Active and Passive Vioce

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Topic: Active and Passive

Voice
Sir, Amjad Nawaz
Introduction

Active voice: When we focuse or emphasis on the agent then we


use active voice.
Exp: Bilal kicked the ball.

Passive voice: When we focuse or emphasis on the reciever we
use passive voice.
Exp: The ball was kicked by Bilal.
Where to use passive voice
 The agent is less important:
 Exp: The hotel has been built in 2008.

So, in the above example the agent is not important that's why
we didn't mention it and for that purpose we had to use passive
voice.

2) The agent is unknown:
 Exp: My wallet was stolen last week.

So, in the above example we didn't mention the agent because
it is unknown.
3. The agent is obvious:
Exp: The theif was arrested yesterday.

So, in the above example we didn't mention that who


arrested the theif because it is obvious that police
arrested the theif that's why the agent was not
mentioned.
Active and Passive Voice Rules for All Tenses

Rule 1. Interchange the object and subject with each other, i.e.
object of the active sentence becomes subject of the passive
sentence.
Example :
Active voice : She eats food. (Subject – She, Verb –eats, Object –
food)
Passive Voice : Food is eaten by her. (Object ‘food’ is
interchanged with the subject ‘She’).
 Rule 2. In passive voice sometimes subject is not used, i.e. subject in
passive voice can be omitted if the sentence without it gives
enough meaning. ( Exp: The robbers were arrested)
Rule 3: Always third form of verb is used in all passive
sentences.

Example:
Active voice: She prepares dinner.
Passive voice: The dinner is prepared byher.
Active voice: She knows him.
Passive voice: He is known to her.
Active voice: Juice fills the jar.
Passive voice: The jar is filled with juice.
Rule 4: Pronouns are changed if requires:

Subjective Pronouns Objective Pronouns


I Me

We Us

He Him

She Her

They Them

You You

It It
Rule 6. Be verb is used in passive.
 Be verb: (is, am, are, was, were, be, been and being)
 Present (is, am, are)
 Past (was, were)
 Future (be)
 Perfect form (Been)
 Progressive form (being).
Examples:
She likes chocolates.
Chocolates are liked by her.
They played Cricket.
Cricked was played by them.
Transitive Verb
 Only Transitive verb is used in passive voice because intransitive verb can't be
changed into passive.
 Examples:
A.V= She runs a business.
P.V= A business is run by her.
A.V= She runs on the road.
P.V= (can’t be changed)
Tnansitive/Intransitive verb
A verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an
object (in sentence) to give complete meaning while intransitive verb does
not need an object (in sentence) to give complete meaning, or a
transitive verb is directly followed by an object.
Exapmle: He sent a letter. (‘Send’is a transitive verb and it needs an
object ‘Letter’ to express full meaning.)
Intransitive verb:
Intransitive verb cannot be changed into passive voice. The
sentences having intransitive verbs (belonging to any tense) cannot
be changed into passive voice. The reason is that there is not any
object in such sentences and without object of sentence passive
voice is not possible.
Example: He laughs. (Laugh is an intransitive verb and it does not
need an object for expressing full meaning.) Such as; sleep, go,
reach, sit, die, are examples of intransitive verbs.
Present Simple Tense (passive Voice)
Present Simple: (Passive)
Formula: Obj + is/am/are + V3 + Obj or by phrase.
Exp: A/V= Bilal kicks the ball.
P/V= The ball is kicked by Bilal.
Negative:
A.V= Bilal does not kick the ball.
P.V= The ball is not kicked by Bilal.
Interrogative:
A.V= Deos Bilal kick the ball?
Is the ball kicked by Bilal?
Present continuous tense (Passive)
Present continuous:
Formula: Obj + is/am/are + being + V3 + By phrase
Examples:
A.V= Bilal is kicking the ball.
P.V= The ball is being kicked by Bilal.
Negative:
A.V= Bilal is not kicking the ball.
P.V= The ball is not being kicked by Bilal.
Interrogative:
A.V= Is Bilal kicking the ball?
P.V= Is the ball being kicked by Bilalp?
Present perfect tense (Passive)
3) Present Perfect:
Formula: Obj+ have/has+been+ Verb3+ By phraes.
Examples:
A.V= Bilal has kicked the ball.
P.V= The ball has been kicked by Bilal.
Negative:
A.V= Bilal has not kicked the ball.
P.V= The ball has not been kicked by Bilal.
Interrogative:
A.V= Has Bilal kicked the ball?
P.V= Has the ball been kicked by Bilal?
Past simple tense (Passive)
4) Past simple:
Formula: Obj+ was/were+ Verb3+ By phrase.
Examples:
A.V= Bilal kicked the ball.
P.V= The ball was kicked by Bilal.
Negative:
A.V= Bilal did not kick the ball.
P.V= The ball was not kicked by Bilal.
Interrogative:
A.V= Did Bilal kick the ball?
P.V= Was the ball kicked by Bilal?
Past continuous tense (Passive)
Past continuous:
Formula: Obj+ was/were+ being+ verb3+ By phrase.
Examples:
A.V= Bilal was kicking the ball.
P.V= The ball was being kicked by Bilal.
Negative:
A.V= Bilal was not kicking the ball.
P.V= The ball was not being kicked by Bilal.
Interrogative:
A.V= Was Bilal kicking the ball?
P.V= Was the ball being kicked by Bilal?
Past perfect tense (Passive)
Past perfect:
Formula: Obj+ had+ been+ verb3+ By phrase.
Examples:
A.V= Bilal had kicked the ball.
P.V= The ball had been kicked by Bilal.
Negative:
A.V= Bilal had not kicked the ball.
P.V= The ball had not been kicked by Bilal.
Interrogative:
A.V= Had Bilal kicked the ball?
P.V= Had the ball been kicked by Bilal?
Future simple tense (Passive)
Future simple:
Formula: Obj+ will+ be+ verb3+ By phrase.
Examples:
A.V= Bilal will kick the ball.
P.V= The ball will be kicked by Bilal.
Negative:
A.V= Bilal will not kick the ball.
P.V= The ball will not be kicked by Bilal.
Interrogative:
A.V= Will Bilal kick the ball?
P.V= Will the ball be kicked by Bilal?
Future perfect tense (Passive)
Future perfect:
Formula: Obj+ will have+ been+ verb3+ By phrase.
Examples:
A.V= Bilal will have kicked the ball.
P.V= The ball will have been kicked by Bilal.
Negative:
A.V= Bilal will have not kicked the ball.
P.V= The ball will have not been kicked by Bilal.
Interrogative:
A.V= Will Bilal have kicked the ball?
P.V= Will the ball have been kicked by Bilal?
There is no Passive Voice formation for these tenses

