Mulungushi University

Lecturer: Muumbe K. Lweendo

MSc Eng. (Hohai), BEng (Unza), MEIZ, R.Eng
 2.0 Hydraulics Machines - Turbines

Introduction
➢ A hydraulic turbine is a prime mover (a machine which uses the raw energy of a
substance and converts it into mechanical energy) that uses the energy of flowing
water and converts it into mechanical energy (in the form of rotation of the
runner).
➢ This mechanical energy is used in running an electric generator which is directly
coupled to the shaft of the hydraulic turbine; from this electric generator, we get
electric power which can be transmitted over long distances by means of
transmission lines and transmission towers.
➢ The hydraulic turbines are also known as ‘water turbines’ since the fluid medium
used in them is water

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 2. Hydraulic Machines - Turbines

➢ Hydro (water) power is a conventional renewable

source of energy which is clean, free from pollution
and generally has a good environment effect.
However, the following factors are major obstacles
in the utilization of hydropower resources:

(i) Large investments,

(ii) Long gestation period, and
(iii) Increased cost of power transmission.

Flow sheet of hydroelectric

power plant.
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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

1. According to the head and quantity of water available :

(i) Impulse turbine ... requires high head and small quantity of flow.
(ii) Reaction turbine ... requires low head and high rate of flow.
Actually there are two types of reaction turbines, one for medium head and medium
flow and the other for low head and large flow.

2. According to the name of the originator :

(i) Pelton turbine ... named after Lester Allen Pelton of California (U.S.A.). It is an
impulse type of turbine and is used for high head and low discharge.
(ii) Francis turbine ... named after James Bichens Francis. It is a reaction type of
turbine from medium high to medium low heads and medium small to medium
large quantities of water.
(iii) Kalpan turbine ... named after Dr. Victor Kaplan. It is a reaction type of turbine
for low heads and large quantities of flow.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

3. According to action of water on the moving blades :

4. According to direction of flow of water in the runner :

(i) Tangential flow turbines (Pelton turbine)
(ii) Radial flow turbine (no more used)
(iii) Axial flow turbine (Kaplan turbine)
(iv) Mixed (radial and axial) flow turbine (Francis turbine).
➢ In tangential flow turbine of Pelton type the water strikes the runner tangential to the path
of rotation.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

➢ In axial flow turbine water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft. Kaplan turbine is an
axial flow turbine. In Kaplan turbine the runner blades are adjustable and can be rotated
about pivots fixed to the boss of the runner. If the runner blades of the axial flow turbines are
fixed, these are called “propeller turbines”.
➢ In mixed flow turbines the water enters the blades radially and comes out axially, parallel to
the turbine shaft. Modern Francis turbines have mixed flow runners.

5. According to the disposition of the turbine shaft :

Turbine shaft may be either vertical or horizontal. In modern practice, Pelton turbines usually
have horizontal shafts whereas the rest, especially the large units, have vertical shafts.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

6. According to specific speed :

➢ The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar turbine
that would develop 1 kW under 1 m head. All geometrically similar turbines (irrespective
of the sizes) will have the same specific speeds when operating under the same head.

➢ Turbines with low specific speeds work under high head and low discharge conditions,
while high specific speed turbines work under low head and high discharge conditions.

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Comparison between Impulse and Reaction Turbines
 IMPULSE TURBINES—PELTON WHEEL

➢ In an impulse turbine, the pressure energy of water is converted into kinetic energy when
passed through the nozzle and forms the high velocity jet of water. The formed water jet is
used for driving the wheel.

➢ Pelton wheel (named after the American engineer Lester Allen Pelton), among the various
impulse turbines that have been designed and utilized, is by far the important. The Pelton
wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine.
 Construction and working of Pelton Wheel/Turbine
➢ It consists of a wheel mounted on a shaft.
➢ Buckets are mounted on the periphery of the wheel
➢ Water is impinged on the buckets and energy is transferred
➢ The water has only kinetic energy
➢ Each bucket is shaped like a double hemispherical cup with a sharp edge at the center.
➢ Pelton wheel is used for high head of water (150- 2000m)
➢ The flow is tangential.
 Pelton Wheel

