Engineering Sciences and Allied Subjects Area6: Thermodynamics

THERMO PROBLEM SET NO. 1 THERMO PROBLEM SET NO. 2

STATE PROPERTIES ENERGY AND ENERGY TRANSFER

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.1 1. At a certain location, wind is blowing steadily at 10 m/s. Determine
What pressure difference does a 10 m column of atmospheric air show? the power generation potential of a wind turbine with 60-m-diameter
[0.12 kPa] blades at that location. Take the air density to be 1.25 kg/m3.
[1770 kW]

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.2 2. A water jet that leaves a nozzle at 60 m/s at a flow rate of 120 kg/s is
A laboratory room keeps a vacuum of 0.1 kPa. What net force does that to be used to generate power by striking the buckets located on the
put on the door of size 2 m by 1 m? perimeter of a wheel. Determine the power generation potential of this
[200 N] water jet.
[216 kW]

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.3 3. Water is being heated in a closed pan on top of a range while being
A steel cylinder of mass 2 kg contains 4 L of liquid water at 25 oC. Find stirred by a paddle wheel. During the process, 30 kJ of heat is
the total mass of the system. transferred to the water, and 5 kJ of heat is lost to the surrounding air.
[6.000 kg] The paddle-wheel work amounts to 500 N · m. Determine the final
energy of the system if its initial energy is 10 kJ.
[35.5 kJ]
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1.1 A tornado rips off a 100 m2 roof with a mass of 1000 kg. What is 4. Consider a fan located in a 3 ft x 3 ft square duct. Velocities at
the minimum vacuum pressure needed to do that if we neglect the various points at the outlet are measured, and the average flow velocity
anchoring forces? is determined to be 22 ft/s. Taking the air density to 0.075 lbm/ft 3,
[98 Pa] estimate the minimum electric power consumption of the fan motor.
[151 W]

1.2 What is a temperature of –5oC in degrees Kelvin? 5. A 2-kW electric resistance heater in a room is turned on and kept on
[268 K] for 30 min. The amount of energy transferred to the room by the heater
is
A. 1 kJ C. 60 kJ
B. 1800 kJ D. 3600 kJ
1.3 A pressurized steel bottle is charged with 5 kg of oxygen gas and 7
kg of nitrogen gas. How many kmoles are in the bottle? 6. In a hot summer day, the air in a well-sealed room is circulated by a
[0.406 kmol] 0.50-hp (shaft) fan driven by a 65% efficient motor. (Note that the
motor delivers 0.50 hp of net shaft power to the fan). The rate of energy
supply from the fan-motor assembly to the room is
1.4 A force of 125 N is applied to a mass of 12 kg in addition to the A. 0.769 kJ/s C. 0.325 kJ/s
standard gravitation. If the direction of the force is vertical up find the B. 0.574 kJ/s D. 0.373 kJ/s
acceleration of the mass. 7. A 900-kg car cruising at a constant speed of 60 km/h is to accelerate
[0.61 m/s2] to 100 km/h in 6 s. The additional power needed to achieve this
acceleration is
A. 41 kW C. 222 kW
1.5 A tank has two rooms separated by a membrane. Room A has 1 kg B. 1.7 kW D. 37 kW
air and volume 0.5 m3, room B has 0.75 m3 air with density 0.8 kg/m3. 8. A 75 hp (shaft) compressor in a facility that operates at full load for
The membrane is broken and the air comes to a uniform state. Find the 2500 hours a year is powered by an electric motor that has an efficiency
final density of the air. of 88 percent. If the unit cost of electricity is $0.06/kWh, the annual
[1.28 kg/m3] electricity cost of this compressor is
A. $7382 C. $9900
B. $12,780 D. $9533
9. A 2-kW pump is used to pump kerosene ( 0.820 kg/L) from a
tank on the ground to a tank at a higher elevation.
Both tanks are open to the atmosphere, and the elevation difference
between the free surfaces of the tanks is 30 m. The maximum volume
flow rate of kerosene is
A. 8.3 L/s C. 7.2 L/s
B. 6.8 L/s D. 12.1 L/s
10. The elevator of a large building is to raise a net mass of 400 kg at a
constant speed of 12 m/s using an electric motor. Minimum power
rating of the motor should be
A. 0 kW C. 4.8 kW
B. 47 kW D. 12 kW

