Sarawak Campus

Assignment Cover Sheet

(for individual and group assignments)
This cover sheet is to be attached to all assignments, both hard copy and electronic format

ASSIGNMENT DETAILS
Unit Code ＭＥＥ４０００１ Unit Title ＨＥＡＴ　ＴＲＡＮＳＦＥＲ
Tutorial/Lab Group ０１ Lecturer/Tutor Name ＤＲ　ＥＬＡＭＭＡＲＡＮ　ＪＡＹＡＭＡＮＩ
Assignment Title ＳＵＳＴＡＩＮＡＢＩＬＩＴＹ　ＧＲＯＵＰ　ＰＲＯＪＥＣＴ
Due date １８　ＮＯＶＥＭＢＥＲ　２０２０ Date Received
DECLARATION
For both individual and group assignments, in the case of assignment submission on behalf of another student, it is assumed that permission has
been given. The University takes no responsibility for any loss, damage, theft, or alteration of the assignment.

To be completed if this is an individual assignment

I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not worked collaboratively, nor have I copied from any other student’s work or from any
other source/s, except where due acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by another person.

Student Details Student ID Number Student Name Student Signature

Student 1
To be completed if this is a group assignment
We declare that this is a group assignment and that no part of this submission has been copied from any other student's work or from any other
source except where due acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for us by another person.

Student Details Student ID Number(s) Student Name(s) Student Signature (s)

Student 1 １０００８８４２０ ＷＯＮＧ　ＹＥＮＧ　ＣＨＩＡＮＧ
Student 2 １０００８８８７３ ＳＩＭ　ＲＵＩ　ＬＩ
Student 3 １０１２１８３６７ ＬＩＮＧ　ＪＩＮ　ＬＥＨ
Student 4 １０００８７４９８ ＬＥＥ　ＴＥＣＫ　ＳＩＡＮ
Student 5

MARKER’S COMMENTS

Total Mark Marker’s Signature Date

EXTENSION CERTIFICATE
This assignment has been given an extension by
Unit Convenor
Extended due Date Received
date

Version 4, 2 August 2016. Owner: The Academic Board, Sarawak.

This cover sheet is a live document available on the Swinburne Sarawak intranet; a print copy may not be the latest version
 MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER

SUSTAINABILITY GROUP PROJECT

Student Name & ID:

Wong Yeng Chiang (100088420)
Sim Rui Li (100088873)
Ling Jin Leh (101218367)
Lee Teck Sian (100087498)

1
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Site Description ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Saratok ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Leisang ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Proposed Design ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Saratok ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Leisang ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Comparison and Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 5
Economic values.................................................................................................................................. 5
Saratok............................................................................................................................................ 5
Leisang ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Environmental impacts ....................................................................................................................... 6
Saratok............................................................................................................................................ 6
Leisang ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................. 7
References .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Contribution Part .................................................................................................................................... 9
Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 9

2
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 FEASIBLE WAY TO PROVIDE ELECTRICITY FOR 100 HOUSES IN SARATOK
AND LEISANG: MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC VS SOLAR THERMAL
Wong Yeng Chiang, Sim Rui Li, Ling Jin Leh, Lee Teck Sian
Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Malaysia