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 Pelton Wheel
➢ A Pelton wheel/turbine consists of a rotor, at the periphery of which are mounted equally spaced double hemispherical
or double ellipsoidal buckets.
➢ Water is transferred from a high head source through penstock which is fitted with a nozzle, through which the water
flows out at a high speed jet.
➢ A needle spear moving inside the nozzle controls the water flow through the nozzle and the same time, provides a
smooth flow with negligible energy loss.
➢ All the available potential energy is thus converted into kinetic energy before the jet strikes the buckets of the runner.
➢ The pressure all over the wheel is constant and equal to atmosphere, so that energy transfer occurs due to purely impulse
action.
➢ The Pelton turbine is provided with a casing the function of which is to prevent the splashing of water and to discharge
water to the tail race.
➢ When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the spear in the forward direction the amount of water striking the
runner is reduced to zero but the runner due to inertia continues revolving for a long time.
➢ In order to bring the runner to rest in a short time, a nozzle (brake) is provided which directs the jet of water on the back
of buckets; this jet of water is called braking jet.
➢ Speed of the turbine runner is kept constant by a governing mechanism that automatically regulates the quantity of
water flowing through the runner in accordance with any variation of load.

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 Reaction Turbine
➢ In reaction turbines, the runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. As the water
flows through the stationary parts of the turbine, whole of its pressure energy is not
transformed to kinetic energy and when the water flows through the moving parts, there is a
change both in pressure and in the direction and velocity of flow of water.
➢ As the water gives up its energy to the runner, both its pressure and absolute velocity get
reduced. The water which acts on the runner blades is under a pressure above atmospheric
and the runner passages are always completely filled with water.

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 Reaction Turbine
Francis Turbine
➢ The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working
fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy.
➢ A casement is needed to contain the water flow.
➢ The turbine is located between the high pressure water source and the low
pressure water exit, usually at the base of a dam.
➢The inlet is spiral shaped. Guide vanes direct the water tangentially to the
runner. This radial flow acts on the runner vanes, causing the runner to spin.

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 Reaction Turbine
Francis Turbine
➢The guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be adjustable to allow efficient turbine
operation for a range of water flow conditions.
➢As the water moves through the runner its spinning radius decreases, further
acting on the runner. Imagine swinging a ball on a string around in a circle.
➢If the string is pulled short, the ball spins faster.
➢This property, in addition to the water's pressure, helps inward flow turbines
harness water energy

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 Reaction Turbine
Francis Turbine

General layout of a hydroelectric power plant using a reaction turbine

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 Advantages and disadvantages of a Francis turbine over a Pelton wheel
Advantages :
The Francis turbine claims the following advantages over Pelton wheel :
1. In Francis turbines, the variation in the operating head can be more easily
controlled.
2. In Francis turbine the ratio of maximum and minimum operating heads can be
even two.
3. The operating head can be utilized even when the variation in the tail water level
is relatively when compared to the total head.
4. The mechanical efficiency of Pelton wheel decreases faster with wear than Francis
turbine.
5. The size of the runner, generator and power house required is small and
economical if the Francis turbine is used instead of Pelton wheel for same power
generation
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 Advantages and disadvantages of a Francis turbine over a Pelton wheel

Disadvantages/Drawbacks :

As compared with Pelton wheel, the Francis turbine has the following drawbacks/

shortcomings:

1. Water which is not clean can cause very rapid wear in high head Francis turbine.

2. The overhaul and inspection is much more difficult comparatively,

3. Cavitation is an ever-present danger.

4. The water hammer effect is more troublesome with Francis turbine.

5. If Francis turbine is run below 50 percent head for a long period it will not only

lose its efficiency but also the cavitation danger will become more serious.

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 Kaplan Turbine
➢ The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine that has adjustable blades.
➢ It is an inward flow reaction turbine
➢ Because of the adjustable blades it is possible to run at maximum efficiency at
any load
➢ Water flows through the guide vanes, and then flows axially through the runners.
➢ The runner blade angles can be changed by a lever.
➢ It can work on very low head but requires high flow rate.

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 Kaplan Turbine

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 Kaplan turbine versus Francis turbine

Kaplan turbine claims the following advantages over Francis turbine :

1. For the same power developed Kaplan turbine is more compact in
construction and smaller in size.
2. Part-load efficiency is considerably high.
3. Low frictional losses (because of small number of blades used).

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 Gas Turbine

➢ Gas turbines work due to the flow of gas through the stator and runner blades.
➢ Gas turbines have 3 major components
▪ Compressor
▪ Combustion chamber
▪ Turbine
➢ Compressor compresses air and supplies it to the combustion chamber.
➢ In the combustion chamber the fuel is burnt with the help of the compressed air
and the product of combustion is flowed through the turbine
➢ The gas moves the turbine blades.