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Engineering Sciences and Allied Subjects Area6: Thermodynamics

THERMO PROBLEM SET NO. 3 THERMO PROBLEM SET NO. 4

HEAT AND WORK PURE SUBSTANCE

1. One kilogram of water (C = 4.2 kJ/kg-K) is heated by 300 BTU of 1. A 1.8-m3 rigid tank contains steam at 220°C. One third of the volume
energy. What is the change in temperature, in K? is in the liquid phase and the rest is in the vapour form. Determine the
[75.4 K] total mass of the mixture. At 220oC, vf = 0.001190 m3/kg and vg =
0.08609 m3/kg.
2. During a non-flow process, the internal energy of a fluid changes [518.1 kg]
from an initial value of 500 BTU/lb to a final value of 440 BTU/lb. If
30000 ft-lb/lb of work is performed by the fluid, determine the quantity 2. A piston–cylinder device contains 0.85 kg of refrigerant 134a at
of heat in BTU/lb added to or removed from the fluid during this –10°C. The piston that is free to move has a mass of 12 kg and a
process. diameter of 25 cm. The local atmospheric pressure is 88 kPa. Now, heat
[ –21.5 BTU/lb] is transferred to refrigerant-134a until the temperature is 15°C.
Determine the final pressure.
3. In an experiment to determine the specific heat of copper, a piece of [90.4 kPa]
copper weighing 50 g is first heated to 100 oC in steam. It is them
immersed in water at 27oC. The water in the calorimeter weighs 100 g 3. Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure in a 25-cm-internal diameter
and the aluminum cap weighs 50 g. If the final temperature is 30oC, stainless steel pan on an electric range. If it is observed that the water
what is the specific heat of the copper, specific heat of aluminum is 0.22 level in the pan drops by 10 cm in 45 min, determine the rate of heat
cal/g-deg C. transfer to the pan. At 1 atm, Tsat = 100oC; hfg = 2256.5 kJ/kg; vf =
[0.095 cal/g-deg C] 0.001043 m3/kg.
[3.98 kW]
4. What is the temperature in oC of 2 liters of water at 30oC after 500
calories of heat have been added? 4. A 300-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid-vapor mixture of
A. 35.70 C. 30.25 water at 200 kPa. If 25% of the mass is liquid and the 75% of the mass
B. 38 D. 39.75 is vapor, the total mass in the tank is ___. At 200 kPa, Vg = 0.8865
m3/kg, Vf = 0.0011 m3/kg.
5. A steam condenser receives 10 kg/s of steam with an enthalpy of A. 451 kg C. 556 kg
2570 kJ/kg. Steam condenses into liquid and leaves with an enthalpy of B. 300 kg D. 331 kg
160 kJ.kg. Cooling water passes through the condenser with
temperature increases from 13oC to 24oC. Calculate cooling water flow 5. A vessel with a volume of 1 cubic meter contains liquid water and
rate in kg/s. water vapour is equilibrium at 600 kPa. The liquid water has a mass of
A. 533 C. 518 1 kg. Calculate the mass of the water vapour. At 600 kPa, Vf =
B. 523 D. 528 0.001101 m3/kg, Vg = 0.3157 m3/kg.
A. 0.99 kg C. 1.59 kg
6. Three lb of water at 100oF is added to 5 lb of water at 40oF. What is B. 2.54 kg D. 3.16 kg
the final temperature of the mixture?
A. 62.5 F C. 67.5 F 6. A 10 m3 vessel initially contains 5 m3 of liquid water and 5 m3 of
B. 60.7 F D. 64.3 F saturated water vapour at 100 kPa. Calculate the internal energy of the
system. At 100 Kpa, Vf = 0.001043 m3/k and Vg = 1.6940 m3/kg, Uf =
7. How many calories of heat are required by 100 gm of ice at –5 C to 417.3 kJ/kg, Ug = 2506 kJ/kg.
change to steam at 120oC? Specific heat of steam is 0.48 cal/gm-C. A. 5 x 105 kJ C. 8 x 105 kJ
A. 73,210 cal C. 86,407 cal B. 2 x 106 kJ D. 3 x 106 kJ
B. 76,303 cal D. 88,567 cal
7. Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure in a coffee maker equipped with an
8. How much heat is required to raise 5 kg of water from 25C to 55C? immersion-type electric heating element. The coffee maker initially
A. 670 kJ C. 640 kJ contains 1 kg of water. Once boiling started, it is observed that half of
B. 630 kJ D. 856 kJ the water in the coffee maker evaporated in 18 minutes. If the heat loss
from the coffee maker is negligible, the power rating of the heating
9. Ten kg of ice at –10oC is added to 100 kg of water at 20oC. What is element is
the resulting temperature in oC of the water? Assume an insulated A. 0.90 kW C. 1.05 kW
cylinder. B. 1.52 kW D. 1.24 kW
[10.46oC]
8. A rigid tank contains 10 kg of water at 90°C. If 8 kg of the water is in
10. How many kg of ice at 0oC must be added to 0.6 kg of water at the liquid form and the rest is in the vapor form, determine the volume
100oC in an insulated 0.1 kg copper container in order to cool the of the tank. At 90oC, Vf = 0.001036 m3/kg, Vg = 2.3593 m3/kg.
container and its contents to 30 oC? Specific heats of water and copper [4.73 m3]
are 4.2 and 0.39 kJ.kg-K, respectively. The heat of fusion of ice is 335
kJ/kg.
[0.39 kg]