➢ Present Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Past Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Future Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Future Continuous Tense


Passive Voice of Imperative Sentences

A sentence which expresses command, request or advice is called imperative


sentence.
Formula: (Let + Obj + be + V3)
Examples:
1. Open the door. Turn off the television. Learn your lesson.
For changing these sentences into passive voice, auxiliary verb “be” is used.
The word “Let” is added before the object in passive voice.
Auxiliary verb “be” is added after object in passive voice sentence.
 As usual, third form of verb is used in imperative sentences.
Passive voice of “Imperative Sentences

Active Voice Passive Voice


Open the door. Let the door be opened.
Complete the work. Let the work be completed.
Turn off the television. Let the television be tuned off.
Learn your lesson. Let your lesson be learnt.
Kill the snake. Let the snake be killed.
Punish him. Let him be punished.
Speak the truth. Let the truth be spoken.
Help the poor. Let the poor be helped.
Revise your book. Let your book be revised.
Clean your room. Let your room be cleaned.
Passive voice for Present/Future Modals
“Can, May, Might, Should, Must, Ought To”
Auxiliary verb in passive voice: auxiliary verb “be” is added after modal in sentence.

She can play a violin. A violin can be played by her.


A violin may play by her. The computer may be bought by me.

Guests might play chess. Chess might be played by guests.


All lessons should be studied by
Students should study all lessons.
students.
You must learn the test- Test-taking strategies must be learnt by
taking strategies.. you.
The examination ought to be taken by
They ought to take the examination.
them.
Passive of WH questions
Questions starting with:
What, Why, Where, When, Who, Whom, How, Whose
Formula: Active voice: ('Wh' word + helping V + S + V + Obj?)
Why did she punish you?
Passive voice: ('Wh' word + auxiliary V + S + V3 + by + agent?)
Why were you punished by her?
Examples: A.V= Why have you bought this ticket?
P.V= Why has this ticket been bought by you?
A.V= When will he return the book?
P.V= When will the book be returned by him?
A.V= What did she buy?
P.V= What was bought by her?
Questions with (Who)
Questions with (Who)
The word 'who' acts as subject
Examples:
A.V= Who wrote this letter?
P.V= By whom was this letter written?
A.V= Who painted this beautiful picture?
A.V= By whom was this beautiful picture painted?
A.V= Who invited you?
A.V= By whom are you invited?
Note: ‘Who’is always replaced by the phrase ‘by whom’in passive voice sentences.
Questions with (Whom)

Questions with (Whom)


Examples:
A.V= Whom has the principal honored?
P.V= Who has been honored by the principal?
A.V= Whom has the police arrested?
P.V= Who has been arrested by the police?
A.V= Whom have the people elected?
P.V= Who has been elected by the people?
Note: ‘Whom’is always replaced by the word ‘Who’ in passive voice
sentences.
Passive of Infinitives
 Passive of infinitives
The passive infinitive is used when the focus is on the reciever of the action of the verb. In
passive infinitive the auxiliary verb 'Be' is added after 'To' and 3rd form of verb is used for
making passive voice.
A.V= S + helping V + to + V1+ Obj.
P.V=Obj + helping V + to + be + V3 + by phrase.
Examples:
A.V= She has to invited them.
P.V= They have to be invited by her.
A.V= I am to finish this homework.
P.V= This homework is to be finished by me.
A.V= Your son is to learn languages.
A.V= Languages are to be learnt by your son.
Thanks!

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