Provide a safe and healthy workplace 2. Visit your school computer Laboratory and write a report about the safety
● Recognize hazards in the workplace signs and their meaning.

● Assess the risks of the hazards in your workplace

● Control the hazards in your workplace
5.2. CLEANING COMPUTER HARDWARE COMPONENTS
● Follow Manufacturer’s requirements
why cleaning your computer?
● Apply Occupational Health and Safety (OH & S) requirements and safe work
You probably like a tidy home. It is a good idea to keep your computer tidy, too. Cleaning
practices your computer’s hardware and software is important for a lot of reasons.
Safety Signs and Hazards
Clean hardware can help your computer run more smoothly and extend your com-
Safety signs and symbols are displayed to alert students and staff members of the puter’s lifespan, which can save time and money. Regular cleaning protects your in-
public to danger areas in and around computer laboratory. vestment and your data. When you wipe off the screen and empty crumbs from your
keyboard, you’re helping your equipment perform better and you reduce the risk it
will cause.
Dust acts as an insulator that prevents air from circulating over or through the compo-
nents and this can cause overheating. If dust contains conductive particles it can also
Wear mask First Aid Eye Protection cause a short circuit, which can damage components or even cause a fire. Therefore,
by regularly cleaning dust out of the fan vents and case, you can help protect the sys-
tem from overheating and causing permanent damage to the internal parts of your
computer and the information you store on it.
How often does cleaning need to be done?
No Smoking Watch Your Step Hearing Protection

Dust off the outside of your computer with a soft, dry cloth at least once a week. If you
don’t want to hurt your PC’s performance and lifespan with the added stress and heat,
give it a deep cleaning at least every three to six months.

Fire extinguisher Slippery Floor

Electrical Hazard Dust isn’t just unattractive—it can potentially damage or even destroy parts of your computer. Clean-
ing your computer regularly will help you keep it working properly and avoid expensive repairs.

Cleaning kits
Figure 5.1: picture that shows Safety Signs and Hazards in a computer Laboratory t way to care The contents of kits may vary, but generally kits include items listed in Table 5.1:

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Table 5.1: Computer cleaning kits

Cleaning Computer Hardware Components

Item It’s use
Small brush Or dusting components of electrical equipment Monitors
Antistatic grounding Dirt, fingerprints, and dust can make your computer screen difficult to read; however,
To earth yourself while cleaning inside a PC
strap
Are used with isopropyl alcohol, which is dabbed on the it’s easy to clean your screen when needed. Carefully clean dust away from the vents
Lint-free foam cleaning in the monitor’s enclosure using a vacuum cleaner. Anything other than a vacuum
bud and then used to clean such components as the
swabs or buds (looks
edge connectors on cards, the contacts inside mice, and cleaner (e.g. an air blower) is likely to push the dust inside the enclosure where it can
like cotton buds)
keyboards. lie on electrical components, causing failure. There are also other monitor-cleaning
Are small lint-free cloths for cleaning the system unit kits you can buy, but they may damage your monitor if they’re designed for a different
Cleaning wipes
casing, monitor and keyboard
Not only helps clean the edge connectors and electrical type of monitor. For example, a monitor cleaner that is designed for glass screens may
Contact cleaning solu- not work with some non-glass LCD screens. The safest method is simply to use a soft
contacts inside the PC but also helps to promote reli-
tion
able connections. clean cloth moistened with water.
Is used for blasting dust out of obscure corners which
Compressed air
might not be able to reach with a mini vacuum cleaner.
sists of an outer shell and replaceable inner mate- When you clean your computer monitor, you should:
Cleaning disks for 3.5
rial on to which you put a few drops of special cleaning ● Turn off the computer.
and 5 1/4 disk drives
fluid.
Cleans dust and grease from the CD. Also keep the CDs ● Unplug  the monitor from the power. If you are using a laptop, unplug the
CD-Cleaning kit in their cases, handle them by edges and periodically laptop.
clean them using the cleaning kit. ● Use a soft clean cloth moistened with water to wipe the screen clean.
Cleaning sheets for laser
Are fed through the device in the normal way for paper, Do not spray any liquids directly onto the screen. The liquid could leak into the monitor and
printers, plain-paper fax
but they remove toner, dirt and dust from the paper damage the internal components.
machines and photo-
path, which improves the print quality.
copiers Do not use glass cleaner to clean a monitor. Many screens have anti-glare coatings that can
be damaged by glass cleaner.

