Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

QUARTER 2 | WEEK 5: STATE AND NON-STATE

INSTITUTIONS

LEARNING COMPETENCY: February 1-5, 2021

1. identify the forms of state and non-state institutions;
2. explain the functions of state and non-state institutions;
3. differentiate the forms and functions of state and non-state institutions; and
4. value the importance of state and non-state institutions in society.

guide Card What I Know

COMPLETE THE TABLE: Fill out the first column by writing the word(s) below that it is
being described in second column. Use the separate answer sheet in answering.

State Sovereignty Banks

Development agencies Non-state institutions

These are institutions which are not owned and controlled by the
1.
government.
These are organizations which provide development distance
2. between national and international institutions.
A financial institution which deals with deposits and advances
3. and other related services.
The supreme power of the state to rule itself without
4.
interference from other state.
A community of persons, more or less numerous, occupying
5. a definite portion of earth’s surface, having its own government.

TRUE OR FALSE: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise. Use the
separate answer sheet in answering.

_____________6. In terms of assets, the BDO Unibank Inc. is the largest banks in the
Philippines.
_____________7. One of the programs of UNESCO in the Philippines is education.
_____________8. UNICEF works in over 290 countries and territories to save
children’s lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfil their potentials.
_____________9. Without a population there can be no State.
_____________10. Executive which formulates the will of State.

What’s New

PANDEMIC ALERT!!!

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 Read and comprehend the agreement of World Health Organization (WHO)
and United Nations Children’s Fund to work together through COVID-19 pandemic
that is emerging global health crisis today. These are the state and non-state
institutions that provide development assistance to the people.

WHO AND UNICEF TO PARTNER ON PANDEMIC RESPONSE THROUGH COVID-

19 SOLIDARITY

WHO and UNICEF announced an agreement to work together on COVID-19

response, through the historic COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund powered by the United
Nations Foundation and Swiss Philanthropy Foundation.
The COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund has been set up to facilitate an
unprecedented global response by supporting the WHO Strategic Preparedness and
Response Plan. As part of the agreement, an initial portion of the money from the Fund
– which currently stands at more than $127 million – will flow to UNICEF for its work
with vulnerable children and communities all over the world.
The money collected through the fund will be used, among others, to train and equip
communities and health-care workers to prevent, detect and treat COVID-19. It will help
countries expand their health-care capacity and mitigate its social impact, especially on
women, children and vulnerable social groups. And it will accelerate research and
development of treatments and preventive vaccines.
As a key partner in this joined-up effort, UNICEF will lead emergency efforts to
ensure families and communities in the most vulnerable countries are fully engaged in the
response and have access to water, sanitation and hygiene and other infection prevention
and control measures. UNICEF will also ensure children, caretakers, and frontline
responders such as social workers, teachers and healthcare workers are supported
through evidence-based guidance through its vast community outreach and country
programs.

Funds raised will be spent in alignment with the global response plan, and where needs
are greatest. At the direction of WHO leadership, it is expected that resources will go directly
toward:

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 During this pandemic, state and non-state institutions played significant roles in
our society. All we need to do is to follow the protocols of World health organization (WHO)
and Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF). Let us proceed to the next part.

What’s is It

State

There are many definitions of state. However, for your better understanding, let us try
to analyze one of the most common definitions of state: it is a community of persons, more or
less numerous, occupying a definite portion of earth’s surface, having its own government,
through which the inhabitants render habitual obedience free from outside control.

From the definitions, we can derive the four elements of the state – people, territory,
government and sovereignty.

1. People or Population

It is important that a community of persons is composed of both males and females

for purposes of reproduction. Reproduction is indispensable. It is through reproduction that
the state can continue to exist. There is no requirement to the number of people living in a
territory for it to be classified as a state. However, it is recognized that the population should
be neither too large nor very small. It has to be within a reasonable limit. It should be
determined on the basis of the size of the territory of the State, the available resources, the
standard of living expected and needs of production of goods and supplies.

It is a human political institution. Without a population there can be no State.

Population can be more or less but it has to be there. There are States with very small
populations like Switzerland, Canada and others, and there are States like China, India and
others, with very large populations.

2. Territory

The territory should be a fixed and bounded portion of the earth’s surface. Within it,
are natural resources that are vital for people to live. The inhabitants have the
responsibility to conserve and protect these resources. Furthermore, the people must be
able to defend their state from invaders and doing so, the use of force may be justified.

3. Government

In order to maintain an organized state, there should be a government. The

government is that body where people, through their representatives, can express their
desire. This is where that laws to be implemented in the country are enacted. Since it is
believed that the government should be established by the people

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themselves, through the Constitution that they will promulgate, it is but logical for them to
bestow their obedience to it. The people should follow the laws and respect authority.

You must remember that a state cannot exist without a government. It is a one of the
vital elements of the state. This sometimes creates the impression that there is no
difference between the State and Government. However, it must be clearly noted that
government is just one element of the State. It is the agent or the working agency of the State.
Sovereignty belongs to the State; the government only uses it on behalf of the State.

There are three branches of Government:

1. Legislative which formulate the will of the state i.e. performs law-making functions;
2. Executive enforces and implements the laws i.e. performs the law-application
functions; and
3. Judiciary which applies the laws to specific cases and settles the disputes i.e.
performs adjudication functions.

4. Sovereignty
It refers to the supreme power of the state to rule itself without interference from other
state. This means that the state is an independent entity where people enjoy freedom. A
territory is not a state if it is not independent.
As the supreme power of the State, Sovereignty has two dimensions:

1. Internal Sovereignty
It means the power of the State to order and regulate the activities of all the people,
groups and institutions which are at work within its territory. All these institutions
always act in accordance with the laws of the State. The State can punish them for every
violation of any of its laws.
Any time we obey the law - keep the traffic rules, pay taxes, avoid criminal behavior
etc. we observe the internal sovereignty of our state. If a foreign element disregards the law
- for example an international corporation who gets tax exemption because the state
wants it to operate a factory and create jobs - this is an example of a challenge to the
internal sovereignty.

2. External Sovereignty
It means complete independence of the State from external control. It also means the
full freedom of the State to participate in the activities of the community of nations. Each
state has the sovereign power to formulate and act on the basis of its independent foreign
policy.

THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE

The table below are the theories that would explain the origin of the state.

Origin Description

 It holds that the state was created by God for the people.
 The State its advocates maintain was Created by God and governed by
His deputy or vicegerent.
 He (God) sent His deputy to rule over them.
 The ruler was divinely appointed agent and he was responsible for his
Divine
actions to God alone.
Theory
 As the ruler was the deputy of God, obedience to him was held to be
religious duty and resistance a sin.
 To complain against the authority of the ruler and characterize his actions
as unjust was a sin for which there was divine punishment.

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  The people have agreed to established the state to their common
benefit.
Social  It postulates a state of nature as the original condition’s mankind
Contract and a social contract.
Theory  The state of nature was not an organized society.
 Each man living therein led a life of his own, uncontrolled by any laws of
human imposition.
 It was established through the use of force in order for people to follow.
 Emphasizes the origin of the State in subornation of the weak to the
strong.
 A person physically stronger than captured and enslaved the weak.
 Having increased the number of his followers, over whom he exercised
Force undisputed authority, he became a tribal chief.
Theory  The powerful conquered the weak this process of conquest and domination
continued till the victorious tribe secured control over a definite territory.

Functions of State

 It maintains law, order and stability, resolves various kinds of disputes through
the legal system;
 It provides common defense;
 Looks out for the welfare of the population in ways that are beyond the means of
the individual, such as implementing public health measures;
 Provide mass education and underwrites expensive medical research and;
 And it operates in the interests of various dominant groups, such as economic
classes and racial and ethnic groups. .

Non-state Institutions

These are institutions which are not owned and controlled by the
government. Some non-state institutions are either for profit or non-profit and some are
for personal investments and financial assistance.

Forms of Non-state Institutions

A. Banks and Corporations

A bank is a financial institution which deals with deposits and advances and other
related services. It receives money from those who want to save in the form of deposits and it
lends money to those who need.
According to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas the top 3 banks in the Philippines as of
December 31, 2019 are:

1. BDO UNIBANK INC

BDO Unibank Inc. is the largest of the banks in the Philippines in terms of assets. The
full-service universal bank also takes the lead in consolidated resources, deposits, customer
loans, and branch and ATM network all over the country.

BDO offers a wide range of products and services, such as deposits, lending, foreign
exchange, trusts and investments, brokering, credit cards, remittances, and corporate cash
management. Founded in 1968 as a thrift bank called Acme Savings Bank, it was
renamed Banco de Oro Savings and Mortgage Bank when it was acquired by the Sy Group in
1976.
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2. METROPOLITAN BANK & TCO

Metropolitan Bank & Trust Company, or Metrobank, is one of the premier financial
institutions in the country. It currently offers a wide range of banking products and
services all over the world, with its network of more than 2,300 ATMs, 950 local branches, 32
foreign branches, and representative offices.

Metrobank was founded in 1962 and opened its first branch a year later. In 1970, it
opened its first international branch in Taipei. Three years later, it established a
representative office in Hong Kong. Metrobank was also the first of the private banks in the
Philippines to open in the US with its office in Guam in 1975.

3. LAND BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES

The government-owned Land Bank of the Philippines is considered the largest

formal credit institution in the rural areas. It is also one of the top commercial banks
in the Philippines in terms of assets, loans, and deposits.

Landbank was established in 1963 to help farmers and fishermen through revenues
from its commercial banking operations. It enables the universal bank to strike a balance
between maintaining a financially viable institution and supporting rural development
initiatives. The universal bank manages a strong rural branch network consisting of 365
branches and more than 1,600 ATMs.

Banks play an important role as intermediary or go-between the financial system.

There are three main functions of banks: 1. Banks

are depository of savings.
2. Banks are largely responsible for the payments system. 3. Banks
issue loans to both people and companies.

A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as single entity

and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated entities were established by charter. Most
jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration.

Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of
jurisdiction where they are chartered into two kinds: by whether or not they can issue stocks
or by whether or not they are for profit.

One of the corporations in the Philippines is SM Investments Corp. It is

incorporated on Jan. 15, 1960. It serves as the holding company of the SM Group, with
interests in retail, property and banking. The company is engaged in businesses
through its subsidiaries, namely retail (“The SM Store,” SM Supermarket, SM
Hypermarket, SaveMore, Walter Mart Supermarket, Inc., and Alfamart), property (SM
Prime Holdings, Inc. and SM Development Corp.) and financial services (BDO Unibank,
Inc. and China Banking Corp.).

B. Cooperatives and Trade Unions

Cooperative is firm owned, controlled, and operated by a group of users for their own
benefits. Each member contributes equity capital, and shares in the control of the firm in
the basis of one-member one-vote.

It is an autonomous association of persons united voluntary to meet their common

economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and
democratically-controlled enterprise.
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 One of the most outstanding cooperatives in the Philippines is ACDI
Multipurpose Cooperative it is the largest cooperative in the country with an asset base of
nearly 12.29 Billion pesos as of December 2014. Awarded as the Gawad Parangal Most
Outstanding Cooperative Large-Scale Category by the Cooperative Development Authority.

A trade union is an organization made up of member (a member-based

organization) and its membership must be made up mainly of workers. The main purpose is
to protect and advance the interest of its members in the workplace.

Example of trade union in the Philippines is the Trade Union Congress of the
Philippines (TUCP), with 1.2 million members, is the biggest confederation of labor
federations in the Philippines. It was founded on December 14, 1975 by 23 labor
federations which saw the necessity and importance of uniting themselves into a strong
and dynamic labor center. Today, the TUCP, as the most representative labor center in
the country is composed of almost 30 federations with members in all sectors and industries
(from agriculture to manufacturing to services) including government employees. It also
has members coming from associations / organizations of groups from the OFWs,
informal sector, drivers, urban poor, youth groups, cooperatives, alliances, coalitions and
other civil society groups.

C. Transnational Advocacy Groups

Advocacy and advocacy groups represent a wide range of categories and support
several issues listed on worldadvocacy.com. The Advocacy Institute, a US-based global
organization, for example, is dedicated to strengthening the capacity of political, social and
economic justice advocates to influence and change public policy.

