2-Chemistry For Civil Engineers

Chemistry for Civil Engineers Lecture No.
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Chemical Calculations
Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between

reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired
quantitative data.
To run calculations about chemical reactions, it is important to first understand

the relationships that exist between products and reactants and why they exist,
which require understanding how to balance reactions.
Reactants to Products
A chemical equation is like a recipe for a reaction so it displays all the

ingredients or terms of a chemical reaction. It includes the elements, molecules,
or ions in the reactants and in the products as well as their states, and the
proportion for how much of each particle is create relative to one another,
through the stoichiometric coefficient. The following equation demonstrates the
typical format of a chemical equation:
2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
In the above equation, the elements present in the reaction are represented by
their chemical symbols. Based on the Law of Conservation of Mass, which
states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, every
chemical reaction has the same elements in its reactants and products, though
the elements they are paired up with often change in a reaction.
Equation balance:
Unbalance CH4 + O2 CO + H2O
Balance 2 CH4 + 3 O2 2 CO + 4 H2O
Stoichiometric Coefficients
In a balanced reaction, both sides of the equation have the same number of
elements. The stoichiometric coefficient is the number written in front of atoms,
ion and molecules in a chemical reaction to balance the number of each element
on both the reactant and product sides of the equation. Though the
stoichiometric coefficients can be fractions, whole numbers are frequently used
and often preferred. These stoichiometric coefficients are useful since they
establish the mole ratio between reactants and products.
In the balanced equation:
2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)
we can conclude that 2 moles of HCl will react with 2 moles of Na(s) to form 2
moles of NaCl(aq) and 1 mole of H2(g).
If we know how many moles of Na we start out with, we can use the ratio of 2
moles of NaCl to 2 moles of Na to determine how many moles of NaCl were
produced or we can use the ration of 1 mole of H2 to 2 moles of Na to convert
to NaCl.
Avogadro’s number (NA) : it is 6.022×1023 atoms/mole
Mw= ∑
(g/mole)
2
Examples : Solved problems
I.
Mw of CH4 = 12×1+1×4 = 16 g/mole
II. Determine the number of moles in 95 g of MnO2 and how much atoms
in this amount?
Given Mass of MnO2 = 95g , Mw of MnO2 = 86.94g
∑
Number of moles formula is:
III. How many moles are there in 15.0g of sodium chloride? How many moles
of sodium ions are there in the same sample? How many moles of chloride ions?
Given: The atomic mass of Na=23.0 amu, the atomic mass of Cl=35.5 amu
First determine the molar mass of NaCl.
∑ of NaCl
= 23 ×1+35.5×1=58.5g/mol
NaCl has one sodium ion and one chloride ion.

As it is calculated the 15.0 g NaCl = 0.256 moles of sodium ions and 0.256
moles of chloride ions.
3
IV. How many grams are in 0.700 moles of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?
Determine the molar mass of H2O2:

The atomic mass of H= 1.01amu, the atomic mass of O=16.0amu.
Mw of H2O2= 1.01×2+16.0× 2= 34.02 g/ mol
Determination of the amount and mass of reactants and products in a

chemical reaction
If 0.400 mol of methane undergo complete combustion in the presence of

oxygen what is the mass of water formed? What is the mass of oxygen
consumed as the following reaction?
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Mw(g/mol)
Stoichiometry moles:
Formed = 2 × 0.4/1 = 0.8 mol
= 14.4 g
4
Assignment No. 1
The following chemical reactions take place during the manufacture of cement:
1. First of all limestone decomposes into lime after getting heated to a high temperature.
2. The lime produced in first reaction reacts with silicon dioxide to produce dicalcium silicate.
3. Lime also reacts with silicon dioxide to produce one more compound tricalcium silicate.
4. Lime also reacts with aluminum oxide to form tricalcium aluminate.
5. In the last step calcium oxide, aluminium oxide and ferric oxide react together to form
cement.
If (1.5 ton) of calcium oxide is consumed in the cement production, how many tons of cement
is produced? What are the amounts of aluminum and ferric oxides needed in the reaction?
5
Assignment No. 2
Concrete may deteriorated owing to the alkali-aggregate reaction.

Determine the mass of reactants and products in the alkali reaction of dolomite with Sodium
Hydroxide? If 10 mole of dolomite reacts, what is the mass of Sodium hydroxide consumed in
the reaction?

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Chemistry for Civil Engineers Lecture No.

Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between

To run calculations about chemical reactions, it is important to first understand

A chemical equation is like a recipe for a reaction so it displays all the

2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)

Unbalance CH4 + O2 CO + H2O

Balance 2 CH4 + 3 O2 2 CO + 4 H2O

In the balanced equation:

2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)

Avogadro’s number (NA) : it is 6.022×1023 atoms/mole

Mw of CH4 = 12×1+1×4 = 16 g/mole

Number of moles formula is:

NaCl has one sodium ion and one chloride ion.

Determine the molar mass of H2O2:

Determination of the amount and mass of reactants and products in a

If 0.400 mol of methane undergo complete combustion in the presence of

CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Formed = 2 × 0.4/1 = 0.8 mol

4. Lime also reacts with aluminum oxide to form tricalcium aluminate.

Concrete may deteriorated owing to the alkali-aggregate reaction.

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