Introduction to
Embedded System
Semester : 5th
Course Code : ES314
TP Sr No: 16, CLO:2, PLO 2, C4
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Why Programming AVR in C
◉Microcontrollers have limited amount of
Memory on chip, ATMEGA16 has 16KB of
Programmable Memory.
◉Compilers generate an HEX file, that is to be
uploaded to microcontroller Chip.
◉Assembly language produces HEX file that is
much smaller in size than C.
◉Programming in assembly language is slow and
time consuming.
◉Programming in C language is less time
consuming and easy to write but HEX file size is
much larger than assembly.
Major Advantages of writing program in C
◉ It is easier and less time consuming to write in C than in Assembly.
◉ C is easier to modify and update.
◉ You can use code available in function libraries.
◉ C code is portable to other microcontrollers with little or no modification
AVR C Programming
Unsigned Characters
◉ The unsigned char is an 8-bit data type that takes value in
the range of 0-255 (00-FFH)
◉Due to limited number of registers and data RAM locations
in AVR microcontroller, unsigned character saves memory;
hence is the most preference in AVR applications
◉In default, C compilers use the signed char so we need to put
unsigned in front of the char
Sending data to a port
Write an AVR C program to send values 00-FF to Port B.
#include <avr/io.h> //standard AVR header
int main(void) //standard AVR header
{
unsigned char z;
DDRB = 0xFF;
for(z = 0; z <= 255; z++)
PORTB = z;
return 0;
}
//Notice that the program never exits the for loop because if you
//increment an unsigned char variable when it is 0xFF, it will
//become zero.
Sending data to a port
Example 7-2: Write an AVR C program to send hex values for
ASCII characters of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, A, B, C, and D to Port B.
#include <avr/io.h> //standard AVR header
int main(void) //the code starts from here
{
unsigned char myList[]= "012345ABCD";
unsigned char z;
DDRB = OxFF;
for(z=0; z<10; z++) //repeat 10 times and increment z
PORTB = myList[ z]; //send the character to PORTB
while(1); //needed if running on a trainer
return 0;
}
Arithmetic and Logic Operations
◉Logical Operators ◉Arithmetic Operators:
AND (&&) ADD (+)
OR (||) Subtract (-)
NOT (!) Multiply (*)
◉Bitwise Operators Divide (/)
AND (&) Remainder (%)
OR (|)
EX-OR(^)
Inverter (~)
Shift Right (>>)
Shift Left (<<)
Arithmetic and Logic Operations
Shift Operators
General formula: data shift left/right operator no of shifts/ bit position
(a) 1<<7 = 0000 0001 << 7 = 1000 0000
(b) 3<<2 = 0000 0011 << 2 = 0000 1100
Examples of Shift Operators
= 1000 0000
= 0000 0100
= 0001 0000
= 1101 1111
= 1111 0111
= 1111 1101
Bit size IO
#include <avr/io.h>
int main(void) //standard AVR header
{
DDRB = 0xFF; //make Port B output
DDRC = 0xFF; //make Port C output
DDRD = 0xFF; //make Port D output
PORTB = 0x35 & 0x0F;//ANDing
PORTC = 0x04 | 0x68;//Oring
PORTD = 0x54 ^ 0x78;//XORing
PORTB = ~0x55; //inverting
while (1);
return 0;
}
Bit size IO
Write an AVR C program to monitor bit 5 of port C. If it is HIGH, send 55H to Port B;
otherwise, send AAH to Port B.
#include <avr/io.h> //standard AVR header
int main(void)
{
DDRB = 0xFF; //PORTB is output
DDRC = 0x00; //PORTC is input
DDRD = 0xFF; //PORTB is output
while(1)
{
if (PINC & 0b00100000) //check bit 5 (6th bit) of PINC
PORTB = 0x55;
else
PORTB = 0xAA;
)
return 0;
}
Compound statements
OR the data of PORT A and also send on PORT A
PORTA| = 0AH
PORTA= PORTA | 0AH
A door sensor is connected to bit 1 of Port B, and an LED is connected to bit 7 of Port C. Write
an AVR C program to monitor the door sensor and, when it opens, turn on the LED.
#include <avr/io.h> //standard AVR header
int main(void)
{
DDRB = DDRB & 0b11111101; //pin 1 of Port B is input
DDRC = DDRC | 0bl0000000; //pin 7 of Port C is output
while(1)
{
if (PINB & 0b00000010) //check pin 1 (2nd pin) of PINB
PORTC = PORTC | 0b10000000; //set pin 7 (8th pin) of PORTC
else
PORTC = PORTC & 0b0lllllll; //clear pin 7 (8th pin) of PORTC
}
return 0;
}
}
Thanks!
Any questions ?