Keyboards
The keyboard tends to not only accumulate a lot of dust and skin residue but also
some hair and lint form clothing. Pick up your keyboard, turn it over, and gently pat it
on the back to dislodge crumbs, stray hairs, and other tiny bits of dirt. If you’re having
Small brush Lint-free foam
trouble removing sticky dirt, try using a cotton swab dipped in rubbing alcohol, or the
cleaning mixtures mentioned above.
Gently wiping around the keys can help keep the keys from sticking or failing. If your
keyboard is acting up, you may need to open it in order to “deep clean.” Check your
computer or keyboard manual for instructions on how to open and clean this compo-
nent safely.
Mouse
Contact cleaning Compressed air CD-Cleaning kit The mouse tends to accumulate a mixture of dust and skin residue from the surface
it rolls on. As you have learned in chapter two, there are two main mouse types: opti-
cal and mechanical. Each is cleaned basically in the same way, although the mechani-
Figure 5.2: Pictures that shows sample cleaning tools of computer system cal mouse requires a bit more work.
Optical mousses require no internal cleaning because they do not contain any rotat-

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ing parts; however, they can get sticky over time as dust collects near the light emitter.
This can cause erratic cursor movement or pre
While Mechanical mouses are especially susceptible to  dust  and  particles  that can
accumulate inside the mouse. It can make it difficult to track or move properly. If the
mouse pointer does not move smoothly, the mouse may need to be cleaned.
Therefore to properly clean the mouse follow the below basic cleaning tips below:
● Unplug the mouse from the USB or PS/2 port. If the mouse is plugged into
the PS/2 port, you will need to shut down the computer before unplugging it.
● Moisten a cotton cloth with rubbing alcohol, and use it to clean the top and
bottom of the mouse.
● If you have a  mechanical mouse, remove the  tracking ball  by turning
the  ball-cover ring  counter-clockwise. Then clean the tracking ball and the
inside of the mouse with a cotton cloth moistened with rubbing alcohol.
Figure 5.3: Picture that shows Starting up and shutting down of a computer properly
● Allow all of the parts to dry before reassembling and reconnecting the mouse.
If you are connecting it to a PS/2 port, you will need to connect it before turn-
ing on the computer.
Dear students, check where you can find the USB or PS/2 port in computer. Shutting down your compute
In a computer with Windows 10 operating system, when you are finished with your
Activity 5.2 computer session, you can do any of the following:
1. Discuss in group about the cleaning kits and list at least two other cleaning Shut down:  To turn off your PC in Windows 10, select the  Start button, select
kits that are not listed in Table 5.1. the Power   button, and then select Shut down.

5.3. STARTING UP AND SHUTTING DOWN A COMPUTER PROPERLY

Before starting your computer for the first time, take a moment to check the computer
parts connected and seated properly. In the case of our country, Ethiopia, the correct
power setting is 220 Volt outlets. Plug the power cord into the power supply, and the
other end into a divider.
To power on and off the computer, follow the steps bellow:
● We need to plug or connect devices such as keyboard, monitor, and mouse to
their appropriate connectors in to the system unit.
● Press the power button of the system unit and then press the power button of
the monitor if it does not turn on by itself when you turn on the system unit.
Once we pressed the power button, we should wait until the operating system loads
automatically. At that point, the operating system’s desktop (or other interface) may
appear, or you may be prompted to sign in. If prompted to type a password and sign
in, you need to know or have a password of that computer. To know more about pass-
Figure 5.4: Picture that shows sample shutdown a computer with windows 10 operating sys-
word please read section 5.4.
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Sleep: The computer goes into a low power-consumption mode that keeps only the
5.4. COMPUTER SECURITY
memory powered; it appears to be off, but when you turn it back on again, it comes back up faster
because the memory has remained powered. owered. The term computer security is the protection of computer systems and information
from unauthorized use. The meaning of the term computer security has evolved in
recent years. Before the problem of data security became widely publicized in the me-
dia, most people’s idea of computer security focused on the physical machine. Tradi-
tionally, computer facilities have been physically protected for the following reasons:
● To prevent theft of or damage to the hardware
● To prevent theft of or damage to the information
● To prevent disruption of service
Depending on the operating system and the way it is set up, you may be prompted to
sign in, to your computer system, by selecting a user account. If that account is pass-
word-protected, you will also be asked for the password.
Creating a User Account and Setting a Password
Figure 5.5: Picture that shows sample sleep a computer with windows 10 operating system To use a computer everybody needs to setup a user account. A user account helps the
Sign Out: Using this command, it signs out your user account and displays a prompt operating system of your computer to recognize who is sitting at the keyboard. Win-
for someone else to sign in. To sign out, you can click the currently signed-in user dows operation system offers three types of user accounts: Administrator, Standard,
name in the upper-right corner of the Start screen, and then choose Sign Out from the and Guest. The details of each account are given bellow.
menu then choose Sign Out from the menu.

