SHS

Business Mathematics
Quarter 2, Week 8 – Module 16:
Kinds of Graph and Its Part

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Business Mathematics – SHS
Quarter 2, Week 8- Module 16: Kinds of Graph and Its Part

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: DAPHINNE KAY S. CAMBE, ABM Teacher, TNHS
Editors: Nerissa A. Mortega, HT III, San Lorenzo NHS
Julma B. Cargullo, MT, TNHS
Hilda J. Carlet, MT, TNHS
Language Editors: Cherry Basilla, TNHS
Desiree Canicula, TNHS
Reviewers: Dioleta B. Borais – EPS, Tabaco City
Jinky Villareal – EPS, Iriga City
Jonjon Monter – Principal, Sagrada HS, Iriga City
Loyd Botor, EPS, RO V
Layout Artist: Rowena B. Benoyo, San Lorenzo NHS

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 Business Mathematics – SHS
Quarter 2, Week 8- Module 16
Kinds of Graph and Its Parts

?
Introduction
Did you know that a graph is an alternative way to present data? A
quick look of the graph may enable you to have an instant and significant
picture of the massive data given.
In this Module, you will be taught with the different types of graphs
and its essential parts.
This Module is divided into two lessons:
Lesson 1 – Kinds of Graphs
Lesson 2 – Essential Parts of a Graph

Objectives
After studying this module, you should be able to :
 enumerate and describe the different kinds of graphs for data presentation.
 identify and describe the essential parts of a graph.

Vocabulary
Bar Graph displays the information using vertical bars.
Data these are facts, statistics or information either historical or
derived by calculation or experimentation.
Graph a diagram presentations of data gathered.
Histogram a graphical representation of the frequency distribution.
Line Graph often used to visualize data that changes over time.
Pie Graph gives a visual concept of wholeness.
Pictograph uses pictures or symbols for data presentation.

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 PRE-TEST

Let’s find out how much you already know about the topic. Answer the test
below.

A. Match the Items in Column A with the items in Column B. Write your answer on
the space provided.
A B
______1. Line Graph a. A graphical representation of the frequency
distribution

______2. Bar Graph b. Uses line segments to connect data points.

______3. Histogram c. Uses picture or symbols to represent

quantitative data.
______4. Pie Graph d. Use erected on the horizontal axis to
summarize a set of quantitative data

______5. Pictograph e. Uses arrows to present data.

f. It is also called a circle graph

Do you think you did well?

If yes, Very Good! This shows that you already have knowledge about the topics.
You may still study the module to review on the lessons you have already encountered. Who
knows, you might learn and discover new things as well.
If you got a low score, it’s okay, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is for
you. Are you ready to learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more?

You may now start in Lesson 1.

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LESSON 1
KINDS OF GRAPH
Let’s have a good understanding of the different graphs to select for a particular
kind of data.

Let’s Read & Learn

A Graph involves a lot of communication power. It is a diagram that presents

the data gathered.

1. Line Graph
Uses line segment to connect data points. It is useful in showing the trends or in
determining relationship between two variables. It can also be applied if the variable plotted
along the X-axis (horizontal line) is related to time (year, month, day, clock time).

It is often used to visualize data that changes over time. An example could be the sales
trend of Product X in store A and Store B. Illustration 1.1 shows the data presentation using
line graph for the said example.

Illustration 1.1
Sale (In Thousands of Pesos

1st Quarter Sales of Product X in

Store A and Store B for 2019
100
80
60
40
20
0
January February March
Months

Store A Store B

2. Bar Graph
Uses rectangles erected on the horizontal axis to summarize a set of quantitative
data. Several bars can be created to compare different quantity of data. Here, the height of
the bar represents the measured value or frequency; that is, the higher or taller the bar, the
greater the value.
An example of this could be the most preferred Supermarket Store with complete
variety of products offerings in Tabaco City, as shown in Illustration 2.1 & 2.2.

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Illustration 2.1: Vertical Bar Graph

Respondents ( In thousands)
Most Preferred Supermarket Store in Tabaco
City
80
60
40
20
0
C t Y t y l
LC ar VO JO ke er cia
M NO ar roc er
tte et
M G m
Lo n
Co
m
W ica
er OB
Am

Supermarket Store

When you need more spaces to describe the measured variable, it is advised to
represent the data by horizontal bar graph.

Illustration 2.2: Horizontal Bar Graph

Most Preferred Supermarket Store in Tabaco

City
dents ( In
Respon-

sands)
thou-

OB Commercial
American Grocery
Wet Market
JOY
NOVO
Lotte Mart
LCC
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Supermarket
Store

3. HISTOGRAM
It is a graphical representation of the frequency distribution. It is a representation of
tabulate frequencies (Y-Axis) using adjacent erected rectangles with their corresponding
class interval (X-Axis). The rectangles are of equal width since the class mark is used to
represent the class intervals. It is similar to Bar Graph.

