Pre-Calculus
MATH0100
Semester 1, 2022-23
Department of Mathematics
University of the West Indies
Mona
Course Information
Course Code: MATH0100
Course Title: Pre-Calculus
Class Times: TUESDAY 10-12, WEDNESDAY 10-12, THURSDAY 9-10
Lecturer: Roxanne Francis
Office Hours: Thursday 10-11
Email: [email protected]
Assessment
Two mid-semester tests-30%
One final exam- 70%
CHAPTER ELEVEN
Trigonometry
Objectives
At the end of this chapter, one should be able to :
Evaluate angles of any magnitude;
List trigonometric ratios;
Convert from degrees to radians and vice versa;
Invert or Arc Trig. Functions;
Evaluate compositions of functions;
Showing trigonometric identities;
Solving trigonometric equations;
Finding the maximum and minimum values of a Trig. function
Putting a trigonometric expression in the form 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝛼 or
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 𝛼)
Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Reciprocal Ratios
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Cosec is short for Cosecant
Sec is short for Secant
Cot is short for Cotangent
Trigonometric Functions in a Right Angled-Triangle
Properties of Trigonometric Ratios
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −𝜃 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
The Sine and Tangent ratios are called odd functions while Cosine ratio is
called an even function.
Identities
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
sin! 𝜃 + cos ! 𝜃 = 1
Complementary functions
In general,
sin 𝜃 = cos 90° − 𝜃
cos 𝜃 = sin 90° − 𝜃
Example
"
If 𝛼 is an acute angle and tan 𝛼 = #!
, find cos 𝛼 and sin 𝛼.
Converting from Degrees to Radian
Radian is an alternative (to degrees) measure of an angle.
If a straight line of length ‘r’ rotates about one end so that the other
end describes an arc of length ‘r’, the line is said to have rotated
through one radian (1 rad).
We know that the circumference of a circle is given by 2𝜋𝑟
This corresponds to doing a full rotation (360°).
So the number of radians in a circle is 𝟐𝝅.
So we have the following conversions:
360° = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜋
90° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2
etc.
Examples:
Convert the following:
1. 270° to radians
2. 300° to radians
$%
3. to degrees
!
%
4. to degrees
&
Trigonometric Ratio Table
Inverse or Arc Function
'# '# #
sin 𝑥 (or 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑥) = csc (
'# '# #
csc 𝑥= sin (
#
cos '# 𝑥 = sec '#
(
'# '# #
tan 𝑥= cot (
Examples
Find the exact value of each expression (without using a calculator):
1. tan!" 1
2. 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sec(−2)
3. csc !" 2
"
4. 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot
#
Try these…
"
1. sin!" −
$
2. sin!" 0
$
3. cos !"
$
4. sin!" 1
Evaluating Composition of Functions
Examples
Find the exact values of each composition without using a calculator:
1. sin(tan'# 1)
%
2. 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin[cos &
]
Finding an angle given an Equation
If sin 𝛼 = 𝑥, then angle 𝛼 = sin'# 𝑥
Example:
% '# $
Let 𝛼 & 𝛽 be angles such that 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 0, and 𝛼 = cot and
! !
'# "
𝛽= sec $
, find:
1. sec 𝛼
2. csc 𝛼
3. csc 𝛽
4. cot 𝛽
Trigonometric Identities
Compound Angle Formula
sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
Pythagorean Identities
sin! 𝐴 + cos ! 𝐴 = 1
1 + cot ! 𝐴 = csc ! 𝐴
tan! 𝐴 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝐴
Derivation…
Double Angle Formula
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = cos ! 𝐴 − sin! 𝐴
= 2 cos ! 𝐴 − 1
= 1 − 2 sin! 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 =
1 − tan! 𝐴
Examples:
" )
If sin 𝐴 = #$
, sin 𝐵 = #*
, where A and B are acute, find the values
of:
1. cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
2. sin 𝐴 − 𝐵
3. tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)
Examples:
#" !+
If cos 𝐴 = #*
, sin 𝐵 = !,
, where A is reflex and B is obtuse, find the
values of:
1. sin 𝐴 + 𝐵
2. cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
3. cot 𝐴 − 𝐵
Examples
Find:
1. sin 120°
2. cos 120°
3. tan 120°
Half-Angle Identities
From:
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
We have:
𝑨 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐 𝟐
From:
cos 2𝐴 = 2 cos ! 𝐴 − 1
We have :
𝟐
𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝟏
𝟐
Which can be simplified to:
𝑨 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬 =±
𝟐 𝟐
𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
sin =±
2 2
𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
tan =±
2 1 + cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
=
1 + cos 𝑥
1 − cos 𝑥
=
sin 𝑥
Exercise
%
Let 𝑥 and 𝑦 be angles such that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈0, and 𝑥 = cot '# 3 and
!