Figure 5.6: Picture that shows sign out from current user account in Windows 10

Activity 5.3
1. When do we need put our computer in shut down and sleep mode.
2. Do you think that the power outlet of countries in the world are the same
to 220 Volt?
Figure 5.6: Picture that shows password setting for a user account

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● Administrator: The administrator controls the entire computer, deciding who Some useful tips are provided below for creating strong passwords and keeping our
gets to play with it and each user may do on it. computer system and information secured:
● Standard:  Standard account holders can access most of the computer, but ● Use a unique password for your computer system account.
they can’t make any big changes to it. They cannot run or install new pro- ● Your password should be at least 8 characters long that consist of lowercase
grams, for example, but they can run existing programs. and uppercase letters, numbers and symbols.
● Guest: Guests can play with the computer, but the computer does not recognize ● A long password will offer more protection than a short password if it is prop-
them by name. Guest accounts function much like Standard accounts but with erly created.
no privacy: Anybody can sign in with the Guest account, and the desktop will
● Do not use personal information such as your name, age, date of birth, fami-
look the way the last guest left it.
ly’s name, or favorite color when creating your password.
To begin using with computer, people click their account’s name and picture when the
Windows Sign In screen first appears, as shown in figure 5.7. ● Avoid consecutive keyboard combinations (i.e. QWERTY), consecutive alpha-
bets (e.g abcd), and numbers (e.g 12345).
● Look around and make sure no one is watching while you enter your pass-
word. Never tell your password to anyone.
● Never write down your passwords on a sticky paper and hide underneath your
workstation or computer because somebody will find it.

We all have a responsibility to keep our information secure. A password is sometimes called
a passcode or passkey when the password uses only numbers, such as a personal identifica-
tion number (PIN).

Activity 5.4

1. What is the problem if our computer is not protecting by a password?

Figure 5.7: Picture that shows Click one’s Own account’s name and to sign in to the computer system
Windows 10 operating system also offers a special Standard account for children called 2. What is a strong password? Please give two examples of a strong password.
Child account whose setting is actually just a Standard account with the Family Safety set-
tings automatically turned on.

What is Password? Unit summary

A password is a string of characters used to verify the identity of a user during the au- ● Improper use of the computer is one of the most dangerous physical haz-
thentication  process. It  provides the first line of defense against unauthorized ac- ards in the workplace where a hazard is defined as ‘anything that could cause
cess to our computer and personal information. The stronger the password, the more harm’.
protected our computer will be from hackers and unauthorized access. We have the ● Safety signs and symbols are displayed to alert students and staff members of
right to choose our own password to protect our computer from unauthorized access. the public to danger areas in and around the computer Laboratory
It is recommended as computer system owners should maintain strong passwords for
● Both Students and staff members should know safety signs and hazards in
all accounts on your computer.
computer laboratory
● To run your computer more smoothly and extend it’s lifespan, you should
clean the hardware components properly .
Figure 8:Picture that shows sample types of passwords to login to our system on windows 10 ● Computer security is the process of safeguarding a computer from unautho-
rized access.

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● A password is a set of alphabets and numbers or special symbols that used to

verify the identity of a user during the authentication process.
● Windows operation system offers three types of user accounts: Administrator,
Standard, and Guest accounts.

Review Questions

I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE

1. It is not mandatory to unplug power cable from the main power outlet during cleaning
a computer.

2. Wearing a mask in computer laboratory helps you to protect COVID-19.

3. Password is one of the computer security techniques to protect a computer from unau-
thorized users.
II. Write the correct answer on the space provided.

