Senior High School

General Chemistry II
Quarter 1 – Module 1.3
The Effects of Intermolecular Forces
on Liquid Properties
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 Senior High School

General Chemistry II
Quarter 1 – Module 1.3
The Effects of Intermolecular Forces
on Liquid Properties

ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Chemistry II 12 Self-Learning Module on The Effects
of Intermolecular Forces on Liquid Properties.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators
both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry II 12 Self-Learning Module on The Effects

of Intermolecular Forces on Liquid Properties.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
CONTENT STANDARDS
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1. the properties of liquids and solids to the nature of forces between
particles; and
2. phase changes in terms of the accompanying changes in energy and
forces between particles

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
Design a simple investigation to determine the effect on boiling point or
freezing point when a solid is dissolved in water.

LEARNING COMPETENCY
Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point and molar heat of vaporization.
(STEM_GC11/IMFIIIa-c-102)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. describe the properties of liquids: surface tension, viscosity, vapor
pressure, boiling point and heat of vaporization; and
2. explain the effects of the intermolecular forces on the given properties of
liquids.

INTRODUCTION
The basis of this module is the learning competency set by the standard of the
K to 12 Curriculum. In this module you will learn basic concepts on the properties of
liquids such as surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point and heat of
vaporization, and be informed how these properties affect their intermolecular forces.

PRE-TEST

Multiple Choice. Read each item carefully and identify what is asked or described.
Encircle the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following is an example of intermolecular force?

A. Covalent bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Ionic bond metallic bond
D. Metallic bond ionic bond

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2. What is the effect of a surfactant on surface tension?
A. It increases it.
B. It decreases it.
C. Makes it equal.
D. No effect at all.

3. What increases the boiling point of a compound?

A. Higher intermolecular forces
B. Lower intermolecular forces
C. Lower melting point
D. Lower molecular weight

4. What increases the vapor pressure of a compound?

A. Higher boiling point
B. Higher intermolecular forces
C. Higher molecular weight
D. Lower intermolecular forces

5. Viscosity means the flow of the liquid is resisted by _______.

A. alcohol
B. itself
C. other liquid
D. water

6. The viscosity of an oil decreases when temperature is _______.

A. constant
B. decreased
C. increased
D. 100 degrees Celsius

7. A bug is able to walk on the surface of water because of ________.

A. capillary action
B. physical changes
C. surface tension
D. viscosity

8. Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have _________.

A. higher boiling point
B. higher melting point
C. lower boiling point
D. lower melting point

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9. To obtain a higher vapor pressure, the intermolecular forces must be _______.
A. Higher
B. Stronger
C. Weaker
D. all of the above

10. The viscosity of liquid is a measure of its tendency to resist _______ motion.
A. Flowing
B. Gliding
C. Rolling
D. sliding

11. Surface tension is temperature dependent; it decreases as temperature

________.
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Same
D. equal

12. Which of the following greatly affects viscosity?

A. Bonding
B. Cohesion
C. Elevation
D. Temperature

13. What happens to molecules at the surface in comparison to those in the interior
of liquid?
A. Molecules in the interior experience an attractive force from
neighboring molecules.
B. Molecules on the surface have neighboring molecules only on one
side.
C. Molecules on the surface experience an attractive force which tend
to pull them into the interior.
D. All of the above

14. Which of the following is the least viscous?

A. Corn syrup
B. Honey
C. Motor oil
D. Water

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15. The limited amount of space between particles means that liquids have only very
limited of what?
A. Accessibility
B. Agility
C. Compressibility
D. Crystallity

REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE

In the previous module, you learned that intermolecular forces are forces
between molecules. In liquids, the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold
molecules close together. Solids are not very compressible due to the lack of space
between molecules. The intermolecular forces between neighboring molecules are
strong enough to keep them locked in position. You already know the different kinds
of intermolecular forces. These are dipole-dipole attraction, ion-dipole attraction,
hydrogen bonds, and London dispersion forces.

PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE

Have you seen a spider or other insects walking on water, or a leaf remaining
dry on the surface of still water for some time, until the water is disturbed? Have you
wondered what makes it possible for the insect or the leaf to remain on the surface,
considering their being denser than water? This phenomenon is due to a property of
liquids brought about by the strength of the attractive forces between molecules.

In this module you will learn the effects of intermolecular forces on liquid
properties. Come on, let’s start!

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ACTIVITY NO. 1

Viscosity of a Liquid

Objective: To compare the viscosity of three liquids

Material/s:
3 clean and dry marble of the same size and design
3 glass jar/glass
Timer
Water
Cooking oil
Honey/corn syrup/dish soap whichever is available in your kitchen

Procedure:
1. Fill the first glass jar with water, the second with cooking oil and the third with
honey/corn syrup/dish soap with the same amount up to 20 ml.
2. Drop the marble into the water. Use a timer to record the time it takes for the
marble to reach the bottom.
3. Repeat step 2 two more times to make three trials. Record the marble’s travel
time in each trial
4. Repeat step 2 and 3 for the cooking oil and honey/corn syrup/dish soap
5. Record your data on the table.
6. Calculate the average time it took the marble in moving from the top to the
bottom of the liquids.

Table No. 1
Time (in Seconds)
No. of Trials Honey/Corn
Water Cooking Oil
Syrup/Dish Soap
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Average Time

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ANALYSIS

Guiding Questions:

1. In which liquid did the marble take the longest time to reach the bottom?
2. When you drop the marble into the liquids some of them move quickly and
other move slowly, can you tell why did the marbles behave differently?
3. How would you rank the liquids in the order of decreasing viscosity?
4. What explanation can you give for the observed viscosities?

ACTIVITY NO 2

Do and See the Surface Tension

Objective: To observe surface tension in water

Materials:
25 centavo coin
Medicine dropper
Water
Piece of tissue paper
2”x2” piece of wax paper

Procedure:

1. Place the clean dry coin flat on the table over a piece of dry tissue paper.
2. With a dropper, carefully put water on the coin, adding little by little until it
reaches the maximum amount that the coin’s surface can hold without spilling.
3. Place two to three drops of water on the piece of wax paper.

Guiding Questions:

1. Describe the shape of the water drops on top of the coin and wax paper
2. What property of the liquid is shown?
3. What explanation can you give for the shape of the water drops?

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ABSTRACTION

Viscosity is a property of a liquid which is described as a measure of its

tendency to resist flowing motion. Polar molecules and molecules with complex
structures (with “branches”) tend to have higher viscosity, being less able to slip and
slide over one another than those with simple structures and less polarity. For
example, cooking oil (with chains of more than 12 carbons) is more viscous than
gasoline (with 7-8 carbons) due to stronger London dispersion forces; glycerol, with
three OH groups, is more viscous than rubbing alcohol because of more H-bonding.

A liquid with high viscosity is said to be viscous or simply “thick”. When

viscosity is so high that it cannot flow anymore, the matter is said to be glassy or
vitreous. The opposite of viscosity is fluidity. Highly fluid liquid is said to be free-
flowing, mobile or “thin”.

Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature; the increase kinetic energy

overcomes the attractive forces and molecules can more easily move past each
other.

Below is an illustration of Viscosity:

7
 Surface tension is the force that causes the molecules on the surface of a
liquid to “tighten their hold to one another”, creating the effect of a thin membrane on
the surface. At the liquid surface, the attractive forces are mainly downward and
inward. The molecules occupy the least surface area possible, which pulls the
surface into spherical shape when a small amount is dropped. Substances with
strong attractive forces between the molecules have high surface tensions. Surface
tension is temperature dependent; it increases as temperature increases.

