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Assignment in Electrical Standards and Practices

Instrumentation provides monitoring, recording, and process control. Signal transmission is vital for large industrial systems as it allows remote and automated operation, improving safety. Pneumatic signals use compressed air and standard ranges are 20-100 kPa. Advantages include simplicity and safety, while disadvantages are noise and temperature sensitivity. Electronic signals use 4-20 mA and offer faster transmission over long distances. A trend recorder temporarily records process parameters to identify issues for troubleshooting.

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Jade Danielle Enmoceno Forteza
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159 views6 pages

Assignment in Electrical Standards and Practices

Instrumentation provides monitoring, recording, and process control. Signal transmission is vital for large industrial systems as it allows remote and automated operation, improving safety. Pneumatic signals use compressed air and standard ranges are 20-100 kPa. Advantages include simplicity and safety, while disadvantages are noise and temperature sensitivity. Electronic signals use 4-20 mA and offer faster transmission over long distances. A trend recorder temporarily records process parameters to identify issues for troubleshooting.

Uploaded by

Jade Danielle Enmoceno Forteza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

FORTEZA, JOSHUA E.

RATING:
BSEE-4A OCTOBER 5, 2022

LESSON 1: INSTRUMENTATION EQUIPMENT

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENTATION

ASSIGNMENT #1

1. Why is signal transmission vital in the operation of large industrial process systems?
 Instrumentation is used in almost every industrial process and generating
system, where consistent and reliable operations are required. It provides the
means of monitoring, recording and controlling a process to maintain it at a
desired state. Basically, when in large industrial process system, it usually
contains components that are hazardous to every personnel working in the area
and risky procedures must be done personally if signal transmission was not an
option. Instrumentation is used in almost every industrial process and generating
system, where consistent and reliable operations are required. Instrumentation
provides the means of monitoring, recording, and controlling a process to
maintain it at the desired state.

2. What is the accepted standard industrial range for pneumatic signals?


 The standard industrial range for pneumatic signals is 20 to 100 kpa(g) which
corresponds to a 0% to 100% process condition (kPa(g) =kPa above
atmospheric).

3. List two advantages and two disadvantages of pneumatic signals.


 Advantages of Pneumatic Systems
1. Simple – Pneumatic system components are relatively simple, which
makes them suitable for less complicated automatic control systems. You
can choose from a choice of movements, including linear or angular
rotational movement, coupled with continuously variable operational
speeds. This type of system will be easily understood by every person
who will be in charge of operating it.

2. Safe – Pneumatic systems can work in inflammable environments without


the risk of fire or explosion. Unlike of electromotive components,
pneumatic system components do not overheat when overloaded and are
therefore less of a fire hazard. The safety of every personnel is the top
priority of every industrial company which can be obtained through
pneumatic systems.

 Disadvantages of Pneumatic Systems


1. Environment suitability: Devices are known to fail over long periods of time
due to the dampening of inside edges in the tubes. Additionally, systems
cannot operate underwater and are sensitive to changing temperatures
and vibrations

2. Loudness: Pneumatic systems are the loudest type of designs that power
machines. Actuators that run the system are the source of the noise and
are sometimes placed in separate rooms to limit sound pollution.
4. What is the standard instrument range for electronic signals?
 The accepted industrial standard for electronic signals is a 4 to 20 mA current
signal that represents 0% to 100% process condition.

5. Why are electronic signals used almost exclusively in industrial process systems,
particularly electrical generating stations?
 There is a pressurized fluid transmission delay when using a pneumatic system.
But, when an electronic signal was used instead of a pneumatic signal this delay
was eliminated. Also, it was being used because its electronic current signals
travel at speeds that approach the speed of light, way faster than the pneumatic
signals can offer. Moreover, without unnecessary time delays, current signals can
be transmitted over long distances.

6. Both pneumatic and electronic signals employ a “live zero”. Explain the purpose of
this live zero.
 Live zero was used to distinguish between 0% process and an interrupted or
faulted signal loop. A live zero provides a minimum current for the signal source
which enables the device to be powered from the receiver.

Figure 1 shows a transmitter operating on a “dead-zero” range such as the


legacy 0-10 mA standard. This requires the provision of power supply
connections to the device so four conductor wires are required for each
transmitter.
With a live zero, in Figure 2, the transmitter circuitry can already be powered from
the receiver itself and only two conductor wires are required.

7. A standard electronic transmitter is used to monitor the water temperature in a vessel.


The transmitter is calibrated such that it responds to the temperature range of 50-100
degrees Celsius. What is the transmitter output when the water temperature is 85
degrees Celsius? (Answer: 15.2 mA).
 Fraction of Measurement
[(85-50)/(100-50)]= 0.7

 Signal Span
[20mA-4mA]= 16mA

 Live Zero= 4mA

 OUTPUT= (FRACTION OF MEASUREMENT) (SIGNAL SPAN) + LIVE ZERO


(0.7)(16mA)+4Ma
=15.2mA

8. Explain briefly what a trend recorder is, and why one would be utilized.
 Recorders are used in process loops so that permanent records of the process
behavior can be obtained. Trend recorder is just a recorder that is not
permanently connected to a process loop. This could be activated when an
abnormal condition (process disturbances, tuning, faults, etc.) arises to record
the particular process parameter of interest. It is necessary to include trend
recorders in our system because we do not have the control over what’s
happening inside the system, we can only control what we see and touch
physically. When there is a need of trouble shooting, using trend recorder, we
can easily identify what part of the system was in need of trouble shooting.
TYPES OF RECORDER
1. A circular chart recorder uses a round sheet of paper, rotating slowly
beneath a pen moved side to-side by a servomechanism driven by the
instrument signal.
2. The strip chart recorder uses a scroll of paper drawn slowly past one or
more lateral-moving pens, while the paperless recorder does away with
paper entirely by plotting graphic trend lines on a computer screen:

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