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Engineering Sciences and Allied Subjects Area6: Thermodynamics

THERMO PROBLEM SET NO. 5 THERMO PROBLEM SET NO. 6

IDEAL GAS EQUATION OF STATE ISOBARIC, ISOMETRIC AND ISOTHERMAL PROCESESS

1. A spherical helium balloon of 10 m in diameter is at ambient T and P, 1. Air in an automobile tire is initially at 10C and 190 kPa. After the
15oC and 100 kPa. How much helium does it contain? It can lift a total automobile is driven awhile, the temperature gets up to 10C. Find the
mass that equals the mass of displaced atmospheric air. How much mass new pressure.
of the balloon fabric and cage can then be lifted? [204 kPa]
[87.5 kg]
2. The pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 190 kPa (gage)
2. A 1-m3 tank is filled with a gas at room temperature 20C and before a trip and 215 kPa (gage) after the trip at a location where the
pressure 100 kPa. How much mass is there if the gas is propane? R of atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa. If the temperature of air in the tire
propane is 0.18855 kJ/kg-K. before the trip is 25°C, the air temperature after the trip is
[1.809 kg] A. 51.1°C C. 64.2°C
B. 27.2°C D. 28.3°C
3. A rigid tank of 1 m3 contains nitrogen gas at 600 kPa, 400 K. By
mistake someone lets 0.5 kg flow out. If the final temperature is 375 K 3. A 3-m3 rigid tank contains nitrogen gas at 500 kPa and 300 K. Now
what is then the final pressure? heat is transferred to the nitrogen in the tank and the pressure of
506.9 kPa nitrogen rises to 800 kPa. The work done during this process is
A. 500 kJ C. 1500 kJ
4. A cylindrical gas tank 1 m long, inside diameter of 20 cm, is B. 0 kJ D. 900 kJ
evacuated and then filled with carbon dioxide gas at 25C. To what
pressure should it be charged if there should be 1.2 kg of carbon 4. A 0.8-m3 rigid tank contains nitrogen gas at 600 kPa and 300 K. Now
dioxide? the gas is compressed isothermally to a volume of 0.1 m3 . The work
[2152 kPa] done on the gas during this compression process is
A. 746 kJ C. 998 kJ
5. A vacuum pump is used to evacuate a chamber where some B. 0 kJ D. 1890 kJ
specimens are dried at 50C. The pump rate of volume displacement is
0.5 m3/s with an inlet pressure of 0.1 kPa and temperature 50C. How 5. A piston–cylinder device contains 5 kg of air at 400 kPa and 30°C.
much water vapor has been removed over a 30-min period? R of water During a quasi-equilibium isothermal expansion process, 15 kJ of
vapor = 0.4615 kJ/kg-K. boundary work is done by the system, and 3 kJ of paddle-wheel work is
[0.603 kg] done on the system. The heat transfer during this process is
A. 12 kJ C. 3.5 kJ