Who participates in transnational advocacy groups? There is no single list, but the
major actors often include:

1. National and International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) 2. Local

social movements
3. Foundations 4. The
media
5. Religious organizations, trade unions and consumer organizations 6.
Intellectual and scholars
7. Agencies within international and regional intergovernmental
organizations
8. Parts of executive or parliamentary branches of government

This varies actors from visible ties and mutually understood roles. They develop
strategically linked activities among themselves in order to forward a principled cause.
They work on multiple fronts, using different methods. They seek not merely to influence,
but to change the very terms and values international policy and practice.

D. Development Agencies

The most influential groups of non-state institutions. These are

organizations which provide development assistance between national and
international institutions. Usually, these are the links that bind different states together.

In 1945, the international organization United Nations (UN) was established to

rebuild peace after World War II. The war brought forth the birth on non-state institutions
that link nations together.

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 The following are some of the development agencies under UN:

1. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

The UNESCO is a specialized agency of the UN for the purpose of promoting peace and
security through international partnership in education, science, and culture to promote a
world with justice, rule of law, human rights among others.

The programs/projects of UNESCO in the Philippines are Education. “Towards

inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning for all”. UNESCO is the
specialized agency of the United Nations that covers all aspects and levels of education,
promoting the global Education 2030 agenda. It is the lead agency that promotes the
education 2030 agenda. Education as a fundamental human right is at the core of
UNESCO’s mission of bringing sustainable peace and development. In consultation with the
national commission and in partnership with relevant stakeholders to nation states.

2. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

The UNDP is the United Nations’ development agency that aims to eradicate poverty
and reduce inequalities and social exclusion in the developing countries. Its primary purpose
is to help countries to craft and develop policies, leadership skills, networking and
collaborative abilities, institutional capacity building, and building resilience among nations
so that they can sustain development results.

UNDP’s Country Programme Document (2019-2023) focuses on three key areas of

intervention: improving access to social services for the poor, supporting the
transition to environmentally sustainable development, and responding to the drivers of
conflict.

UNDP works to enhance risk-informed policies and programs, support the

implementation of the Paris Agreement and improve natural resource
management as part of its efforts towards climate action. The CPD also guides the
country towards peace and resilience by assisting in the transition of armed groups to
civilians, establishing transitional justice systems and community platforms, and
providing socioeconomic opportunities for those in conflict-affected areas.

3. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

It is an international organization that provides humanitarian and

developmental assistance and support to young people in developing and least developed
countries.

UNICEF works in over 190 countries and territories to save children’s lives, to defend
their rights, and to help them fulfil their potential, from early childhood through adolescence.
And they never give up.

The following are some programs of UNICEF:

 Child protection and inclusion. Every child has the right to grow up in a safe
and inclusive environment UNICEF works with partners around the world to
promote policies and expand access to services that protect all children.
 Child survival. Every child has the right and thrive. UNICEF has helped reduce
child mortality all over the world by working to reach the most vulnerable
children, everywhere.

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  Education. Every child has the right to learn. UNICEF works around the world to
support quality learning for evert girl and boy especially those in greatest danger of
being left behind.

E. Non-governmental Organization (NGOS)

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a not-for-profit organization that is

independent from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually
funded by donations but some avoid formal funding altogether and run funded and are run
primarily by volunteers. Examples of NGOs include those that support human rights,
advocate for improved health or encourage political participation.

Roles of Non-Governmental Organization

1. Development and Operation of Infrastructure:

Community-based organizations (CBOs) and cooperatives can acquire, subdivide

and develop land construct housing, provide infrastructure, operate and maintain
infrastructure such as well or public toilets and solid waste collection services.

2. Supporting Innovation, Demonstration and Pilots Projects:

NGOs have the advantage of selecting particular places for innovate projects and
specify in advance in the length of time which they will be supporting the project the
project-overcoming some of the shortcomings that government face in this respect.

3. Facilitating Communication:

NGOs use interpersonal methods of communication, and study the right entry
points whereby they gain the trust of the community they seek to benefit.

4. Technical Assistance and Training:

Training institutions and NGOs can develop a technical assistance and training
capacity and use this to assist both CBOs and governments.

5. Research Monitoring and Evaluation:

Innovative activities need to be carefully documented and shared - effective

participatory monitoring would permit that share of results with the people
themselves as well as with the project staff.

6. Advocacy for and with the Poor:

In some cases, NGOs become spokespersons or ombudsmen for the poor and
attempt to influence government policies and programmers on their behalf.

