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Outline of Week 9

PHARMACEUTICAL II. Plant Structure and Functions

BOTANY WITH 7. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
a. Flower Structure and Pollination
TAXONOMY
b. Inflorescences
c. Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
(MIDTERM: WEEK 9)
Prepared by: Melie Rose J. Guevarra

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Objectives: SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

• At the end of the discussion student must be able to:
• understand the sexual reproduction in plants.
• understand the flowers in terms of morphology, types, different • Introduction
variations in floral structure, inflorescence. • Reproduction in plants takes place sexually and asexually as well.
• understand and describe the generalized reproductive cycle of
plants.
• But the majority if the plants are flowering plants and thus they
reproduce sexually.
• understand the definition fruits and seeds, parts, types.
• differentiate dissemination and germination from one another. • Sexual reproduction in plants takes place in flowers, hence flower
is considered to be the reproductive part of a plant.

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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

• What is Sexual Reproduction? • What are the Features of Sexual Reproduction

• In sexual reproduction, two parents are involved in producing a • Two parents are involved (both male and female).
new individual. • Gamete formation and fertilization takes place.
• Offspring is produced by the fusion of gametes (sex cells) from • The whole process is slow and lengthy.
each parent.
• The variation occurs; offspring are different from parents,
genetically and physically.

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FLOWERS FLOWERS

• Group of leaves modified or

adapted for reproduction in
• Outline • Inflorescence the angiosperms.
• Definition of Flowers • Generalized Reproductive cycle • highly condensed and
of plants modified reproductive shoot
• Floral Morphology
• Types of Flowers • It functions to facilitate
• Variations in Floral Structures important events of gamete
formation and fusion (carry
out special reproduction in
plants)

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FLORAL MORPHOLOGY FLORAL MORPHOLOGY

• Sepals
• Sepals • Enclose the outer flower
• Petals parts in the bud, outermost
whorl of the flower
• Stamens
• Generally green in color and
• Pistil all the sepals taken
• Receptacle collectively constitute the
CALYX

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FLORAL MORPHOLOGY FLORAL MORPHOLOGY

TYPES OF SEPALS DURATION OF SEPALS

Polysepalous Gamosepalous Caducous Deciduous Persistant
• all sepals are free from each other • sepals are fused with each other • Sepals fall just at the time of • Sepals fall after pollination • If sepals do not fall and remain
• Ex: Mustard, Radish • Ex: Cotton, Datura, Brinjal opening of flower bud • Ex: Mustard attached to fruit
• Ex: Poppy • Ex: Tomato, Capsicum, Brinjal,
Cotton, Datura

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FLORAL MORPHOLOGY
FLORAL MORPHOLOGY

• Petals
TYPES OF PETALS
• Usually the conspicuous, Symmetrical Asymmetrical Polypetalous Gamopetalous
colored, attractive part of a
flower
• when taken together
constitute the corolla

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FLORAL MORPHOLOGY FLORAL MORPHOLOGY

• Stamens • Pistil
• male part of the flower lying • The female part of the flower
inner to the corolla; grouping which comprises the central
of stamens whorl of modified floral
• Anther, filament and leaves;
connective is called • collectively called the
androecium gynoecium

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FLORAL MORPHOLOGY
FLORAL MORPHOLOGY

EACH PISTIL IS CONSIST OF: • Receptacle

Ovary Style Persistant • The enlarged end of the
• Enlarged basal part, on which • connects the ovary to the • usually at the tip of the style flower stem or stalk
lies the elongated tube the style stigma and is receptive surface for
pollen grains • The part where the sepals,
petals, stamens, and pistils
are attached.

