Chapter 14 - Dyslipidemia - Afraid of Another Attack Level II
Chapter 14 - Dyslipidemia - Afraid of Another Attack Level II
Chapter 14 - Dyslipidemia - Afraid of Another Attack Level II
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Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 11e
Chapter 14: Dyslipidemia: Afraid of Another Attack Level II
Joel C. Marrs
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Identify patients who require treatment for dyslipidemia.
Stratify individual patients for risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.
Determine appropriate LDL and nonHDL goals and thresholds based on individual risk factors.
Recommend a cholesterol management strategy that includes therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC), drug therapy, patient education, and
monitoring parameters.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I am here to see if I need additional meds.”
HPI
Thomas Smith is a 52yearold man who presents to pharmacotherapy for optimization of risk reduction therapy clinic by referral from his primary
care provider following an STelevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 6 months ago. He reports good adherence to his medications since having his
heart attack.
PMH
Obesity (BMI 30.5 kg/m2)
Dyslipidemia × 6 years
HTN × 10 years
Chronic kidney disease (stage 3) × 5 years
CAD, s/p STEMI 6 months ago (drugeluting stents placed in right circumflex and left anterior descending arteries)
GERD × 5 years
FH
Father: age 72 with MIs at age 50 and again at age 60
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Mother: age 70 with no major medical conditions noted
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Patient has one older brother age 55 with HTN and a history of one MI at the age of 48.
CAD, s/p STEMI 6 months ago (drugeluting stents placed in right circumflex and left anterior descending arteries)
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GERD × 5 years
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FH
Father: age 72 with MIs at age 50 and again at age 60
Mother: age 70 with no major medical conditions noted
Patient has one older brother age 55 with HTN and a history of one MI at the age of 48.
He has no children.
SH
Patient is married and lives with his wife.
College graduate, works as an accountant.
Admits to drinking one to two beers most days of the week and has never used tobacco.
Exercise regimen has increased since his MI; currently rides the bike at the gym for 30 minutes 2–3 days a week.
Meds (Per medication fill history)
Carvedilol 25 mg PO BID
Atorvastatin 80 mg PO once daily
Aspirin 81 mg PO once daily
Clopidogrel 75 mg PO once daily
Pantoprazole 40 mg PO once daily
Lisinopril 40 mg PO daily
Chlorthalidone 25 mg PO daily
Acetaminophen 500 mg, one to two tablets PO PRN every 6 hours for pain
Garlic capsules
All
No known drug allergies
ROS
Patient states that he had a heart attack about 6 months ago and was put on a number of medications after that happened. He saw his PCP last month
who said he should be seen in the pharmacotherapy clinic for evaluation of his cardiovascular risk reduction medications. He reports he has been
adherent to his medication regimen over the last 6 months. He went to cardiac rehab for the first 3 months after his MI but has just been going to the
gym to ride the bike two to three times a week now. He denies unilateral weakness, numbness/tingling, or changes in vision. He denies CP and only has
SOB if he really pedals hard on the bike for longer than 15 minutes. He denies changes in bowel or urinary habits. He denies any lower extremity
edema.