Functions of Non-State Institutions

 provide a safe place to save excess cash, known as deposits;

 cooperatives and trade unions are non-state institutions play a major role
in the economic development of the society; and
 legal entitles which are established under the state of law that are designed
to generate a profit.

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 ACTIVITY Card
What’s More
Independent Activity 1

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. Read the following statements. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct and change t he underlined word or phrase if the statement is
incorrect. Use the separate answer sheet in answering.

______________1. A non-governmental organization is a non-profit organization that is

independent from states and international governmental organizations.
______________2. A corporation is an organization made up of member that aims to protect
and advance the interest of its members in the workplace.
______________3. The territory should be a fixed and bounded portion of the earth’s
surface. Within it are natural resources which are vital for people to
live.

______________4. In order to maintain an organized state, there should be people.

______________5. Transnational Advocacy Group aims to eradicate poverty and

reduce inequalities and social exclusion in the developing countries.

Independent Assessment 1
VENN DIAGRAM. Differentiate the concept of state from non-state institutions using
Venn Diagram. Use the separate answer sheet in answering.

STATE NON-STATE

Example: Example:

State is a community living Non-State there are

under a single system of establishments or agency
government. which are not controlled by
the government.

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Independent Activity 2
Fill in the blanks. Fill in the blanks with the correct word to complete the sentence.
Use the separate answer sheet in answering.

1. The ________________ of the state can also include some islands located in the sea.
2. ________________ which applies the laws to specific cases and settles the disputes.
3. It refers a complete independence of the State from external control called
________________.
4. ________________ is considered the largest formal credit institution in the rural areas.
5. In 1945, the international organization ________________ was established to rebuild
peace after World War II.

Independent Assessment 2
ACRONYMS. Spell out the following acronyms. Use the separate answer sheet in
answering.

1. UNICEF _____________________________________________________________________
2. NGO _____________________________________________________________________
3. UNDP _____________________________________________________________________
4. UNESCO _____________________________________________________________________
5. CBO _____________________________________________________________________

Independent Activity 3
FACT OR BLUFF. Write FACT if the statement is correct and BLUFF if otherwise. Use the
separate answer sheet in answering.

___________1. Banks play an important role as intermediary or go-between the

financial system.
___________2. A territory is not a state if it is not independent.
___________3. There are many requirements to the number of people living in a
territory to be classified as a state.
___________4. NGOs use interpersonal methods of communication, and study the
right entry points whereby they gain the trust of the community
they seek to benefit.
___________5. The state operates in the interests of various dominant groups such
as economic classes, racial and ethnic groups.

ASSESSMENT Card 11
JUMBLED LETTERS: Answer the question by arranging the jumbled letters inside the box.
Use the separate answer sheet in answering.

EASTT 1. ____________________refers to maintaining law, order and

stability, resolving various kinds of disputes through the
legal system
SKANB 2. ____________________ receives money from those who want to save in
the form of deposits and lends money to those who need.

ONN-TTSAE 3. ____________________legal entities which are established under the

state of law that are designed to generate a profit.

PEOOCRTVAEI 4. ____________________each member contributes equity capital, and

shares in the control of the firm in the basis of one-
member one-vote.

TNEMVREGO 5. ____________________this is where that laws to be

implemented in the country are enacted.

NOITAROPROC 6. ____________________is a company or group of people

authorized to act as single entity and recognized as such in law.

LOPEDEVENTM 7. ____________________are the links that bind different states

AIEEGNSC together.

AAATTLSRNIONN 8. ____________________represents a wide range of categories

YCAAODVC and support several issues.

T 9. ____________________refers to the supreme power of the state

YINIEREOSV
to rule itself without interference from other state.

IIEVDN TEOHYR 10.____________________holds that the state was created by God for the
people.
ELGISALEVTI
11.____________________it formulates the will of the state.

CAEDUNIOT
12.____________________is one of the programs of UNICEF in the
Philippines.
DOB
13. ____________________is the largest bank of the Philippines in
terms of assets.
UNEFCI 14._____________________ agency that works in over hundreds of
countries and territories to save children’s lives, to defend
their rights, and to help them fulfil their potentials.

PLEPOE 15._____________________is important that a community of

persons is composed of both males and females for
purposes of reproduction.

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Answer Key

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