6. A 1 m3 rigid tank has propane at 100 kPa, 300 K and connected by a B. 18 kJ D. 60 kJ
valve to another tank of 0.5 m3 with propane at 250 kPa, 400 K. The
valve is opened and the two tanks come to a uniform state at 325 K. 6. Gas in enclosed in a cylinder with a weighted piston as the top
What is the final pressure? R of propane is 0.18855 kJ/kg-K. boundary. The gas is heated and expands from a volume of 0.04 m3 to
[139.9 kPa] 0.10 m3 at a constant pressure of 200 kPa. Find the work done by the
system.
7. A rigid tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 3 atm and 40C. Now a [12 kJ]
valve is opened, and half of mass of the gas is allowed to escape. If the
final pressure in the tank is 2.2 atm, the final temperature in the tank is 7. Twenty grams of oxygen gas (O2) are compresses at a constant
A. 186C C. 59C temperature of 30oC to 5% of their original volume. Determine the work
B. –43C D. 230C done on the system.
[1124 cal]
8. A gas sample occupies 300 cm3 at 20oC and 93 kPa. What volume 8. A closed vessel contains air at a pressure of kPa gauge and
will the sample occupy at 5oC and 98 kPa. temperature of 30oC. The air is heated at constant volume to 60 oC with
[270.1 cm3] the atmospheric pressure of 759 mm Hg. What is the final gauge
pressure in kPa?
9. The density of helium is 0.178 kg/m3 at STP. What is the density at A, 174 C. 186
25oC and 98 kPa. B. 167 D. 172
[0.159 g/l] 9. Five moles of water vapor at 100 oC and 1 atmosphere pressure are
compressed isobarically to form liquid at 100 oC. The process is
10. A quantity of gas occupies 1.2 ft 3 at STP. The gas is allowed to reversible and the ideal gas laws apply, Compute the work done on the
expand to 1.5 ft3 and 15 psia. What is the new temperature? system. Note: R = 0.0821 L-atm/mol-R, vf = 0.001044 m3/kg, MH2O =
[167.55oF] 18.016 kg/mol.
A. 10.5 MJ C. 6 MJ
B. 15 kJ D. 6 kJ
10. For an ideal gas, what is the specific molar entropy change during
an isothermal process in which the pressure changes from 200 kPa to
150 kPa?
A. 2.39 J/mole-K C. 2.00 J/mole-K
B. 2.79 J/mole-K D. 3.12 J/mole-K
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Engineering Sciences and Allied Subjects Area6: Thermodynamics

THERMO PROBLEM SET NO. 7 THERMO PROBLEM SET NO. 8

ISENTROPIC AND POLYTROPIC PROCESSES THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES

1. During an isentropic expansion of air, the volume triples. If the initial 1. The maximum thermal efficiency that can be obtained in an ideal
temperature is 200oC, what is the final temperature in oC? reversible heat engine operating between 1540 oF and 340oF is closest to
[31.8oC] [60%]