Keywords: Electricity, consumption, hydro-electric, solar thermal

Abstract this project, renewable energy will used to protect the

This article is going to study and examine the feasibility of surrounding environment and the safety of villagers.
electrifying with renewable energy in the rural area in
The chosen domestic village is in Saratok, Sarawak, Malaysia
Malaysia and India according to their geometrical conditions.
and overseas village is located at Leisang, Manipur, India.
The project will cover on the importance of electricity and the
There are many types of renewable energy exist which are
motivation of studying the renewable energy in different
solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, tidal energy,
countries. At the beginning of the project, two rural areas
geothermal energy, and biomass energy, but not all of them
were selected which are Kampung Bunga Raya Saratok and
suitable in everywhere due to geographical and weather
Leisang. In terms of geographical conditions, Kampung
factors. For example, in desert area it is nearly impossible to
Bunga Raya Saratok is close to the river called Sungai Krian,
generate hydro energy since it is hardly finding any river there
on the other hand, Leisang is located near to the equator.
and as for frequently raining area is not suitable for solar
Therefore, micro hydroelectric and solar thermal power were
energy due to inefficiency energy collected from sunlight.
proposed to implement in both rural areas. Each of the
Thus, selected renewable energy must be suitable in chosen
proposed energy generation plants were designed based on
areas.
the rational assumption according to daily basis of the
populations. This article also evaluates and compare both
proposed design in terms of economic values and Site Description
environmental impacts. Unlike the micro hydroelectric, the Saratok
payback period for the solar thermal powerplant is Saratok is the capital of the Betong Division around 1590
significantly long. Furthermore, despite the sustainable square kilometers in Betong. The distance between Saratok to
energy do not produce any by-product during the generation Betong is approximated 50 kilometers. It is about three and
of electricity, however, it does contribute to a certain amount half hours’ drive from Saratok to the capital of Sarawak
of impact to the environment. Lastly, some explanations and which is Kuching about 213.4 kilometers of distance. The
recommendations were also given in during the evaluation. population of Saratok is over 44000 as of 2000. Moreover,
the Kampung Bunga Raya Saratok is also in the Saratok
Introduction division of Sarawak, Malaysia. It is just about 1 minute from
Electrical energy is an important source of energy to make Kampung Bunga Raya Saratok to the town of Saratok.
most of the people having more comfortable and quality life. Furthermore, there is a river named as Sungai Krian beside
In current era, electrical energy is used to light up the bulb or Kampung Bunga Raya Saratok.
florescent lamp, heater for shower, boiling water and other
purpose which bring a lot of convenience to human life. Leisang
Therefore, rural electrification is important to help those who Manipur is a region in north-eastern India, linked with north
are not able to access energy. of Nagaland and east of Assam. It is about 22330 square
kilometres. As of 2011, the population of Manipur is around
According to Alliance for Rural Electrification (2019), a set 2,855,800. There is a small village in the north- eastern of
of data regarding energy access policies in 2017 shows Manipur which is Leisang. Besides, it in Kangpokpi district
promising result which help nearly 140 million people access and the GPS coordinates is 24° 24′ 23.28″ N, 93° 42′ 29.69″
electricity. In 2018, India successfully help around 100 E. It is assumed to have 100 households. The location of
million people in their rural area obtain electricity without Leisang is quite near the equator therefore there is a huge
other countries aiding them. Despite majority of people are potential to develop the renewable energy source that is solar
gradually able to access energy, there are still around 600 thermal energy.
million people in sub-Sarahan Africa and few hundred
million people in other countries still live without energy Proposed Design
access. Therefore, this project will design a system to deliver Saratok
energy for a domestic village and overseas village that lack of According to Google Maps (2020), the nearest river to
energy supplied. In order to fulfil sustainable requirement in Saratok is Sungai Krian. Therefore, the selected renewable

3
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
energy in this area is hydroelectric energy. According to Figure 1: Monthly consumption of electricity per 100 houses
National Geographic Society (2019), hydroelectric energy (kW) versus Month in Saratok, Sarawak, Malaysia
which is also known as hydroelectric power is an energy that
generated from motion of water flow. Majority of Leisang
hydroelectric power system consist of reservoir which is a According to Maini (2016), India is an ideal country for solar
gate or a valve that control amount of water flow. In order to energy as there has nearly 300 days of sunshine and even
generate electrical energy, the water will store at the top of more energy can be generated than usual by solar energy
dam to gain potential energy. Once the adequate amount of during peak of summer. Therefore, solar thermal energy is
water is stored inside the dam, the gate or valve will be open chosen to supply electrical energy in Leisang village,
to allow water flow swiftly downhill and turn the turbine to furthermore, the daily consumption of electricity in Leisang
generate electrical energy. is assumed to be same with Saratok which vary from
53706.8kW to 59461.1 kW in the monthly basis as illustrated
In Saratok, the best solution to generate electricity is to set up
in the figure 2.
micro hydroelectric power plant. The micro hydroelectric
power plant is very easy to build and maintain. Micro According to eia (2020), solar thermal power plant collects
hydroelectric power system can be set up in a small river and high concentration of heat energy from sunlight to generate
a dam is required to store water. In addition, the Pelton turbine electricity. This plant usually consists of two core
is needed for micro hydroelectric power plant. The operation
components which are reflector that collect and focus sunlight
of Pelton turbine is very easy and uncomplicated. High speed
jets of water generate from the nozzles that surround the and receiver that receive sunlight through reflector.
turbine. The Nozzles are able to let water jet hits the buckets Generally, the solar thermal power plant generate electricity
at the center of the bucket where water jet is partitioned into by harvesting energy from the sun to heat a fluid to a higher
two streams. The two separate streams then flow along the temperature, that is later use to heat the water to form the
inner curve of the bucket and leave the other way that it came superheated steam, and the steam will be used to turn the
in. This change in momentum of the water creates and turbine engine to create mechanical energy, which will be
impulse on the blades of the turbine and it may generate converted into electrical energy by the mean of alternative
torque and rotation in turbine. When the turbine rotates, it will generator. The way that the solar thermal power generation is
generate and provide electricity. essentially the same as the traditional method of generation,
The best location to set up a micro hydroelectric power plant except that the solar thermal power generate electricity by
in Saratok is beside the Sungai Krian. There is a space that harvesting the heat from the sun which form naturally and
can be used to build micro hydroelectric power plant. It is leave no harm, instead of depleting and burning the non-
good to use the water of Sungai Krian to produce electricity renewable fuel source that later generate the undesirable
using micro hydroelectric power plant because the hydraulic greenhouse gases. This system uses sun collectors and
works are easy to do. Dams are utilized to provide water for concentrate the sun’s rays on a point.
home uses and farming.
As a result, a small-scale thermal power plant is proposed to
The monthly consumption of electricity per 100 houses is implement in generating electricity, according to Giovannelli
calculated and it is shown in the figure 1. The highest value (2015), the advantage of the small-scale thermal power plant
of consumption of electricity is 59461.10kW while the is the great impact on the reduction of environmental
lowest value of consumption of electricity is 53706.80kW. degradation and human health problems, it is a proven
The average of consumption of electricity within one year is
technology with over 100 installations worldwide. Apart from
58342.21kW.
that, the small-scale thermal power plant has a strong
potential market for off-grid applications in rural area with
limited access to electricity. Hence, in this case, the parabolic
trough collectors will be implemented in the power plant,
Monthly consumption of which is capable to heat the fluid until around 500°C,
therefore, to build the power plant, an open space that is easily
electricity per 100 houses (kW) exposed to the sunlight would be required.
electricity per 100 houses (kW)

versus Month in Saratok,

Monthly consumption of

Sarawak, Malaysia
60000
58000
56000
54000
52000
50000
Jan
Feb

Aug
Mar

Sep
Apr
May

Nov
Jun
Jul

Oct

Dec

Month

4
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 maintenance cost is around 1.5% ~ 2.5% of the total cost for
Monthly consumption of the construction per year, about USD 31688.70 to USD
52814.50. Other than that, some parts or accessories might be
electricity per 100 houses (kW) broken, for example, dams and pipe fittings etc. These parts
Monthly consumption of electricity

versus Month in Leisang, Manipur, have to be replaced when they were broken.
India Payback period is the time required to recover the initial cost
per 100 houses (kW)

60000 of an investment. It is the number of years it would take to

58000 get back the initial investment made for a project. For
56000 calculating payback period, the formula is dividing the
54000 installation fee of proposed design by the yearly cost. In
52000 Saratok, the installation fee of Micro hydroelectric power
50000 plant is RM8774601.03 and the yearly energy consumption
cost per 100 houses is RM220533.5475. Therefore, the 40
years of payback period is expected. This project is
Month considered profitable in terms of long run since this project
needs to regularly do maintenance and purchase new parts
of accessories when the parts are broken. The calculation is
Figure 2: Monthly consumption of electricity per 100 houses shown in the appendix.
(kW) versus Month in Leisang, Manipur, India

Leisang
Unlike power plants that generate energy by fossil fuels, the
Comparison and Analysis solar thermal power plant is dominated by the initial
Economic values investment cost. According to Rawlins (2013), the current
investment for solar thermal power plant that uses parabolic
Saratok trough collectors with thermal energy storage cost around
According to Alibaba 2020, the 3000-kW micro hydropower USD 69.6 million (RM 286.1 million), despite the costly
turbine generator is costing USD 100000 (RM 412850). installation investment, due to the storage system, it generally
Moreover, Saratok's lack of transport system and results in a lower electricity generation cost.
infrastructure will cost more than USD 50000. From the
calculation, the Kampung Bunga Saratok required an average According to Santos et al. (2018), as for the estimated cost,
of 59461.10 kW of power to generate electricity for 100 among the USD 69.6 million, the solar field would be the
houses. Furthermore, a micro hydropower turbine is 3000 kW largest cost component and the most capital-intensive part in
and supplying to the 100 houses, and 21 of the micro the project which stand for around 42% or USD 29.232
hydropower turbine generators provide 63 MW, which cost a million (RM 120.14 million) of the total cost, where the share
USD 2,100,000. of the thermal energy storage system that is capable to store
energy for 13.4 hours stand for 20% or USD 13.92 million
The project decides to install the 3000-kW turbine generator. (RM 57.21 million), furthermore, the price of the solar
The estimated construction fee is around USD 12,580.61. The collector is usually determined by the cost of the metal
construction fee is including the workers' wages (USD support structure which is 10.7% or USD 7.45 million (RM
288.30*20), hire a civil engineer to consult (USD 1536), build 30.62 million), 7.1% or USD 4.94 million (RM 20.3 million)
new- make sites ( dams, deviation of the river) to install the for receiver, 6.4% or USD 4.45 million (RM 18.29 million)
turbine generators (USD 5000) and the shipping fee for the for mirror, and 5.4% or USD 3.76 million (RM 15.45 million)
turbine generator (USD 278.61). In Malaysia, every worker's for heat transfer system which is another important cost
basic salary should be at least USD 288.30, and the project component.
estimate twenty workers involved. According to Salary.com
2020, the civil consultant engineer's salary counts by hourly, The labour another factor that must be considered in the
which is USD 64 per hour and estimate three days and works project cost, however, there is the possibility where the locals
8 hours a day; therefore, the cost for hire civil engineer is can help in reducing the labour fees in developing countries.
USD 1536. Other than that, according to DHL 2020, the rate According to trading economics (2020), the minimum wages
for shipping from China to Sarawak, which is USD 278.61. in India is USD 2.39 (RM 9.82) per day, and a workforce of
Besides, the total cost for the micro hydroelectric plant will around 20 people is expected to be involve in building the
be USD 2,112,580 (RM 8,721,786.53). project.

Moreover, the hydropower turbine also has to maintenance; In terms of operation and maintenance, the O&M costs of
therefore, there is an expense on maintenance fees. It is CSP power plant is relatively low compared to fossil fuel-
necessary to have maintenance service every year to avoid fired power plants. The maintenance for CSP power plant
environmental and social threats, such as destroying wildlife's consists of replacement of mirrors and receivers due to glass
habitat and polluting the water quality and greenhouse gasses. breakage or mirror washing, furthermore, as the improvement
According to the research of Hydropower 2010, the of technology, the cost of O&M procedures has been reduced,

5
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
hence, the estimated O&M costs for CSP plants in the longer is trapped for a long time and causes the growth of algae and
run is likely to be as low as USD 0.025/kWh. weeds. These weeds or algae that growth on the surface of
water might blocking the sunlight from entering the water
which can lead to death of aquatic plants and also these algae
The payback period refers to the amount of time it takes to can consume oxygen inside the water which causes oxygen
recover the cost of an investment. Simply put, the payback level in water drop and result in death of aquatic life due to
period is the length of time an investment reaches a break- lack of oxygen. On top of that, hydroelectric operators need
even point. The total amount of energy consumption per 100 to store certain amount of water inside the dam before
houses is 700106.50kWh. The electrical tariff in in India is released. This water is usually colder than downstream water
INR 6.034/kWh. The team converted the electrical tariff and contain less oxygen. Releasing the water from dam to
from Indian Rupee to Malaysian Ringgit. Therefore, downstream water might alter the oxygen level and
INR6.034 is equals to RM0.33. For calculating payback temperature of water which can lead to negative impact on
period, the formula is dividing the installation fee of downstream aquatic life.
proposed design by the yearly cost. In Leisang, the Furthermore, hydroelectric plant might cause global warming
installation fee of Solar thermal power plant is emissions. During the installation and dismantling of the
RM286100000 and the yearly energy consumption cost per hydroelectric plant might emit harmful substances which can
100 houses is RM231035.145. So, the payback period of this lead to global warming and the emission during facility
project is 1239 years. The calculation is shown in the operating can potentially cause greater impact than during
appendix. This project is considered as not feasible. The installation. The emission from hydroelectric plant can be
payback period is too long for the project. This is because vary by size of reservoir and topography of the land. A small
solar thermal power plant generates great amount of hydroelectric plant can emit approximately between 0.01 and
electricity and always used in bigger area such as city. 0.03 pounds of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour. In contrast,
Compared to city, the monthly consumption of electricity is life cycle emission from large scale of hydroelectric plant that
lesser in Leisang. There are some recommendations can built in semi-arid region can produce approximately 0.06
reduce the payback period. When calculating payback pounds of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour. On the other
period, the value used in monthly consumption of electricity hand, the hydroelectric plant that built in tropical areas or
is the highest value of the year. Sometimes the excessive temperate peatlands can potentially produce much more
electricity would be generated. Therefore, the team suggests carbon dioxide than in land due to decompose of plant nearby
that the excessive electricity can be sell to other household the power plant can produce carbon dioxide and methane
in other areas. Besides, the excessive electricity can be gases.
stored in the batteries. The batteries can be used in
anywhere.
Leisang
According to Union of Concerned Scientists (2013), solar
Environmental impacts
power might potentially harm the environment in different
Saratok ways. Firstly, land use for building solar power plant might
According to Union of Concerned Scientists (2013), lead to habitat loss and land degradation. Depending on the
hydroelectric power plant might have several negative intensity of the solar resource, scale of solar plant facility,
impacts on environment. Firstly, the size of hydroelectric technology used, and topography of power plant built can
plant reservoir can be varied depend on the generator size and result in different land areas requirement. For example,
the topography of the land such as hilly areas or canyon photovoltaic (PV) solar cells can produce up to 10 acres per
usually required less land to build hydroelectric plant than flat MW of electrical power. In contrast, concentrating solar
land. For example, a large hydroelectric power plant that built thermal plants (CSP) can produce 4 to 16.5 acres per MW of
in a flat area in Brazil consumes 2360 square kilometres of electrical power. These facilities can consume large area of
land which can only generate 250 MW of electrical power land depend on demand for electrical power which can
(approximately 2000 acres per MW). On the other hand, potentially cause habitat loss for wildlife.
hydroelectric power plant that built in small hilly areas can
generate more power per acres (about 0.25 acres per MW). In In addition, concentrating solar thermal plants (CSP) required
order to provide enough power supply, some countries large amount of water for cooling which might greatly reduce
flooding large areas of their land for a hydroelectric reservoir large amount of water in river. CSP that run by wet-
which might harm the environment such as agricultural land, recirculating technology can consume up to 650 gallons of
wildlife habitats, scenic lands, and destroys forest. water per megawatt-hour of electrical power produced.
Although there is technology that can reduce the water
In addition, hydroelectric power plant might harm aquatic life consumption such as dry-cooling technology which can
and affect aquatic ecosystem. For example, aquatic life that reduce nearly 90 percent of water used, but it has higher cost
trapped into dammed reservoirs might be killed by rotating and less efficiency especially in area with surrounding
turbine blades. Besides that, dammed reservoir and temperatures that higher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
downstream from the facility might affect aquatic ecosystem Therefore, wet-recirculating technology is widely used due to
indirectly. Reservoir water usually contain more nutrients and higher efficiency and this causes larger water consumption
sediments than river water as the water in dammed reservoir
6
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
which might negatively affect both aquatic life and wildlife References
surrounding it. Alibaba.com 2020, ‘3000 kW Micro Hydro Power Turbine /
Micro Hydro Turbine Generator’, Alibaba.com, viewed 27
Furthermore, solar power might result in global warming
October 2020, <https://www.alibaba.com/product-
during manufacturing, materials transportation, installation,
detail/3000kW-two-nozzles-pelton-turbine-
maintenance, and decommissioning and dismantlement. For
with_60788305850.html?spm=a2700.details.deiletai6.29.72
photovoltaic systems (PV), usually can produce between 0.07
796546IywUAY>.
and 0.18 pounds of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour. In
contrast, concentrating solar power (CSP) can produce up to
0.2 pounds of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour. These plants Alliance for Rural Electrification 2019, Rural electrification
emit far less carbon dioxide than other type power plant such is the process of bringing electrical power to rural and
as fossil fuel based power plant. remote areas, Alliance for Rural Electrification, viewed 25
November 2020, <https://www.ruralelec.org/rural-
electrification>.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, the statistics show that building
hydroelectric power in Saratok is feasible if the project fee is
handling by government or other organization. As data Dhl 2020, Service & Rate Guide 2020, viewed 27 October
shows, the installation fee of this project is nearly RM 8.8 2020,
million and takes approximately 40 years to payback. <http://www.dhl.com.my/content/dam/downloads/my/expre
However, the payback period shows are minimum payback ss/shipping/rate_guides/dhl_express_rate_transit_guide_my
period because the calculation did not involve labour fees, _en.pdf>.
yearly maintenance fees, and other extra fees. In addition, this
project has extraordinarily high setup cost about RM 88000
per household which might be a huge burden by rural area Giovannelli, A. (2015), ‘State of the art on small-scale
villager, thus they need assistance from government or other concentrated solar power plants’, Energy Procedia. Elsevier
organization for initial funding. Assistance from either party B.V., 82, pp. 607–614. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.008.
are possible as the villagers can offer paid up to 20 ringgits
per month or any affordable amount of money for
maintenance fee and other necessary fees, so that they only Google 2020, Leisang , Google Maps, viewed, 10 October
need to paid one-off fee for setup. On the other hand, the solar 2020,<https://www.google.com/maps/place/Leisang,+Manip
thermal plant that plan to be built in Leisang is not feasible. ur+795128,+India/@24.4061584,93.7066813,17z/data=!3m
From data shows, the setup fee for this project is about RM 1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x374eb48cbe1b46d3:0x912ab12d1f5bc
286.1 million and take approximately 1239 years to payback 63b!8m2!3d24.4055269!4d93.7086088>.
and this have not included other extra fees. This research also
discovered that the energy generated by solar thermal power
plant is excessive for 100 households in Leisang. Therefore,
Google 2020, Saratok , Google Maps, viewed, 10 October
it is recommended to distribute the remaining electricity to
2020, <
surrounding villages or households which might greatly
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Saratok,+Sarawak/@1.
reduce the payback period. For the requirement for these
7633377,111.2075445,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3
projects are mentioned in above section and the
1f9823a5d249ac1:0x233f3157d8bcd398!8m2!3d1.738795!4
environmental impact were discussed. Although these
d111.3378401>.
projects do pollute environment in different ways, it’s still
had less impact as ordinary methods of providing electricity
such as burning of fossil fuel.
Google Maps, Saratok Sarawak, Google, viewed 25
November 2020,
Acknowledgements <https://www.google.com/search?tbm=lcl&ei=Df9tX4CFH
The project team is appreciated because they did their uOR4-EPi5C2sAU&q=saratok+&oq=saratok+&gs_l=psy-
sustainability group project in the time given and the ab.3..46i67k1j0l3j46i199i175k1j0l2j46i199i175k1j0i67k1j0.
assistance by our lecturer Dr. Elammaran Jayamani. This 3466.3466.0.3677.1.1.0.0.0.0.175.175.0j1.1.0....0...1c.1.64.p
project cannot be completed without the effort and co- sy-
operation from our group members, Wong Yeng Chiang ab..0.1.174....0.R2WIqqdbsXI#rlfi=hd:;si:;mv:[[1.89336399
(100088420) - Leader, Sim Rui Li (100088873), Lee Teck 99999998,111.512384],[1.6333218999999999,111.1828786
Sian (100087498), Ling Jin Leh (101218367). Last but not ]]>.
least, the project team is grateful to their friends and family
members for the project's support and advice.
Hydropower 2010, ETSAP, viewed 7 November 2020,
<https://iea-etsap.org/E-TechDS/PDF/E06-hydropower-GS-
gct_ADfina_gs.pdf>.

7
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 Santos, J. J. C. S. et al. (2018) ‘Concentrating Solar Power’,
Advances in Renewable Energies and Power Technologies,
Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Daerah Saratok 2020, 1(2), pp. 373–402. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812959-3.00012-
SaratokDC, viewed 9 October 2020,< 5.
https://saratokdc.sarawak.gov.my/>.

TRADING ECONOMICS (2020), India National Floor

Maini, C 2016, The Environment: India is an Ideal Country Level Minimum wage, viewed 16 November 2020,
for Solar Energy, Business Today, viewed 25 November <https://tradingeconomics.com/india/minimum-
2020, <https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover- wages#:~:text=Minimum%20Wages%20in%20India%20is,
story/the-environment-india-is-an-ideal-country-for-solar- macro%20models%20and%20analysts%20expectations>.
energy/story/227500.html>.

Union of Concerned Scientist 2013, Environmental Impacts

Natonal Geographic 2019, Hydroelectric Energy, National of Hydroelectric Power, Union of Concerned Scientist,
Gegraphic, viewed 25 November 2020, viewed 10 November 2020,
<https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/hydroele <https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/environmental-impacts-
ctric- hydroelectric-
energy/#:~:text=Hydroelectric%20energy%2C%20also%20 power#:~:text=Flooding%20land%20for%20a%20hydroelec
called%20hydroelectric,used%20this%20force%20for%20m tric,way%20for%20reservoirs%20%5B3%5D.>.
illennia>.eia 2020, Solar explained, U.S. Energy Information
Administration, viewed 25 November 2020,
<https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/solar/solar-thermal-
power-plants.php>. Union of Concerned Scientist 2013, Environmental Impacts
of Solar Power, Union of Concerned Scientist, viewed 10
November 2020,
<https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/environmental-impacts-
Rawlins, J. and Ashcroft, M. (2013) ‘Small-scale solar-power>.
Concentrated Solar Power - A review of current activity and
potential to accelerate deployment’, Carbon Trust, (March),
p. 50. Available at:
<https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/a
ttachment_data/file/191058/small_scale_concentrated_solar
_power_carbon_trust.pdf>.

Salary 2020, Hourly wage for civil engineer -consultant,

viewed 28 October 2020,
<https://www.salary.com/research/salary/alternate/civil-
engineer-expert-consultant-hourly-wages>.

8
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
Contribution Part
Table 1: Contribution part of each team members
Part Person in Charge
Abstract Ling Jin Leh
Introduction Lee Teck Sian
Site Description of Saratok, Sarawak Sim Rui Li
Site Desciption of Leisang, India Sim Rui Li
Proposed Design of Saratok, Sarawak Wong Yeng Chiang
Proposed Design of Leisang, India Ling Jin Leh
Costing of Micro hydroelectric power plant Sim Rui Li
Costing of Solar thermal power plant Ling Jin Leh
Calculating Payback Period Wong Yeng Chiang
Environmental Impacts Lee Teck Sian
Conclusion Lee Teck Sian
Acknowledgement Sim Rui Li
Appendix Wong Yeng Chiang, Sim Rui Li, Ling Jin
Leh, Lee Teck Sian

Appendix
Table 2: Calculating daily consumption of electricity per 100 houses (kW)
Appliance Unit Power Time of Unit × Power rating ×
rating (W) consumption Time of consumption
per day per day
(hours)
Refrigerator 1 150 24 3600
Fan 2 75 6 900
Computer 1 500 4 2000
Television 1 400 4 1600
Fluorescent 5 55 11 3025
tube
Fluorescent 2 60 11 1320
bulb
Water heater 1 1334 4 5336
Washing 1 700 2 1400
machine
Daily consumption of electricity per house (kW) 19.1810
Daily consumption of electricity per 100 houses (kW) 1918.10

9
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 Table 3: Monthly consumption of electricity per 100 houses (kW)
Month Daily Number of Monthly
consumption days consumption
of electricity of electricity
per 100 per 100
houses(kW) houses (kW)
January 1918.10 31 59461.10
February 1918.10 28 53706.80
March 1918.10 31 59461.10
April 1918.10 30 57543.00
May 1918.10 31 59461.10
June 1918.10 30 57543.00
July 1918.10 31 59461.10
August 1918.10 31 59461.10
September 1918.10 30 57543.00
October 1918.10 31 59461.10
November 1918.10 30 57543.00
December 1918.10 31 59461.10

Figure 3: Average salary for consulting a civil engineer

10
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 Figure 4: the price for hydropower plant

Figure 5: Basic salary in Malaysia

11
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 Figure 6: Cost of parabolic trough for solar thermal power plant (USD/kW)

12
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
Calculation of Payback Period of the proposed design

Saratok, Sarawak, Malaysia

Figure 7: Cost of electricity in Sarawak for each unit used

Monthly energy consumption is estimated by multiplying the power usage and the days in that particular month. For
example, daily consumption of electricity per 100 houses on January in Saratok, Sarawak is 1918.10kW of power.

𝑄̇𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = (1918.10kW) (31days) =59461.10kWh

From figure above, the electricity cost of Saratok is RM0.315/kWh, thus cost in January is
59461.10kWh × RM0.315/kWh = RM18730.25

13
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
Leisang, Manipur, India

Figure 8: Cost of electricity in India for each unit used

Monthly energy consumption is estimated by multiplying the power usage and the days in that particular month. For
example, daily consumption of electricity per 100 houses on January in Leisang, Manipur, India is 1918.10kW of
power.

𝑄̇𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = (1918.10kW) (31days) =59461.10kWh

From figure above, the electricity cost per 100 houses of Leisang is INR 6.034/kWh, thus cost in January is
59461.10kWh × INR 6.034/kWh = INR 358788.2774

Converting INR to MYR

INR 358788.2774 = RM19848.47

14
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
Payback period is dividing the installation fee of proposed design by the yearly cost.
Installation (RM) RM8774601.03
∆t payback = = = 39.79 ≈ 40 years
Yearly Cost (RM/year) RM220533.5475

Table 4: Average monthly Energy consumption in Saratok, Sarawak, Malaysia and its payback time of Micro
hydroelectric power plant
Average monthly Total energy Electricity
Payback
Energy consumption consumption Tariff Cost in 1 Installation
period
per 100 houses in in 1 year (RM per year (RM) fee (RM)
(years)
Saratok (kWh) (kWh) kWh)
Jan 59461.10
Feb 53706.80
Mar 59461.10
Apr 57543.00
May 59461.10
Jun 57543.00
700106.50 0.315 220533.5475 8774601.03 40
Jul 59461.10
Aug 59461.10
Sep 57543.00
Oct 59461.10
Nov 57543.00
Dec 59461.10

Table 5: Average monthly Energy consumption in Leisang, Manipur, India and its payback time of Solar thermal
power plant
Average monthly Total energy
Electricity Payback
Energy consumption consumption Cost in 1 Installation
Tariff (RM period
per 100 houses in in 1 year year (RM) fee (RM)
per kWh) (years)
Leisang(kWh) (kWh)
Jan 59461.10
Feb 53706.80
Mar 59461.10
Apr 57543.00
May 59461.10
Jun 57543.00
700106.50 0.33 231035.145 286100000 1239
Jul 59461.10
Aug 59461.10
Sep 57543.00
Oct 59461.10
Nov 57543.00
Dec 59461.10

15
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
Team Meeting Log 1

Date: 05 September 2020 Time: 1pm-2.30pm

Venue : Microsoft Team Facilitators: Sim Rui Li Recorder: Lee Teck Sian

Team Member Present: Wong Yeng Chiang, Lee Teck Sian, Sim Rui Li, Ling Jin Leh

Agenda Items:
1. Decide renewable energy for the project.

2. Decide two rural areas for project. One of the rural areas is in Malaysia and another
one is in overseas.

3. Discuss about a system for delivering energy to rural areas.

Summary of activities emphasized during the meeting:

1. The team decided to choose electrical energy for this project.

2. Saratok, Sarawak, Malaysia is selected to be the rural area in Malaysia and Leisang,
Manipur, India is selected to be the rural area of overseas.