Physical Examination
Gen
Obese, AfricanAmerican man
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VS
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BP 136/84, P 64, RR 18, T 38.2°C; Wt 102.3 kg, Ht 6′0″
Skin
Physical Examination
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Obese, AfricanAmerican man
VS
BP 136/84, P 64, RR 18, T 38.2°C; Wt 102.3 kg, Ht 6′0″
Skin
Warm and dry to touch, normal turgor, (–) for acanthosis nigricans
HEENT
PERRLA; EOMI; funduscopic exam deferred; TMs intact; oral mucosa clear
Neck/Lymph Nodes
Neck supple, no lymphadenopathy, thyroid smooth and firm without nodules
Chest
CTA bilaterally, no wheezes, crackles, or rhonchi
CV
RRR, no MRG, normal S1 and S2; no S3 or S4
Abd
(+) BS, no hepatosplenomegaly
Genit/Rect
Deferred
Ext
No pedal edema, pulses 2+ throughout
Neuro
No gross motorsensory deficits present
Labs (Fasting)
SCr 1.6 mg/dL T. prot 7.1 g/dL
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Glucose 119 mg/dL
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Hgb 12.0 mg/dL
Neuro
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Labs (Fasting)
SCr 1.6 mg/dL T. prot 7.1 g/dL
Glucose 119 mg/dL
Hgb 12.0 mg/dL
Hct 36%
Assessment
Mr Smith is an obese AfricanAmerican man who presents to pharmacotherapy clinic for followup about further optimization of this cardiovascular
risk reduction therapy. He had a STEMI 6 months ago and has a significant family history of cardiovascular disease. He has uncontrolled dyslipidemia
treated with atorvastatin and uncontrolled HTN treated with carvedilol, lisinopril, and chlorthalidone. He reports no drug allergies and rides the bike at
the gym two to three days a week. He reports using acetaminophen, but no NSAIDs for occasional aches and pains. Patient is interested in what can be
done to lower his risk of another heart attack as his dad has had two and his brother has had one. He consistently drinks one to two beers a day but has
no history of tobacco use.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of dyslipidemia?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s dyslipidemia?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of dyslipidemia based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety,
and patient adherence.
2.c. What economic, psychosocial, cultural, racial, and ethnic considerations are applicable to this patient?
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating dyslipidemia?
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3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s dyslipidemia and other drug
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therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
Develop a Care Plan
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3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy in this case? Access Provided by:
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are available for treating dyslipidemia?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for this patient’s dyslipidemia and other drug
therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Followup: Monitor and Evaluate
5.a. What clinical and laboratory parameters should be used to evaluate the therapy for achievement of the desired therapeutic outcome and to detect
and prevent adverse effects?
5.b. Develop a plan for followup that includes appropriate time frames to assess progress toward achievement of the goals of therapy.
CLINICAL COURSE: ALTERNATIVE THERAPY
Mr Smith is already taking garlic capsules, but he is not sure about the type or dose. Because you are making changes to his current prescription
regimen, you need to investigate the advisability of continuing the garlic. Because Mr Smith is taking a statin drug as indicated, he should not take red
yeast rice, a common supplement used for dyslipidemia, because it contains mevacolin K, a lovastatin analogue, and would be duplicative therapy.
Would fish oil be a possible option for him? See Section 19 in this Casebook for questions about the use of garlic and fish oil for treatment of
dyslipidemia.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Describe how this patient’s other drug/disease interaction issues that are unrelated to dyslipidemia should be managed.
2 . What changes, if any, would you make to the pharmacotherapy regimen for this patient if he had presented at the initial visit with each of the
following characteristics?
Cirrhosis of the liver
Stage 5 chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis
Significant alcohol use
Posttransplant
Human immunodeficiency virus
CLINICAL PEARL
Icosapent ethyl in a dose of 4 g per day added to statin therapy in patients with established ASCVD has demonstrated reduction in the composite
outcome of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina in the REDUCEIT
trial. Addition of icosapent ethyl to statin therapy in patients with moderately elevated triglycerides (135–499 mg/dL) and established ASCVD may be
warranted in addition to other lipidlowering therapy (eg, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors) for secondary prevention.
REFERENCES
1. Grundy SM, SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the
Management of Blood Cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice
Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73(24): 3168–3209.
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2. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention,
detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Hypertension 2018 June;71(6):e13–e115.
warranted in addition to other lipidlowering therapy (eg, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors) for secondary prevention.
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REFERENCES Access Provided by:
1. Grundy SM, SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the
Management of Blood Cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice
Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73(24): 3168–3209.
2. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention,
detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Hypertension 2018 June;71(6):e13–e115.
3. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College
of Cardiology American/Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014;129:S76–S99. [PubMed: 24222015]
4. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and The Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol
2014;63:2985–3023. [PubMed: 24239920]
5. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2387–2397.
[PubMed: 26039521]
6. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med
2017;376:1713–1722. [PubMed: 28304224]
7. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2018;379:2097–2107.
[PubMed: 30403574]
8. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med 2019;380:11–22.
[PubMed: 30415628]
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