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VARIATIONS IN FLORAL STRUCTURE

• Based on flower parts present

• Based on sexuality of the flower
VARIATIONS • Based on size and shape of floral
parts Complete Flower
BASED ON FLOWER PARTS PRESENT
Incomplete Flower
IN FLORAL • Based on floral symmetry
• Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are
present
• flower with one of the four whorl missing

STRUCTURE • Based on the position of the ovary

• Based on union of the floral parts
• Based on number of flower parts

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VARIATIONS IN FLORAL STRUCTURE BASED ON SEXUALITY OF THE FLOWER

BASED ON SEXUALITY OF THE FLOWER IMPERFECT FLOWER

Perfect Flower Imperfect Flower Based on Sexuality Based on Sexuality and Plant Sources
• aka bisexual or hermaphroditic flower • aka unisexual flower Androecium or Gynoecium or Monoecious plants Dioecious plants
Staminate Flower Pistillate Flower
• With stamens only • With pistil only • staminate and • staminate and
pistillate flowers are pistillate flowers are
present on the same born on separate
plant plants
• Ex: Squash and Corn • Ex: Papaya

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BASED ON SEXUALITY OF THE FLOWER VARIATIONS IN FLORAL STRUCTURE

IMPERFECT FLOWER BASED ON SIZE AND SHAPE OF FLORAL PARTS

Based on Sexuality Based on Sexuality and Plant Sources Regular Flower Irregular Flower
Androecium or Gynoecium or Dioecious plants Monoecious plants • petals and sepals arranged around the center like the • with petals that are not uniform in size or shape.
Staminate Flower Pistillate Flower spokes of a wheel and that is thus radially symmetrical.
• With stamens only • With pistil only

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BASED ON SIZE AND SHAPE OF FLORAL PARTS VARIATIONS IN FLORAL STRUCTURE

IRREGULAR FLOWER BASE ON FLORAL SYMMETRY

Bilabiate Papilionaceous Caesalpinaceous Orchidaceous Actinomorphic or Radially Zygomorphic or Bilaterally Asymmetrical Flower
• With two lips • Resembles butterfly • Peacock flower • Resembles a chin Symmetrical flower Symmetrical Flower
• Ex: Mayana • Ex: Bataw • Ex: Caballero • Ex: Dendrobium • Parts radiate from the center and • Parts do not radiate from the center • When the flower cannot be divided
any line drawn from through center and only one line divides the flower into two equal halves from any
of the flower, thus divides the into 2 similar halves plane
flower into 2 similar halves

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VARIATIONS IN FLORAL STRUCTURE VARIATIONS IN FLORAL STRUCTURE

BASE ON THE POSITION OF THE OVARY BASED ON UNION OF THE FLORAL PARTS
Hypogenous flower Perigynous Flower Epigynous Flower Connation Flower Adnation Flower
• ovary is said to be superior to • ovary is said to be half inferior • which is said to be an inferior ovary • wher similar flower parts fuse • when different flower parts fuse
petals, sepals and stamens • Ex: Plum, Peach, Rose because other parts of flower arises
• Ex: Mustard, Chinarose, Brinjal above the ovary.
• Ex: Guava, Cucumber, Ray florets of
sunflower

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CONNATION FLOWERS VARIATIONS IN FLORAL STRUCTURE

KINDS OF CONNATION FLOWERS BASED ON THE NUMBER OF FLOWER PARTS

Synsepalous Sympetalous Synandrous Syncarpous Monocotyledonous Flower Dicotyledonous Flower
• Fused sepals • Fused petals • Fused stamens • Fused pistils • Parts are multiples of 3 • Parts are multiples of 4 or 5

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INFLORESCENCE
• Raceme
• Panicle
• Spike
DIFFERENT INFLORESCENCE
INFLORESCENCE: • Catkin
Raceme Panicle Spike Catkin Umbel
the arrangement of the • Umbel
• Main axis has short • A branched raceme • Similar to raceme • Spike which is • Short axis and all
flowers on a plant. • Spadix branches or but flowers on the hanging or pedicellate flowers
pedicels, each of axis are sessile dropping and radiate from the
• Corymb which terminates bearing only apex of the axis
• Cyme in a flower staminate or
pistillate flowers
• Fasicle • Example: • Example: • Example: • Example: • Example:
• Composite flowers • Gladiolus • Rice • Bottle brush • Buntot ng pusa • Chinese bamboo