Vapor pressure is the amount of gas in equilibrium with the liquid and solid
phases. The higher the vapor pressure, the more gas in equilibrium, and thus the
easier it is for the substance to vaporize (turn to gas), and vice versa. For something
to vaporize, you have to get enough energy together to break these interactions. The
intermolecular forces must weaker for higher vapor pressures. London dispersion
interactions will have higher vapor pressure than those attracted by dipole-dipole
interactions. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the stronger the interactions that
hold the substance together, the lower the vapor pressure of liquid at the given
temperature, and the harder it is to vaporize a substance.

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 Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is
equal to the external pressure (atmospheric pressure above the liquid). Molecules
with stronger intermolecular forces have higher boiling points. A high temperature
gives the molecules enough kinetic energy to break away from their neighbors. They
can escape into the gas phase. Liquids with weak intermolecular forces have weak
attractions to each other. Their molecules can escape into the gas phase with ease.
Their boiling points are lower. Liquids with high intermolecular forces need more
energy to overcome these attractions. The temperature must be higher. They have
higher boiling points.

Heat of vaporization, expressed in cal/g or in kcal/g-atom or in kJ/kg is the energy

required to change exactly one gram of liquid to vapor at its normal boiling point. The
attractive forces between the liquid molecules are overcome during vaporization.
Only when all of the liquid has become a gas will the temperature of the substance
again increase as more heat is added. The intermolecular forces are responsible for
holding the liquid together. The enthalpy of vaporization is roughly, a measure of
how much energy is required to break those intermolecular forces apart.

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APPLICATION

Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
1. Describe the nature of liquids by relating it with intermolecular attractive
forces.
2. How is the boiling point of a pure liquid related to intermolecular forces?
3. What is the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point?

ENRICHMENT

ACTIVITY NO. 3

Effect of Temperature in the Intermolecular Forces of Liquid

Objective: To determine the effect of temperature on viscosity.

Materials:
Funnel
Graduated cylinder/Measuring cup
Corn syrup
Stopwatch
Beaker/glass

Procedure:
1. Measure exactly 200 ml of corn syrup in beaker/glass
2. Using your finger cover the whole of the funnel tip, and slowly transfer the
corn syrup.
3. Position the funnel near the graduated cylinder/measuring cup to catch the
syrup.
4. Release your finger from the funnel tip, and start the time until all the syrup
has been drained in the funnel.
5. Heat the corn syrup and repeat procedure 1 to 4, using heated corn syrup.

Table No. 2
Sample Time(minutes)
Room temperature corn syrup
Warm corn syrup

Questions: (Write your answer on a sheet of paper.)

1. Which has a higher viscosity, water or corn syrup?
2. What effect did heating have on the viscosity of corn syrup?
3. What are the two factors that specifically affect the viscosity of magma in
volcano?

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REFLECTION

Say something about this module by completing the statements below.

In this module I learned that (answers may vary) _______________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

One thing I cannot forget in this module is (answers may vary) ____________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

POST-TEST

Multiple Choice. Read each item carefully and identify what is asked or described.
Encircle the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What increases the boiling point of a compound?

A. Higher intermolecular forces
B. Lower intermolecular forces
C. Lower melting point
D. Lower molecular weight

2. The viscosity of an oil decreases when temperature is _______.

A. Constant
B. Decreased
C. Increased
D. 100 degrees Celsius

3. To obtain a higher vapor pressure, the intermolecular forces must be _______.

A. higher
B. stronger
C. weaker
D. all of the above

4. Which of the following greatly affects viscosity?

A. Bonding
B. Cohesion
C. Elevation
D. Temperature

11
5. The limited amount of space between particles means that liquids have only very
limited of what?
A. Accessibility
B. Agility
C. Compressibility
D. Crystallity

6. What is the effect of a surfactant on surface tension?

A. It increases it.
B. It decreases it.
C. Makes it equal.
D. No effect at all.

7. What increases the vapor pressure of a compound?

A. Higher boiling point
B. Higher intermolecular forces
C. Higher molecular weight
D. Lower intermolecular forces

8. Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have _________.

