Arduino Based Ultrasonic Radar System

Jeevan.S, Omprakesh, Dr. Vinod

B Durdi(Assistant Prof.) .
2nd semester, B.E,
Dept. of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering,
Dayananda Sagar College of
Engineering, Bangalore, India.

Abstract—The use of RADAR SYSTEM, which employs II. PRINCIPLE OF RADAR

electromagnetic waves for the detection of various physical
components such as distance, speed, position, range, direction, During World War II, various nations created the
size, etc., which may be either fixed or in motion, is made technology behind radar. English was the language that
possible in various locations such as military installations and originally used the term radar. Air and traffic control, radar
commercial use. astronomy, air defense systems, anti-missile systems, marine
radar positioning other ships, aircraft, and meteorological
The use of radar systems has advanced significantly, precipitation monitoring, flight control systems, missile target
particularly in navigation. In this study, we examined the state positioning systems, and range control radar are just a few of
of navigational technology and suggested an Arduino-based the many modern applications for radar. Machine learning and
radar system. As the kit decreases power consumption and digital signal processing are used in high-tech radar systems.
connects the programmer to a wide range of Arduino
programmers and open-source code, it has an edge over
competing radar systems. A basic ultrasonic sensor is the only
component of the system, and it is mounted on a servo motor
that rotates at a specific angle and speed. The servo motor and
this ultrasonic sensor are both connected to the Arduino's digital
input and output pins.

Keywords— Arduino, Ultrasonic sensor, Servo motor,

Simulation

I. INTRODUCTION
We are aware that everything emits sound waves just by
existing and influencing the airflow around them at a natural
frequency. Humans are not capable of hearing these
frequencies. Ultrasonic waves are those with a frequency of
around 20000 Hz, and an ultrasonic sensor can detect these The radar is made up of a transmitter that sends out a radio
waves to provide us with a variety of information. A wave known as a radar signal in a specific direction. Once the
transducer, which transforms sound energy into electrical waves make contact with an object, they are reflected in
energy and electrical energy into sound energy, is typically various directions. The radar functions thanks to the signal
present in an ultrasonic detector. They are utilized for things that is reflected back to the transmitter. The Doppler Effect
like surveillance systems, collision avoidance systems, and results in an identical change in the frequency of the radio
measuring the location and orientation of objects. Ultrasonic waves whether the item moves close to or far from the
technology offers relief from issues like the linear transmitter.
measurement problem by enabling non-contact
measurements, which make it simple to estimate distance III. ULTRASONIC PRINCIPLE OF RADAR
between objects and their speeds, among other things. With a range accuracy of up to 3mm, the ultrasonic
Sound wave travel speed is governed by the square root of distance measurement module HC-SR04 offers non-contact
the stiffness to medium density ratio. Additionally, factors like measurement capabilities from 2 cm to 400 cm. An ultrasonic
temperature in the natural surroundings might alter the sound's transmitter, a receiver, and a control circuit make up the
speed. In essence, an ultrasonic sensor transmits ultrasonic module.
waves that travel through the air and are reflected when they
hit a target object. We can learn about an object's distance,
position, speed, etc. by examining the property of the reflected
wave. For object detection using different parameters, a
hardware system is combined with a processing programmed
and an Arduino software. Range finding is one of the most
often used uses for ultrasonic sensors. It is also known as
sonar, which is the same as radar in that ultrasonic sound is
sent in a specific direction and, if an item is in its path, it
strikes it and is reflected, allowing us to calculate the object's
distance by measuring the time it takes for the reflection to
occur. Bats utilize this technique in the real world.

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The fundamental operating concept: V. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Use IO to trigger a signal that is at least 10 seconds high.
The module will send 8 40 kHz pulses and check to see if they
are returned.
The high output IO duration is caused by transmitting the
ultrasonic wave to the return time if the signal returns at a high
level.
IV. DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION OF RADAR SYSTEM
The development life cycle of the radar project is depicted
in the picture below. It includes several steps, including the
design of various components, their testing, implementation,
and testing of the overall system. The following stages can
be used to group these steps together.

a) Hardware System Design FIG.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO BASED RADAR

b) Hardware Circuit Design
c) Hardware System implementation
d) Hardware unit testing VI. FLOW CHART
e) GUI System Design
f) GUI System Implementation
g) GUI unit testing
h) Entire system integration
i) Entire system testing.

Fig. 4 Flow chart of aurdino based radar system

VII. THE ARDUINO CODE FOR THE SYSTEM

// Includes the Servo library
#include <Servo.h>.
// Defines Tirg and Echo pins of the Ultrasonic
Sensor
const int trigPin = 8;
const int echoPin = 7;
// Variables for the duration and the distance
long duration;
int distance;
Servo myServo; // Creates a servo object for

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controlling the servo motor indicates that there isn't; by using this, we can also trace the
void setup() { position and angle of the object.
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as
an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as
an Input
Serial.begin(9600);
myServo.attach(6); // Defines on which pin is the
servo motor attached
}
void loop() {
// rotates the servo motor from 15 to 165 degrees
for(int i=15;i<=165;i++){
myServo.write(i); Fig. 5 Graphical Representation of an object detection
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i); // Sends the current degree into the
Serial Port
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(distance); // Sends the distance value
into the Serial Port
Serial.print(".");
}
// Repeats the previous lines from 165 to 15
degrees
for(int i=165;i>15;i--){
myServo.write(i); FIG. 6 BREADBOARD OF THE HARDWARE SYSTEM
delay(30); IMPLEMENTATION
distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i); X. ADVANTAGES
1. Radar procurable value is very low
VIII. THE ARDUINO CODE FOR THE SYSTEM IS HIGHLIGHTED
2. Working and maintenance value is low.
BELOW
3. Distance active resolution is high
To begin the procedure, an ultrasonic module trigger pulse 4. Radar’s jam is troublesome
is issued. The processor generates a 15-second trigger pulse 5. It can work in any place
and transmits it to the HC-SR04 ultrasonic module as soon as 6. NASA uses radio detection and ranging to map the world
it gets the reset pulse. The trigger signal must be a 10μs high and alternative plants
time pulse. 7. Activity gets updated in conclusion
After receiving a valid trigger signal, the module emits 8
pulses of 40 kHz ultrasonic energy from the transmitter. The Conclusion
module produces a signal at the echo pin that is In this work, a radar system was developed that can detect
proportionate to the distance measurement after the the position and distance of objects in its path and converts
ultrasonic wave's echo is detected by the receiver. that information into a form that can be visualized using an
Arduino, servomotor, and ultrasonic sensor. This technique
Test distance = (High time × speed of sound (340M/s) /2 can be utilized by robotics for object recognition and
avoidance as well as to identify intrusions in particular areas.
Distance (cm) = Echo pulse width in μs / 58 The type of ultrasonic sensor being utilized determines the
system's range. We used the HC-SR04 sensor, which is 2 to
Distance (inches) = Echo pulse width in μs / 148 40 cm broad.

Last but not least, the LCD segment receives the range in ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
centimeters that was calculated using the echo signal's pulse
width. This ultrasonic range finder can measure a distance We express our sincere gratitude to our guide Dr. Vinod B
of 2.5 meters with a 0.1 cm accuracy. Durdi, Department of Electronics And Telecommunication
Engineering, DSCE, Banglore, without whose valuable
guidance and support the project would not have been a
IX. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
success.
Figure 5 displays the outcome of the ultrasonic radar REFERENCES
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