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INFLORESCENCE INFLORESCENCE

DIFFERENT INFLORESCENCE DIFFERENT INFLORESCENCE

Raceme Panicle Spike Catkin Umbel Raceme Panicle Spike Catkin Umbel

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INFLORESCENCE INFLORESCENCE

DIFFERENT INFLORESCENCE DIFFERENT INFLORESCENCE

Spadix Corymb Cyme Fascicle Composite Spadix Corymb Cyme Fascicle Composite
• Fleshy spike • Pedicel are unequal in • Similar to • Pedicelled or • Group of flowers so
bearing both length but the flowers corymb but the sessile flowers are arranged to give an
staminate and are on the same level inner flowers are crowded on one appearance of a
pistillate flowers • Younger flowers at the older side of the stem. single flower, the
surrounded by a center have short characteristic
petalloid bract pedicel, while the grouping of flowers
outer older flowers are is called the head
longer
• Example: • Example: • Example: • Example: • Example:
• Anthurium, Callalily • Caballero • Santan • Birds of paradise • Daisy, Sunflower
Chrysanthemum

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INFLORESCENCE

EVENTS
• Development of
DIFFERENT INFLORESCENCE INVOLVED IN Gametophytes
Spadix Corymb Cyme Fascicle Composite
THE • Pollination
REPRODUCTIVE • Germination of the Pollen
Grains
CYCLE OF • Fertilization
ANGIOSPERMS

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POLLINATION
• TYPES OF POLLINATION
• Self Pollination
• Cross Pollination TYPES OF POLLINATION
POLLINATION: • TYPES OF FLOWERS BASED ON Self Pollination Cross Pollination
is the transfer of pollen AGENT OF POLLINATION • Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the • Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a
grains from the anther to • Entomophilous flowers
stigma of the same flower, or from the anther of flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on
the stigma one flower to the stigma of another flower on the another plant
• Anemophilous flowers same plant.
• Hydrophilous flowers
• Example: • Example:
• Zoophilous flowers • Pea and Hibiscus • Almost all flowering plants

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POLLINATION POLLINATION

TYPES OF POLLINATION
TYPES OF FLOWERS BASED ON AGENT OF POLLINATION
Self Pollination Cross Pollination
Entomophilous flowers Anemophilous flowers Hydrophilous flowers Zoophilous flowers
• Insect pollinated flowers • Wind pollinated flowers • Water pollinated flowers • animal pollinated
flowers

• Modifications: • Modifications: • Modifications: Modifications:

• brightly colored, scented, • inconspicuous flower • similar to anemophilous • similar to entomophilous
with sticky or spiny without scent, with small flowers flowers
pollen, sticky stigmas, and dry pollen grains,
produces nectar expanded stigmas, do not
produce nectar

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POLLINATION
• STEPS IN GERMINATION OF
THE POLLEN GRAINS
• Upon reaching the stigma,
TYPES OF FLOWERS BASED ON AGENT OF POLLINATION
Entomophilous flowers Anemophilous flowers Hydrophilous flowers Zoophilous flowers
GERMINATION: the vegetative cell develops
is the process by which an to form the pollen tube
organism grows from a • The pollen tube together
seed with the 2 sperm cells,
enters the micropyle of the
ovule
• Double fertilization occurs

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• Once pollen gets transferred to • The embryo possesses a tiny

stigma the male gametes from future root (radicle), a tiny
pollen grains release and fuses future shoot (plumule) and
FERTILIZATION: with egg in the ovule to form a FERTILIZATION: cotyledons to store food.
is the process of fusion of zygote. is the process of fusion of • The ovary grows rapidly to
gametes. • The zygote divides repeatedly gametes. form the fruit.
to form the embryo (future • The ovary wall ripens and
plant) in the ovule. forms the fruit wall.

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• The sepals, petals, stamens,

style and stigma of the flower EVENTS
degenerate and usually fall off. INVOLVED IN
FERTILIZATION: • Sometimes the sepals may
THE
is the process of fusion of persist in the fruit.
gametes. • The ovule develops into a seed. REPRODUCTIVE
• The wall of the ovule thickens CYCLE OF
to form the protective seed
coat. ANGIOSPERMS

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FRUITS, SEEDS AND SEED DISPERSAL FRUITS

• Outline • The ripened ovary of the

• Definition of Fruits • Parts of Seeds flower
• Types of Fruits • Dissemination • Protects seeds, aid in their
dissemination, and may be
• Definition of Seeds • Germination factor in timing their
germination .