2. Air undergoes an isentropic compression from 14.7 psia to 180.6 2. A 3 hp refrigerator or heat pump operates between 0 oF and 100oF.
psia. If the initial temperature is 68 oF and the final temperature is The maximum theoretical heat that can be transferred from the cold
621.5oF, determine the work done by the gas. reservoir is nearest to
[–94.8 BTU/lbm] [35,100 BTU/hr]

3. In an isentropic compression, P1 = 100 psia, P2 = 200 psia, V1 = 10 3. On the basis that 18000 BTU can be produced by burning 1 lb of
in3, and k = 1.4. Determine V2. certain fuel, and an engine has a fuel rate of 0.35 lb of fuel per hp-hr,
[6.095 in3] the efficiency of the engine will be
[40.4%]
4. The work of polytropic (n – 1.21) compression of air in a system with
moving boundary from 15 psia, 1.0 ft3 to 150 psia, 0.15 ft3 is 4. A heat engine is operated between temperature limits of 1370 oC and
[–5140 ft-lb] 260oC. Engine is supplied with 14,142 kJ/kWh. Find the Carnot cycle
efficiency in percent.
5. Determine the value of n in the process pvn = c if this process has the A. 70.10 C. 65.05
following end states: 100 psia, 1 ft 3, 20 psia, 6 ft3. B. 67.56 D. 69.32
[0.894]
5. The maximum thermal efficiency possible for a power cycle
6. How much work is necessary to compress air in an insulated cylinder operating between 1200oF and 225oF is
from 0.20 m3 to 0.01 m3? Use T1 = 20oC and P1 = 100 kPa. A. 58% C. 58.73%
A. 113.4 kJ C. 110.1 kJ B. 57.54% D. 57.14%
B. 121.4 kJ D. 115.7 kJ
6. A device produced 37.5 joules per cycle. There is one power stroke
7. Determine the heat transfer for a system in which a perfect gas per cycle. Calculate the power output if the device is run at 45 rpm.
having molecular weight of 16 is compressed from 101.3 kPa, 20 oC to a A. 4.69 W C. 27.56 W
pressure of 600 kPa, following the law PV1.3 = C. Take specific heat at B. 28.125 W D. 14.063 W
constant pressure of gas as 1.7 kJ/kg-K.
[82.12 kJ/kg] 7. What is the efficiency of an Otto Cycle with a compression ratio of
6:1? The gas is air.
8. An air compressor with pressure ratio of 5, compresses air to 1/4 th of A. 0.512 C. 0.456
the initial volume. For inlet temperature to be 27oC, determine the B. 0.867 D. 0.765
increase in internal energy per kg of air.
[53.7 kJ/kg] 8. The thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine is 40%, when it is supplied
with heat from a reservoir at 727oC. Find the temperature of the other
9. Air in a cylinder at an initial volume of 0.01 m3 and an initial reservoir.
pressure of 6 MPa expands following a quasi-static process given by A. 327oC C. 300oC
PV1.4 = C. If the volume of the gas is 0.025 m3, determine the work B. 457oC D. 567oC
work done by the gas.
[46.12 kJ] 9. A building has to be maintained at 18 oC at all times. A heat pump is
required for this when the temperature outside the building drops to –
10. In an air compressor the pressures at the inlet and the exit are 1 atm 6oC, the building losses heat at the rate of 120,000 kJ.kg. What is the
and 4 atm, respectively. The inlet temperature is 20 oC and the volume at least power required to drive the heat pump?
the beginning of compression is 3 times that of at the end of A. 2.75 kW C. 5.42 kW
compression. Calculate the temperature of air at the exit. B. 3.89 kW D. 4.5 kW
[118oC]
10. An engineer is to design cyclic heat engine that operates between
150oC and 27oC. If the engine is design to do work of 100J per 500 J of
heat input per cycle. Compute the relative efficiency of the engine.
A. 29.1% C. 72.7%
B. 68.7% D. 34.4%

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