Scribd
Upload
116 views3 pages

Bergman5 36

This document presents a problem statement about using liquid droplet radiators to transfer heat from space stations to outer space. Droplets of oil are injected into space and allowed to radiate heat as they travel, cooling from 500K to 300K. The document calculates the distance required for this cooling to occur, given properties of the oil droplets and conditions of deep space. It determines that droplets traveling at 0.1 m/s would require a distance of 2.518 meters to cool from 500K to 300K, rejecting 0.022 Joules of thermal energy per droplet.

Uploaded by

Siddabathula Mahesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
116 views3 pages

Bergman5 36

This document presents a problem statement about using liquid droplet radiators to transfer heat from space stations to outer space. Droplets of oil are injected into space and allowed to radiate heat as they travel, cooling from 500K to 300K. The document calculates the distance required for this cooling to occur, given properties of the oil droplets and conditions of deep space. It determines that droplets traveling at 0.1 m/s would require a distance of 2.518 meters to cool from 500K to 300K, rejecting 0.022 Joules of thermal energy per droplet.

Uploaded by

Siddabathula Mahesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

1 bergman5-36.

mcd
Problem 5.36 of Bergman. (Short answer starting on p3 of this worksheet.)
Instructor: Nam Sun Wang

Problem Statement. As permanent space stations increase in size, there is an attendant increase in
the amount of electrical power they dissipate. To keep station compartment temperatures from
exceeding prescribed limits, it is necessary to transfer the dissipated heat to space. A novel heat
rejection scheme that has been proposed for this purpose is termed a Liquid Droplet Radiator (LDR).
The heat is first transferred to a high vacuum oil, which is then injected into outer space as a stream
of small droplets. The stream is allowed to traverse a distance L, over which it cools by radiating
energy to outer space at absolute zero temperature. The droplets are then collected and routed back
to the space station.

Consider conditions for which droplets of emissivity ε=0.95 and diameter D=0.5 mm are injected at a
temperature of Ti =500K and a velocity of V=0.1m/s. Properties of the oil are ρ=885 kg/m3 , cP=1900
J/(kg⋅K), and k=0.145 W/(m⋅K). Assuming each drop to radiate to deep space at T sur=0K, determine
the distance L required for the droplets to impact the collector at a final temperature of T f=300 K.
What is the amount of thermal energy rejected by each droplet?
Thermal properties.
8
ρ 885 kg/m3 cP 1900 J/(kg⋅K) k 0.145 W/(m⋅K) ε 0.95 σ 5.67. 10 W/(m2 ⋅K4 )

Ti 500 K Tf 300 K T sur 0 K


Physical geometry
3 D
D 0.5. 10 m R V 0.1 m/s
2
1-dimensional (in r-direction) energy balance equation with heat generation
2 dT 2 dT 2 dT 2
4 . π. r . Δr . ρ. c P. 4 . π. r . k . 4 . π. r . k . 4 . π. r . Δr . qdot
dt dr dr Δr
Let Δr go to 0 r r

dT 1 . d . 2. . dT
ρ. c P. r k qdot
dt r2 dr dr
2 bergman5-36.mcd
If k=constant, take the k term out of d()/dr
dT k . 1 . d . 2. dT qdot
r I.C. t 0 T( r , 0 ) T i( r )
dt ρ c P r dr
. 2 dr ρ. c P
B.C. r 0 dT( 0 , t )
0
qdot=0 dr
D
dT k . 1 . d . 2. dT r R 2 dT( R , t ) 2 4 4
r 2 4 . π. R . k . 4 . π. R . ε. σ. T( R , t ) T sur
dt ρ. c P r2 dr dr dr
dT( R , t ) ε. σ . 4 4
T( R , t ) T sur
non-dimensionalize (dependent variable T) dr k
T T sur
θ θ changes from 1 to 0 with time.
T i T sur
non-dimensionalize (independent variables, r and t)
r t
r' t' ⎯⎯→ R. dr' dr τ d . dt' dt T i T surr . dθ dT
R τd
Substituting dr, dt, and dT into the original dimensional PDE yields,
T i T sur dθ 1 . d . 2. 2. T i T sur . dθ R
2
2
ρ. c P energy_stored
. α. R r' τd R .
τd dt' 2 2 .
R . r' R dr' R dr' α k heat_transfer_rate

dθ 1 . d . 2. dθ I.C. t' 0 θ( r' , 0 ) 1


r'
dt' r'2 dr' dr' B.C. r' 0 dθ( 0 , t' )
0
dr'
dθ( 1 , t ) ε. σ . 4 4
r' 1 T( R , t ) T sur
dr' k
4 4 2 2
T T sur T T sur . T T sur . T T sur
dθ( 1 , t ) ε . σ. R . 2 2
T T sur . T T sur . θ
dr' k
The relevant dimensionless group that is analogous to the Biot number in convection is initially at
(which becomes smaller /w time because T decreases /w time):
resistance_due_to_conduction ε . σ. R . 2 2
Ti T sur . T i T sur = 0.012
resistance_due_to_radiation k
(For homework, if we do not check for validity of the lumped capacitance model, we can start right
here.) Since the above "Bi-like" number is small, radiation resistance dominates. d θ/dr'=0 at r'=1;
constant temperature throughout the droplet; T=T(t) (i.e., T is not a function of r'). We use the
following lumped capacitance model.
4 . . 3 . . . dT 2 4 4
πR ρcP 4 . π. R . ε. σ. T T sur
3 dt
length of time it takes to cool from T i =500K to Tf=300K
Tf
R. ρ. c P 1
t . dT
3 . ε. σ 4 4 t = 25.179 sec
T T sur
Ti
3 bergman5-36.mcd
Short answer -- simply plug numbers into Eqn 5.19 of Bergman (which was derived by following the
above heat balance steps)
4 3
ρ. . π. R . c P
3 . 1 1
t
2 3 3 t = 25.179 sec
3 . ε. 4 . π. R . σ T f Ti
L=distance the drops traveled L V. t L = 2.518 m
amount of thermal energy rejected by each droplet
4. . 3 . . .
ΔE π R ρ c P T f T i ΔE = 0.022 J/drop ("-" sign means loss of energy)
3
Comment. What if the Bi-like number is O(1) and we cannot resort to the lumped capacitance model?
Note that the B.C. for this problem involves T 4 , which is nonlinear; thus, the "exact" solution approach
via separation of variables, which is based on eigenvalue-eigenvector, does not apply.

You might also like