3. Micro hydroelectric power plant is selected for delivering electrical energy to

Saratok and Solar thermal power plant is selected for delivering electrical energy to
Leisang.

Agreements regarding the next meeting

Who When What When completed
All team members 16 September 2020 Distribute the task 25 September 2020

16
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 Date/Time/Venue of next meeting: 16 September 2020/ 3pm-4.30pm/ Microsoft Team
Agenda item for next meeting: Distribute the task

Team Meeting Log 2

Date: 16 September 2020 Time: 3pm-4.30pm

Venue : Microsoft Team Facilitators: Wong Yeng Recorder: Ling Jin Leh
Chiang

Team Member Present: Wong Yeng Chiang, Lee Teck Sian, Sim Rui Li, Ling Jin Leh

Agenda Items:
1. Distribute the task for introduction, proposed design and site descipton.

Summary of activities emphasized during the meeting:

1. Wong Yeng Chiang is the person in charge of proposed design of Saratok,

Sarawak, Malaysia.

2. Ling Jin Leh is the person in charge of proposed design of Leisang, Manipur, India.

3. Lee Teck Sian is the person in charge of introduction.

4. Sim Rui Li is the person in charge of site description.

Agreements regarding the next meeting

Who When What When completed
17
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 All team members 30 September 2020 Distribute the task 15 October 2020

Date/Time/Venue of next meeting: 15 October 2020/ 3pm-4.30pm/ Microsoft Team

Agenda item for next meeting: Distribute the task

Team Meeting Log 3

Date: 15 October 2020 Time: 3pm-4.30pm

Venue : Microsoft Team Facilitators: Ling Jin Leh Recorder: Sim Rui Li

Team Member Present: Wong Yeng Chiang, Lee Teck Sian, Sim Rui Li, Ling Jin Leh

Agenda Items:
1. Distribute the task for costing of Micro hydroelectric power plant, costing of
solar thermal power plant, environmental impact and converting electricity to
cost.

Summary of activities emphasized during the meeting:

2. Wong Yeng Chiang is the person in charge of proposed design of converting

electricity to cost.

3. Ling Jin Leh is the person in charge of costing of solar thermal power plant.

4. Lee Teck Sian is the person in charge of environmental impact.

5. Sim Rui Li is the person in charge of costing of micro hydroelectric power

plant.

18
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 Agreements regarding the next meeting
Who When What When completed
All team members 25 October 2020 Distribute the task 02 November 2020

Date/Time/Venue of next meeting: 25 October 2020/ 3pm-4.30pm/ Microsoft Team

Agenda item for next meeting: Distribute the task

Team Meeting Log 4

Date: 25 October 2020 Time: 3pm-4.30pm

Venue : Microsoft Team Facilitators: Lee Teck Sian

Recorder: Wong Yeng
Chiang
Team Member Present: Wong Yeng Chiang, Lee Teck Sian, Sim Rui Li, Ling Jin Leh

Agenda Items:
1. Distribute the task for abstract, calculating payback period, conclusion and
acknowledgement.

Summary of activities emphasized during the meeting:

2. Wong Yeng Chiang is the person in charge of calculating payback period.

3. Ling Jin Leh is the person in charge of abstract.

4. Lee Teck Sian is the person in charge of conclusion.

5. Sim Rui Li is the person in charge of acknowledgement.

19
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 Agreements regarding the next meeting
Who When What When completed
All team members 03 October 2020 Discuss the final 15 November 2020
presentation and
final report

Date/Time/Venue of next meeting: 03 November 2020/ 3pm-4.30pm/ Microsoft Team

Agenda item for next meeting: Discuss the final presentation and final report

Team Meeting Log 5

Date: 03 October 2020 Time: 3pm-4.30pm

Venue : Microsoft Team Facilitators: Sim Rui Li Recorder: Lee Teck Sian

Team Member Present: Wong Yeng Chiang, Lee Teck Sian, Sim Rui Li, Ling Jin Leh

Agenda Items:

Discuss the final presentation and final report

Summary of activities emphasized during the meeting:

1. Wong Yeng Chiang will present about the part of proposed design in Leisang
and costing of solar thermal power plant. In addition, he will compile the final
report and submit it to Canvas.

2. Ling Jin Leh will present about the introduction and site description of Leisang.

3. Lee Teck Sian will present about the costing of micro hydroelectric power
plant, environmental impact and conclusion.

20
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER
 4. Sim Rui Li will present about the site description of Saratok and proposed
design of Saratok. Also, he will compile all presentation slides and submit it to
Canvas.

Agreements regarding the next meeting

Who When What When completed
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -

Date/Time/Venue of next meeting: -

Agenda item for next meeting: -

21
MEE40001 HEAT TRANSFER