𝑦 = sec '# 2 . Without using a calculator, find:
i. sec 𝑥
ii. csc 𝑥
iii. csc 𝑦
iv. cot 𝑦
(
v. sin !
(
vi. cos
!
(
vii. tan
!
Example
%
1. Use the half angle identity to find the exact value of cos )
.
2. Use the half-angle identity to find the exact value of sin 75°.
3. Use the half-angle identity to find the exact value of tan −15° .
. $ /
4. Find sin !
, given that sin 𝛼 = and < 𝛼 < 𝜋.
" !
For you…
. # /
1. Find cos , given that sin 𝛼 = and < 𝛼 < 𝜋.
! $ !
Triple Angle Formula
Show that sin 3𝑥 = 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin$ 𝑥.
For you…
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 = 4 cos $ 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
Proving Trigonometric Identities
Examples:
Show that :
#'012 !(
1.
234 !(
= tan 𝑥
2. tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = 2 csc 2𝜃
3. sec ! 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝜃 = sec ! 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝜃
4. tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)
Maximum and Minimum of Trigonometric Functions
For any angle 𝜃:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≤ 1
That is:
−1 ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≤ 1
Sine of any angle will never exceed 1. That is, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1 occurs
when 𝜃 = 90°.
Sine of any angle will never be less than −1. That is 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −1
occurs when 𝜃 = 270°.
Similarly,
For any angle 𝜃:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ≤ 1
That is:
−1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ≤ 1
Cosine of any angle will never exceed 1. That is, cos𝜃 = 1 occurs
when 𝜃 = 0°.
Cosine of any angle will never be less than −1. That is cos𝜃 = −1
occurs when 𝜃 = 180°.
However,
The tangent function is unbounded.
For any angle 𝜃.
−∞ < tan 𝜃 < ∞
Examples:
Write down the maximum and minimum values of the following
expressions, giving the smallest positive or zero value of 𝜃 for which
they occur:
a) sin 𝜃
#
b) − ! sin 2𝜃
#
c)
5'$ 012 6
Trigonometric Evaluation When the Angle Does Not Fall in
the First Quadrant
Example:
5 % !
Suppose tan 𝛼 = − $, with ! < 𝛼 < 𝜋, and cos 𝛽 = − "
, with
$%
𝜋<𝛽< . Find the exact values of sin 𝛼, sin 𝛽, and cos(𝛼 + 𝛽).
!
Solving Trigonometric Equations
Example:
1. Find 𝜃 ∈ −𝜋, 𝜋 such that 2 cos ! 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 − 1 = 0.
!
2. Solve tan(𝐴 − 𝜃) = for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 given that tan 𝐴 = 3.
$
3. Solve 4 cot ! 𝜃 + 11 csc 𝜃 = −1 for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.
$
4. Solve the equation cos 2𝜃 = !
for values of 𝜃 between −180°
and 180°.
R-Formula
Expressing an expression or equation in the form:
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ± 𝛼
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃 ± 𝛼)
where 𝛼 ∈ (0, 90°)
When expressed in this form, the 𝑅 is the maximum or minimum value and
(𝜃 ± 𝛼) is the angle responsible for producing the maximum or minimum
value.
Examples:
1. Show that 3 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 may be written as 2 cos(𝜃 + 30°).
Find the maximum and minimum values of the expression, and
state the values of 𝜃 between 0° and 360° for which they occur.
2. Find the minimum and maximum values of the expression
8 sin 𝜃 + 15 cos 𝜃 by writing in the for, 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 + 𝛼) where
𝑅 > 0 and 0° < 𝛼 < 90°.
3. Find all 𝜃 ∈ [0,2𝜋] such that cos 𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃 = 3.