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PERICARP OF A FRUIT
• Fruit wall
• Based on the origin
• Layers:
• Exocarp: • Based on the number of
• outermost layer TYPES OF FRUIT ovaries involved in its
formation
• Mesocarp:
• fleshy middle layer • Based on consistency
• Endocarp:
• innermost layer which
usually surrounds the
seed

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TYPES OF FRUIT TYPES OF FRUIT

BASED ON THE ORIGIN BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED IN ITS FORMATION
Normal Fruit Parthenocarpy Fruit Simple Fruit Compound Fruit
• Fruits that develop after fertilization • Fruits that develop without fertilization • develops from 1 ovary • develops from several ovary
• Example: Apple, Mango, Grapes • Example: Pineapple, banana, cucumber, grape, • Example: Legumes • Example: Pineapple, Raspberry
watermelon, orange, grapefruit, pear, fig

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BASED ON THE NUMBER OF OVARIES INVOLVED

IN ITS FORMATION TYPES OF FRUIT

TYPES OF COMPOUND FRUIT BASED ON CONSISTENCY

Aggregate Fruit Multiple or Collective Fruit Dry Fruits: Fleshy Fruits
• Develops from the several ovaries of a single flower • Develops from several ovaries of a compact Fruits in which the coat becomes dry at maturity. A fruit in which the wall becomes soft and fleshy as it
• Example: Atis, Guyabano inflorescence matures.
• Example: Langka, Durian, Rimas, Pineapple Dehiscent Indehiscent
• Dry fruits which at • Dry fruits which do not
maturity open by open when mature to
definite natural means shed their seeds. Many
to shed the contained of this group are one
seeds. seeded fruits.

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TYPES OF FRUIT: BASED ON CONSISTENCY TYPES OF FRUIT: BASED ON CONSISTENCY

DRY FRUITS: DEHISCENT DRY FRUITS: DEHISCENT

Legume or Pod Follicle Capsule Silique Legume or Pod Follicle Capsule Silique
arises from a single carpel develops from a single derives from an ovary with 2 derives from a superior
which at maturity splits carpel and opens along 1 or more united carpels, each ovary consisting of 2 locules
along 2 sutures; with the suture carpel producing few to which at maturity separates
shell, pericarp endorsing the many seeds and splits in into 3 portions with the
seeds. various ways seeds attached to the
central, persistent portion
Examples: Peanut, Sitaw, Examples: Kamatsile and Examples: Castor oil, Example: Malunggay
Bataw, Patani Kalachuchi Banaba, Okra and Cotton

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TYPES OF FRUIT: BASED ON CONSISTENCY TYPES OF FRUIT: BASED ON CONSISTENCY

DRY FRUITS: DEHISCENT DRY FRUITS: INDEHISCENT

Legume or Pod Follicle Capsule Silique Achene Grain or Caryopsis Samara Schizocarp Nut
commonly called like the achene, it is may be one-seeded or derived from 2 carpels one-seeded fruit with
“seeds” but when the also one seeded, but two-seeded and has a which splits when a hard or stony
pericarp is broken, the the pericarp and seed wing like outgrowth of mature, along the pericarp commonly
seeds within is seen to coat are firmly united the ovary wall midline into 2 one- called the shell
be attached to the seeded indehiscent
ovary wall at one leaves
point
Examples: Strawberry, Examples: Corn, Rice Examples: Narra, Examples: Anise, Examples: Cashew
Pineapple Maple Mustard family nut, Pistachio, Wall
nut, Chestnut

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TYPES OF FRUIT: BASED ON CONSISTENCY TYPES OF FRUIT: BASED ON CONSISTENCY

DRY FRUITS: INDEHISCENT DRY FRUITS: INDEHISCENT

Achene Grain or Caryopsis Samara Schizocarp Nut Achene Grain or Caryopsis Samara Schizocarp Nut

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TYPES OF FRUIT: BASED ON CONSISTENCY TYPES OF FRUIT: BASED ON CONSISTENCY

FLESHY FRUITS FLESHY FRUITS

Berry Hesperidium Pepo Drupe Pome Berry Hesperidium Pepo Drupe Pome
usually many type of berry, with a thick berry-like fruit with a derived from one derived from an
seeds are leathery rind with numerous hard rind derived from carpel and is usually inferior ovary; the
embedded in a glands which constitute the the fusion of the one-seeded, exocarp is fleshy part is the
fleshy part exocarp and mesocarp and a receptacle and the thin, mesocarp maybe enlarged floral
which is both thick juicy portion of several exocarp while the fleshy of fibrous and tube and the core
endocarp and wedge-shaped locules which fleshy part of the fruit the endocarp is hard, comes from the
mesocarp are outgrowths from the is principally mesocarp consisting of thick- ovary
endocarp and endocarp walled stone cells

Examples: Examples: Orange, Pomelo, Examples: Cucumber, Examples: Pili nut, Examples: Apple,
Eggplant, Calamansi, Dalandan Squash and Coconut, Mango, Pear
Tomato, Grapes Watermelon Avocado

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TYPES OF FRUIT: BASED ON CONSISTENCY

SEEDS

FLESHY FRUITS
Berry Hesperidium Pepo Drupe Pome

• the structure that develops

from the ovule after
fertilization

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PARTS OF A SEED

Seed Coat Endosperm Embryo

PARTS OF A SEED • The covering of a seed • Derives from the primary • The young plant inside the seed
-Seed coat • Made up of the testa derived endosperm cell and contains • PARTS OF THE EMBRYO
from the outer integument the stored food of the seed • Cotyledon
-Endosperm and the tegmen from the • Epicotyl
-Embryo inner integument • Hypocotyl
• PARTS OF A SEED COAT
• Hilum
• Micropyle
• Raphe

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PARTS OF A SEED PARTS OF A SEED

PARTS OF A SEED COAT PARTS OF THE EMBRYO

Hilum Micropyle Raphe Cotyledon Epicotyl Hypocotyl
• scar on the seed coat • small opening near the hilum • ridge located on the testa • one or two seeded leaves • part of the embryo above the • part of the embryo below the
point of attachment of the point of attachment of the
cotyledons; its growing tip, the cotyledons; its growing tip,
plumule • the radicle give rise to the
• constitutes the first bud primary root

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TYPES OF SEEDS

BASED ON THE LOCATION OF STORED FOOD

• Based on the location of stored
Non-endospermic or exalbuminous Seeds Endospermic or Albuminous Seeds
food
TYPES OF SEEDS • Based on the number of
Endosperm is absent Endosperm is present for food storage
Examples: Pea, Bean, Jack fruit, Mustard, Sunflower Examples: Corn, Barley, Rice, Wheat, Onion
cotyledons

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TYPES OF SEEDS

BASED ON THE NUMBER OF COTYLEDONS

• Agents for Seed Dispersal
Monocotyledonous Seeds
With 1 cotyledon
Dicotyledonous Seeds DISSEMINATION • Wind
With 2 cotyledons
is the transfer of fruits and • Water
Examples: Corn, wheat and rice Examples: Peas, almonds and cashew seeds to distant places. • Animals

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DISSEMINATION DISSEMINATION

AGENTS FOR SEED DISPERSAL AGENTS FOR SEED DISPERSAL

Wind Water Animals Wind Water Animals
• lightweight and may have wing- • are light and buoyant fruit, giving • Animals and birds eat fruits, and
like appendages them the ability to float. the seeds that are not digested are
• Some have a parachute-like excreted in their droppings some
structure to keep them afloat. distance away.
• Some animals, like squirrels, bury
seed-containing fruits for later use;
if the squirrel does not find its stash
of fruit, and if conditions are
favorable, the seeds germinate.
• Example: Dandelion • Example: Coconuts and Willow and • Example: Acorn
silver birches

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GERMINATION • STEPS OF GERMINATION:

is the beginning of the • Seeds takes up water and
• Humans also play a big role in growth of the seed, spore, swells
DISSEMINATION dispersing seeds when they bud, or other structures • Food is digested
is the transfer of fruits and carry fruits to new places and
• Respiration increases
seeds to distant places. throw away the inedible part
that contains the seeds. NOTE: The hypocotyl is usually the • Cell division occurs
first part of the embryo to emerge
from the seed coat, followed by the
• Embryo grows
epicotyl. A sprouted embryo is called • Seed coat ruptures
a seedling

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GERMINATION
is the beginning of the
growth of the seed, spore,
bud, or other structures

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