1. A user account that controls the whole computer system is called........................

2. The process of protecting a computer from unauthorized users is called ..............

3. ............................. are symbols displayed to alert students to danger areas in and around
the computer Laboratory.

4. The event, after finishing a computer session, when computer goes into a low pow-
er-consumption mode that keeps only the memory powered is called..........

5. ............... acts as an insulator that prevents air from circulating over or through the com-
ponents and this can cause overheating
III. Discussion questions
1. What is computer security?

2. Write the steps to change the computer from ‘ON’ to ‘SLEEP’ mode in windows 10 operating system.

3. List at least 4 computer hardware cleaning kits and use.

4. List the three types of user account in windows 10 operation system.

5. Write the effect of using unsuitable cleaner for cleaning computer hardware components.

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UNIT Why should we learn the LOGO language?

6
● Because it is lots of fun.
LOGO ● Enhances the logical sense of the children.
● Develops programming skills.
● It is real Computer Science.
UNIT OUTCOME
AT THE END OF THIS UNIT, LEARNERS WILL BE ABLE TO : LOGO is a very easy and interesting programming language to learn. It has enough
● define LOGO depth to virtually do anything, which can be done in any other computer program-
● describe graphical elements of LOGO ming language.
● write procedures on LOGO environment How to download and install MSW LOGO Software?
If LOGO Programming software is not installed on our computer, we can get it for free
from the following link:
6.1. LOGO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE https://www.softronix.com/mswLOGO .html Or we can use the online version of LOGO
software from the following link:
What is programming language? https://www.transum.org/Software/LOGO /
Installation steps of MSWLOGO
A programming language is an artificial language designed to express computations After the downloading is completed, install the MSWLOGO using the following steps.
that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languag- 1. Click the .exe file twice to running the Installation process
es can be used to create programs or set of instructions that tell a computer how to
2. Then follow the windows installation instruction that appear until finished
perform a task. LOGO is the programming language that will be covered in this unit.
LOGO is an acronym for Logic Oriented Graphics Oriented and a high level program- 3. Now, the MSWLOGO icon will appear on your Desktop, as shown below in
ming language specifically designed for its ease of use and graphics capabilities. LOGO figure 6.1
was originally developed in 1967 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), a Cambridge, 4. Click on the icon to running the Application into your windows 10 pc.
Massachusetts research firm in United States, by Wally Feurzeig and Seymour Pap-
ert. Its intellectual roots are in artificial intelligence, mathematical logic and develop-
mental psychology. It was originally designed to introduce children to programming
concepts, and to help develop better thinking skills that could be transferred to other
contexts. It is easy to learn, easy to use, easy to read, but also powerful and able to
cope with complex problems.
LOGO is so easy that it can be understood by the 7 to 77 years old. LOGO’s graphics
language is called turtle graphics, which allows complex graphics images to be creat-
ed with a minimum of coding. LOGO has evolved into a powerful computer language.
LOGO is considered an interpreted language because its programs are executed by Figure 6.1: Picture that shows LOGO Programing icon
an interpreter. It is a programming language that is very simple and easy to learn. It is
used for teaching students and children how to program a computer. Steps to Open MSW LOGO
ant precautions: To open the MSW LOGO, you can open by clicking on the icon shown in figure 6.1
directly from the desktop or you can use the following steps.

✍  Open MSW LOGO on your computer.

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1. Go to the START button. 6.2. GRAPHICAL ELEMENTS OF LOGO

2. Go to PROGRAMS. The Microsoft Window (MSW) LOGO screen has two parts:
3. Go to MICROSOFT WINDOWS LOGO. ● A Main screen/graphics window: is also known as the graphic screen. It is
4. Click on MSWLOGO. the place to draw pictures or figures. The triangle shape in the center of the
graphic screen is called Turtle.  Turtle moves on the screen according to the
commands given by you. These commands are also known as primitives.
Once you have opened the MSWLOGO application, you can run the demonstration ● A Commander window: is the place to give commands to the Turtle.
by clicking on Help menu and then click on Demo. Also, if you would like to run the
tutorial click on Tutorial.

Figure 6.2. The two main parts of MSW LOGO

The details of some MSW LOGO screen elements are given below:
● Title bar: Title bar contains the name of program (MSW LOGO).
● Menu bar: Menu bar contains various options for handling, editing and for-
matting file. Menu titles contain various sub-options which come when these
menu titles are clicked upon.
● Button bar: Button bar provides additional shortcuts for LOGO commands.
To execute a button command, position the mouse cursor on the button and
press the left mouse button.
● Listener window: Listener window is the area where the commands are typed.
You will see small question marks (?) in this area.
Figure 6.1: Picture that shows how to open a LOGO ● Command Input Box: It is where you type commands in and execute them by
clicking on the Execute button or by pressing the Enter key on the keyboard.
Activity 6.1 The command input box is located in the bottom left portion of the com-
1. Discuss in group and write the difference between programming language mander window.
and natural language. ●  Output or Command-Recall List Box: - Displays and records all the com-
2. What is the purpose of computer programming language?. mands that are executed and also any messages which are outputs of these
commands. Output or command-recall list box is located above the Com-
mand Input Box.
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-250; etc. If the turtle tries to walk off onto one side of the screen, it wraps around. The
right side wraps to the left side and the top wraps to the bottom. Many programming
systems work on the same kind of two-axis ‘xy’ coordinate plane, which we work with
in Algebra as well.

Figure 6.3. Graphical elements of MSW LOGO

Basic LOGO Drawing Commands
Basic LOGO Drawing Commands move the Turtle forward and backward and also turn
it right or left. LOGO Drawing Commands understands only LOGO commands. Center
of the screen is the home of the turtle. Basic commands and their abbreviations are
given below − Here, ‘0 0’ is the center, or origin (no comma or parentheses here!). In its centered,
fd – forward zoom-”normal” state, LOGO ‘s drawing screen shows an area of about 150 points up
or down and 300 points right or left from the center. The turtle can be directed with
bk – backward headings that correspond to a compass rose, with 0 or 360 degrees pointing straight
rt – right up, 90 degrees straight to the right, and so on. You can set a variable to a number
between 0 and 360 and then walk on that path.
lt – left
LOGO commands described above such as FORWARD and BACK are called primitive
cs – clearscreen procedures. They are words that LOGO already knows. Part of the power of LOGO is that
Either version of these commands can be used. Except the cs command, each of these you can add new words to the language and then use them as if they were built-in. The details
commands must be followed by one value called as its argument. The arguments for on how to create a new words usually called procedure are presented in the following sections.
fd and bk are units; those of rt and lt are angles that can be any integer.

Activity 6.2
Examples:
● forward 10 or fd 10 means go forward 10 steps 1. List and describe the major MSW LOGO screen element.

● right 90 or rt 90 means right turn 90 degrees 2. Write the MSW LOGO drawing commands that move the turtle 20 steps for-
ward, then turn 50 degree left and move 20 steps forward. Draw the shape
● left 90 or lt 90 means left turn 90 degrees created by this command on a sheet of paper.
● back 10 or bk 10 means go back 10 steps
● clear screen or cs means erase all drawings and sets the turtle at the center.
The graphics window has a coordinate system. The values of the two coordinates (nor-
mally called x and y) at the center are 0, 0. At the northeast corner, they are 250, 250;
at the southeast corner, they are 250, -250. At the southwest corner, they are -250,
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6.3. PROCEDURES ON LOGO ENVIRONMENT Defining a Procedure

