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PE363 - Chapter 1

This document discusses fundamentals of hydrocarbon phase behavior including properties of natural gases, crude oils, and oilfield waters. It covers topics such as phase behavior of single-component and multi-component hydrocarbon systems, properties of light hydrocarbons, vapor pressure calculations, and classification of oil and gas reservoirs based on temperature and pressure conditions. Examples are provided to demonstrate determination of hydrocarbon properties and reservoir classification based on PVT data.

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113 views49 pages

PE363 - Chapter 1

This document discusses fundamentals of hydrocarbon phase behavior including properties of natural gases, crude oils, and oilfield waters. It covers topics such as phase behavior of single-component and multi-component hydrocarbon systems, properties of light hydrocarbons, vapor pressure calculations, and classification of oil and gas reservoirs based on temperature and pressure conditions. Examples are provided to demonstrate determination of hydrocarbon properties and reservoir classification based on PVT data.

Uploaded by

abdu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dr M Khazam

Summer 2012
 Fundamentals of Hydrocarbon Phase behavior
(pure, binary and multi-components).
 Properties of Natural Hydrocarbon Gases
 Properties of crude oils
 Lab PVT data and sampling methods
 Properties of oilfield waters
 Gas hydrates
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Hydrocarbon Phase behavior

Summer 2012
(Single Component / Constant Temperature)
I
(Single Component / Different Temperatures)
 Molecular weight, MW
 Critical pressure, Pc
 Critical temperature, Tc
 Critical volume, Vc
 Critical compressibility factor, Zc
 Vapor Pressure, Pv
 Boiling-point Temperature, Tb
 Melting-point Temperature, Tm
 Acentric factor, ω
 Density and Heating value
FIG. 23-2
Physical Constants

23-2
FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)
Physical Constants

23-3
FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)
Physical Constants

23-4
EXAMPLE 1–1
A pure propane is held in a laboratory cell at 80oF and
200 psia. Determine the “existence state” (i.e., as a
gas or liquid) of the substance.

Solution:
From a Cox chart, the vapor pressure of propane is read
as Pv = 150 psi, and because the laboratory cell pressure
is 200 psi (i.e., P > Pv), this means that the laboratory cell
contains a liquefied propane.
FIG. 23-19
Low-Temperature Vapor Pressures for Light Hydrocarbons

23-28
FIG. 23-20
High-Temperature Vapor Pressures for Light Hydrocarbons

23-29
Lee-Kesler Vapor Pressure equation (1975)
The acentric factor ω was introduced by Pitzer (1955) as a orrelating
parameter too characterize the acentricity or non-sphericity of a
molecule, and is , defined by the following expression:
Example:
The critical temperature of a pure component
is 260oF. The densities of the liquid and
vapor phase at different temperatures are:

Determine the critical density of the substance.


Solution:

T rV rV Avg r y = 22.421 - 0.0209x


24
R² = 0.9986
Avg Density, ib/cuft
Deg F lb/cu ft lb/cu ft 22
20
86 40.28 0.886 20.583 18
122 38.16 1.691 19.9255 16
158 35.79 2.402 19.096 14
212 30.89 5.054 17.972 12
10

rc = 16.99 lb/cuft 50 100 150


Temp, Deg F
200 250
FIG. 23-9
Hydrocarbon Fluid Densities2, 3, 19

23-18
 Cricondentherm (Tct) is the maximum temperature above which liquid cannot be
formed regardless of pressure (point E). The corresponding pressure is termed
the cricondentherm pressure, Pct.
 Cricondenbar (Pcb ) is the maximum pressure above which no gas can be formed
regardless of temperature (point D). The corresponding temperature is called the
cricondenbar temperature, Tcb.
 Critical point for a multicomponent mixture is referred to as the state of pressure
and temperature at which all intensive properties of the gas and liquid phases are
equal (point C). At the critical point, the corresponding pressure and temperature
are called the critical pressure, pc, and critical temperature, Tc, of the mixture.
 Phase envelope (two-phase region), the region enclosed by the bubble-point
curve and the dew-point curve (line BCA), where gas and liquid coexist in
equilibrium, is identified as the phase envelope of the hydrocarbon system.
 Quality lines , the dashed lines within the phase diagram are called quality lines.
They describe the pressure and temperature conditions for equal volumes of
liquids. Note that the quality lines converge at the critical point (point C).
 Bubble-point curve (line BC) is defined as the line separating the liquid phase
region from the two-phase region.
 Dew-point curve (line AC) is defined as the line separating the vapor phase
region from the two-phase region.
Oil reservoirs: If the reservoir temperature, T, is less than the
critical temperature, Tc, of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is
classified as an oil reservoir.

Oil Reservoirs:
1. Undersaturated oil reservoir
2. Saturated oil reservoir
3. Gas-cap reservoir

Crude Oil Classification:


• Ordinary black oil.
• Low-shrinkage crude oil.
• High-shrinkage (volatile) crude oil.
• Near-critical crude oil.
3rd/4th/5th flow – initially light yellow and later dark brown

Condensate from gas inside string:


1~2 hours after opening well Condensate + some oil in reservoir:
More than 1~2 hours flow

Light Crude Heavy Crude


 Oil formation volume
factor less than 2.0
bbl/STB.
 Gas-oil ratios between
200 and 700 scf/STB.
 Oil gravities below 40°
API.
 brown to dark green in
color.
 C7+ mole % around the
range of 30%.
 Oil formation volume
factor less than 1.2
bbl/STB.
 Gas-oil ratio less than
200 scf/STB.
 Oil gravity less than 35
oAPI.

 Black or deeply colored.


 Substantial liquid
recovery at separator
conditions (point G on
the 85% quality line)
 C7+ mole % higher than
30%
 Oil formation volume
factor greater than 1.5
bbl/STB.
 Gas-oil ratios between
1500 and 3000 scf/STB.
 Oil gravity is around 40°
API or higher
 Greenish to orange in
color.
 Lower liquid recovery of
separator conditions, as
indicated by point G
 C7+ mole % between
12.5% to 30%
 Oil formation volume
greater than 2.0
bbl/STB.
 Gas-oil ratios in excess
of 3000 scf/STB.

 Oil gravities above 45°


API.
 Lower liquid recovery of
separator conditions, as
indicated by point G
 Near critical oil may
become as much as 50%
gas in the reservoir at
few hundred psi below
the Pb
Gas reservoirs: If the reservoir temperature is greater than
the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon fluid, the
reservoir is considered a gas reservoir.

Gas Reservoirs:
1. Retrograde gas reservoirs (Gas-condensate reservoirs).
2. Wet gas reservoirs.
3. Dry gas reservoirs.
 Gas-oil ratios between
5000 and 70,000
scf/STB. Generally, the
gas-oil ratio for a
condensate system
increases with time due
to the liquid dropout and
the loss of heavy
components in the
liquid.
 Condensate gravity
around and above 50°
API.
 Stock-tank liquid is
usually water-white or
slightly colored.
C7+ mole % less than
12.5%
 Gas-oil ratios between
60000 and 100,000
scf/STB.
 Condensate gravity
around and above 60°
API.
 Stock-tank liquid is
water-white in color.
 Separator conditions lie
within the two phase
region.
The hydrocarbon mixture
exists as a gas both in
the reservoir and surface
facilities conditions
Example:
 Standing Method (1977)
0.84
1. Standing Method
2. Katz-Firoozabadi tabulated data

1249 Deg R

262 psia

• Using Katz-Firoozabadi Method:


• (Tc)C7+ = 1315 Deg R
• (Pc)C7+ = 249 psia
 Edmister’s Correlation (1958)

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