A. higher boiling point
B. higher melting point
C. lower boiling point
D. lower melting point

9. The viscosity of liquid is a measure of its tendency to resist _______ motion.

A. flowing
B. gliding
C. rolling
D. sliding

10. Which of the following is the least viscous?

A. Corn syrup
B. Honey
C. Motor oil
D. Water

11. Which of the following is an example of intermolecular force?

A. Covalent bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Ionic bond metallic bond
D. Metallic bond ionic bond

12
12. Viscosity means the flow of the liquid is resisted by _______.
A. Alcohol
B. Itself
C. other liquid
D. water

13. A bug is able to walk on the surface of water because of ________.

A. capillary action
B. physical changes
C. surface tension
D. viscosity

14. Surface tension is temperature dependent; it decreases as temperature

________.
A. decreases
B. increases
C. same
D. equal

15. What happens to molecules at the surface in comparison to those in the interior
of liquid?
A. Molecules in the interior experience an attractive force from
neighboring molecules.
B. Molecules on the surface have neighboring molecules only on one
side.
C. Molecules on the surface experience an attractive force which tend
to pull them into the interior.
D. All of the above

13
GLOSSARY

Viscosity – is the resistance of liquid to flow.

Surface tension – is the force that causes the molecules on the surface of a liquid
to tighten their hold to one another, creating the effect of a thin membrane on the
surface.

Boiling point – is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to
the external pressure (atmospheric pressure above the liquid)

Vapor pressure – is the amount of gas in equilibrium with the liquid and solid phase.

Heat of vaporization – is a measure of how much energy is required to break those

intermolecular forces apart.

Intermolecular forces – forces which mediate interaction between atoms including

forces of attraction or repulsion which act between atoms or ions and other types of
neighboring particles.

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ANSWER KEY

Pre-Test
1. B 6. C 11. B
2. B 7. C 12. D
3. B 8. A 13. D
4. B 9. C 14. D
5. B 10. A 15. C

Activity No. 1
Analysis
1. Honey corn syrup/dish soap
2. Marbles behave differently because the honey has complex molecular structure thus causing
strong molecular forces.
3. Rank 1 – honey (has highest viscosity)
Rank 2 – cooking oil (has a higher viscosity)
Rank 3 – water (less viscos)
4. Viscosity is a property of liquid which is described as measure of its tendency to resist flowing
motion. A liquid with high viscosity or simply “thick”.

Activity No. 2
Analysis:
1. The water drops form a dome shape on the coin
2. Surface tension
3. Water molecules attract each other and tend to stick together. This cohesion property results
in surface tension. Because water molecules at the surface of the water puddle attract more
to one the other than they do to the air molecules above them. They cling together and form a
dome shape on the coin.

Application:
1. Highly fluid liquid is said to be free flowing mobile of thin, the intermolecular attractive forces
is loss.
2. Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure.
Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have higher boiling points.
3. A high temperature gives the molecules enough kinetic energy to break away from their
neighbors. They can escape into a gas phase.
4. Liquids with weak intermolecular forces have weak attraction to each other. Their molecules
can escape into the gas phase with ease. Their boiling points are lower. Liquids with high
intermolecular forces need more energy to overcome these attractions, the temperature must
be higher. They have higher boiling points.

Enrichment:
1. Corn syrup
2. When syrup is cold it has a high viscosity and can be difficult to pour. When heated, the
viscosity decreases and the syrup flows more freely.
3. Magma composition and temperature

Post-Test
1. B 5. C 9. A 13. C
2. C 6. B 10. D 14. B
3. C 7. B 11. B 15. D
4. D 8. A 12. B

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REFERENCES

Ilao L. et.al (1st ed 2017) General Chemistry 2

Tabujara G. Jr. (1st ed 2016) General Chemistry

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Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address: [email protected]

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