A procedure is a set of instructions that is given a name that describes it. It is an ab- To define a Procedure we use a special form of LOGO instruction called the TO command.
straction from the low-level details that define how it works to a higher-level expres- Steps to write a PROCEDURE using TO commands:
sion of the idea or concept of what it does when we run it. Usually it is much easier to STEP 1 : Click in the Command Input Box
type a one-word procedure name than to type all of the instructions that would do STEP 2 : Type <TO> followed by a name for the procedure, for example: TO SQUARE
the same thing. For example would we rather type SQUARE or REPEAT 4 [FORWARD
100 RIGHT 90] every time we want a square? Procedures also help us to organize a STEP 3 : Now, press the <Enter> key
large project into smaller parts that work together to achieve a goal. Making changes STEP 4 : After pressing the <Enter> key, the To Mode Input box appears as shown
is easier, too. If we wanted to change the square to 50 turtle steps, modifying the pro- in figure 6.2.
cedure definition is much easier than making changes to each occurrence of the RE-
PEAT instructions. STEP 5 : Click inside the box
STEP 6 : Enter the commands one after the other, pressing the <Enter> key after
When we want to type the same sequence of commands over and over again, we each command
should consider defining a procedure. It will not only save our typing time, but also
STEP 7 : Type <END> to mark the end of the procedure
helps us to better understand what we are doing now and to more easily recall what
we did later. Procedures are also helpful when explaining our work to others, too.
Defining a procedure is so simple that we will often do that before even typing out a
long sequence of commands. A procedure’s name is one word that should describe
what the procedure does so that you can easily remember what it is for. A word in
LOGO can be just one character, but that’s not usually good for a procedure’s name.
We should always define the procedure before using it, otherwise we will receive a
message like “your procedure is not in LOGO ’s vocabulary yet” as illustrated in figure
6.4. Figure 6.5: Picture that shows To Mode Input box
Alternately, we can write a LOGO PROCEDURE using an EDITOR WINDOW. The Editor
Window allows you to make changes in an already existing procedure and also to
write new procedures. Steps to write a new procedure using Editor Window are given
below:
STEP 1: Click in the Command Input box and type <Edit “Square”> and press the
<Enter> key. Square is the name of a new procedure. The Editor Window appears as
shown in figure 6.6.

Figure 6.4. Picture that shows a message in the Listener window of MSW LOGO

NB: The procedure name should be simple and related to the action performed, the design
drawn, or something else that helps us to remember it. For example, SQUARE is a much Figure 6.6: Picture that shows the Editor Window of MSWLOGO
better name than EQUILATERAL.RECTANGLE.

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STEP 2 : Insert a blank line after the line containing TO SQUARE by pressing <Enter>
key. You will learn other advance concepts of LOGO programming such as recursive pro-
STEP 3 : Type the commands that you want to be included in the procedure as shown cedures, primitives, Variables, and Conditional Statements.
in figure 6.7
STEP 4 : Click on <File> in the Menu bar of the Editor window.
Activity 1.1
STEP 5 : Click on <Save and Exit> option in the Dropdown menu.
1. Define a procedure and give an example of a procedure that draws a 10 by 5
unit rectangle.

Unit Summary
● LOGO stands for Logic Oriented, Graphics Oriented.
● MSW LOGO screen is divided in two parts—Graphics window and Listener
window.
● CS command clears the graphics screen.
Figure 6.7: Picture that shows sample of procedure commands in editor window on MSW LOGO
● A procedure is a set of instructions that is given a name that describes it.
The instructions/commands you type in the Commands input box or editor window ● We can write a procedure in two ways using the “Input Box” or using the “Ed-
are remembered for later - not run immediately. That’s what a procedure definition itor window”.
is - the plan of what to do when asked. ● Procedures are small programs that can be called on again and again through
Running A Procedure one word without typing them all out.
Running a procedure means executing the set of commands typed and saved in the ● Running a procedure, means executing the set of commands typed and saved
procedure. A defined procedure can be called any time by simply typing the name in the procedure
of the procedure in the Command Input box. You can run a procedure by typing the ● The file saved in LOGO will have an extension .LGO.
name of the procedure, for example, SQUARE in the Command Input box and then
pressing the <Enter> key. For example, a SQUARE picture in figure 6.8 is a sample Review questions
output for the above defined procedure. I. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE

1. Command input box is one of the graphics elements of MSW LOGO .

2. MSW LOGO can only used to Draw figures.

3. FD 50 command makes the turtle take a half turn.

II. Write the correct answer on the space provided.

1. LOGO is acronym for___________________?

2. The shape of a turtle in MSW LOGO is like__________?

Figure 6.8: Picture that shows Sample output of a procedure defined in fig 6.7
3. The two main parts of LOGO windows are___________and__________.

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III. Coding/Discussion questions

1. What is another name of LOGO commands?

2. Where do we type the commands?

3. Who developed the MSW LOGO?

4. From which website, we can get MSW LOGO?

5. Which command is given to make the turtle take a half turn?

6. Why we define a Procedure?

7. How can we make the turtle reappear on the screen?

8. Which command does bring the turtle back to the center of the screen?

9. Write a procedure to draw the following diagrams:

a)

b)

c)

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