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 Gas Turbine Application

➢ Gas turbine has two major applications

▪ In power generation
▪ For propulsion (Jet Engine)
➢ In power generation the main target is to rotate the generator shaft with the help of
the turbine.
➢ In the propulsion engines, the main target of the turbine is only to run the
compressor. The Flue gas while getting out of the turbine gives a reaction force
which gives the propulsion. (Jet engine)
➢ In modern aircraft engine, the turbine also acts as a propeller. In this type of
engine only 25% of the propulsion comes from the reaction of the flue gas and the
remaining 75% propulsion comes from the propelling action. (Turboprop,
Turbofan)

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Gas Turbine Power Plant Cycle

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 Jet Engine

Turbo Jet

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 SPECIFIC SPEED
➢ The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of a turbine which is
identical in shape, geometrical dimensions, blade angles, gate opening, etc. which
would develop unit power when working under a unit head.

(i)

(ii)

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 SPECIFIC SPEED

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 Criteria for Selection

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

 SPECIFIC SPEED

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

 SELECTION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
1. Specific speed. High specific speed is essential where head is low and output is
large, because otherwise the rotational speed will be low which means cost of
turbo-generator and power- house will be high. On the other hand, there is
practically no need of choosing a high value of specific speed for high
installations, because even with low specific speed high rotational speed can be
attained with medium capacity plants..
2. Rotational speed. Rotational speed depends on specific speed. Also the rotational
speed of an electrical generator with which the turbine is to be directly coupled,
depends on the frequency and number of pair of poles. The value of specific speed
adopted should be such that it will give the synchronous speed of the generator.
3. Efficiency. The turbine selected should be such that it gives the highest overall
efficiency for various operating conditions.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

 SELECTION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
4. Part load operation. In general the efficiency at part loads and overloads is less than
normal. For the sake of economy the turbine should always run with maximum possible
efficiency to get more revenue. When the turbine has to run at part or overload conditions
Deriaz turbine is employed. Similarly, for low heads, Kaplan turbine will be useful for such
purposes in place of propeller turbine.
5. Cavitation. The installation of water turbines of reaction type over the tail race is affected by
cavitation. The critical value of cavitation factor must be obtained to see that the turbine
works in safe zone. Such a value of cavitation factor also affects the design of turbine,
especially of Kaplan, propeller and bulb types
6. Disposition of turbine shaft. Experience has shown that the vertical shaft arrangement is
better for large-sized reaction turbines, therefore, it is almost universally adopted. In case of
large size impulse turbines, horizontal shaft arrangement is mostly employed.
7. Head. (i) Very high heads (350 m and above). For heads greater than 350 m, Pelton turbine
is generally employed and there is practically no choice except in very special cases. (ii)
High heads (150 m to 350 m).
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 Pumps

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021
 STEPS TO SIZING YOUR WATER SYSTEM

Step 1: Calculate the peak water use rates in liters per minute (lpm) for all of the existing and
proposed water system fixtures.

Water System Fixtures No. of Fixtures Peak use rate (l/s) Total (l/s)

Automatic lawn sprinklers 5 x 0.30 1.5

Poultry Fountain 5 x 0.06 0.3

Chemical spraying 1 x 1.10 1.1

Household

Toilets 3 x 0.04 0.11

Bath/Shower 10 x 0.08 0.80

Laundry 1 x 0.01 0.01

Kitchen 1 x 0.02 0.02

Person 10 x 0.00 0.00

Washing your car 2 x 0.28 0.56

Total 1.54

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Step 2: To determine the Required Pump Flow Rate you need to consider which water uses, listed
in Step 1, will likely occur at the same time and total those together. Note: The minimum design
flow rate of the system must exceed the peak use rate of the fixture(s) that use the largest amount
of water.
Assume 60% usage: (1.54*0.6) = 0.924 l/s

hr

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Step 4: To select a pump you need to determine the lift and pressure.

Pump Selection
Lift: Yard elevation: 10m
Pressure needed: 2.7 bars

Step 5: Measure the distance from the dugout to the center of the distributing system
Length of Pipeline = 1000m

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Step 6: To determine the Required Pipe Size match the pump flow rate from above, in the left
column of the adjacent table.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021
Step 7: Select the pump from the rating curve:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

Step 7: Select the pump from the rating curve:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

Step 7: Select the pump from the rating curve:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

Step 7: Select the pump from the rating curve:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

Step 7: Select the pump from the rating curve:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

Step 7: Select the pump from the rating curve:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021

 End of Presentation
Thank you for listening …
Contact details of presenter: [email protected]

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MU,2021