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 When you need more spaces to describe the measured variable, it is advised to
represent the data by horizontal graphs. The variables can be written on the vertical axis and
the horizontal axis assumes the continuous data.

An Example of this could be a survey result of the possible target market

segmentation for Product A specifically on Age Profile.

See Illustration 3.1 below for your example.

Illustration 3.1
Age Profile for Possible Target Market for
Product A
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Frequency (In thousands)

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60
Class Interval ( Age )

“Histogram is not a bar graph” as mentioned in one of the article of Forbes. It was also
stated in the article that following differences between the two.
1. Histograms are used to show distributions of variable while bar graph are used to
compare variables.
2. Histogram plots quantitative data with ranges while bar graph plot categorical data.
3. Bars can be reordered in bar charts but not in histograms.
For more detailed illustration visit this link,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/naomirobbins/2012/01/04/a-histogram-is-not-a-bar-chart/amp/.
If you are going to observe the two graph above (histogram and bar graph), there are
no spaces between the bars of a histogram, an exception would occur if there were no
values in a given bin, but in Bar graph there are spaces between the variables.

4. Pie Graph
It is also called a circle graph. It is a circle with the wedges or sectors to show how
much of the whole each part makes up. Each slice of the pie is written as a percentage. To
get the measure of each sector in the chart, we compute the following:

amount of an item
X 360‫ס‬
total amount of all item
An example of this could be TG Auto Supply Store’s Budget for a Month. See
Illustration 4.1 below.

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 Illustration 4.1
TG Store's budget for a month

5%
19%

24%

2% 24%
7% 14%

5%

Food Rental Fee Transportation Savings

Electric Bill Water Bill Loans Miscellaneous

5. PICTOGRAPH
It uses pictures or symbols to represent quantitative data. Each symbol corresponds
to a specific quantity.
An example of this could be the World’s Populations that could be your possible
market if you want to open your own online shop, as shown in illustration 1.5.

Illustration 5.1 WORLD POPULATION

1650

1850

1930 = 1 billion people

1975

1999

2012
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Database

Now, you know already the different kinds of graph for data presentation.
Remember that graph is your effective channel to your readers. It gives clarity and
emphasis on you data. Know the right graph and do not miss important facts.

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 Practice Task 1

Identify the Graph being described in each statement below:

1. It is graphical representation of the frequency distribution.

________________________________________________________
2. Uses line segments to connect data points.
________________________________________________________
3. . Uses picture or symbols to represent quantitative data.
_____________________________________________________________
4. Use erected on the horizontal axis to summarize a set of quantitative data.
___________________________________________________________
5. It is also called a circle graph.

Ask your teacher to check your answer. If you got it all, keep up the good work!

LESSON 2
Essential Parts of a Graph
Like a statistical table, a graph also has essential parts that should not be ignored. In
this lesson, you will learn those essential parts.

Let’s Read & Learn

Let’s start with the essential parts of a LINE GRAPH:
Line Graph has 6 parts namely; Title, Scale, Labels, Data points, Line and
Description.

Figure 2.1 – Essential Parts of a Line Graph

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Let us discuss the various parts of a Line Graph.

Title The title is the heading written on top of the graph.

Do not forget the numbers on the X-axis which indicates the units of
Scale time. On the Y-axis the numbers indicate the units of frequency. Be
cautious on the scale of the Y-axis. If the scale is set too high or too
low, the trends in the data can be misleading.
Labels Identify the variables on the X- and Y-axes
Data Point Plot all the data points on the X- and Y-axes. Each data point is
connected to the next point by line.
Line Create the line by connecting all data points.
Descriptio It will be helpful if you will have an explanation of your graph
n

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A BAR GRAPH & HISTOGRAM

The bar graph & Histogram has all the parts of the line graph. Instead of the line, the
bars are plotted and erected on the X-axis. You do not connect the data points, but bars are
created instead of the line.

See Figure below:

Figure 2.2 – Essential Parts of a Bar Graph & Histogram

The Grade 10 Students S. Y. 2019-2020 were asked on their preferred

Academic strand in Senior High School. Most of the students prefer HUMSS while on
the other hand, GAS is least preferred strand. Description

Title The title is the heading written on top of the graph.

Do not forget the numbers on the X-axis which indicates the units of
Scale time. On the Y-axis the numbers indicate the units of frequency. Be
cautious on the scale of the Y-axis. If the scale is set too high or too
low, the trends in the data can be misleading.
Labels Identify the variables on the X- and Y-axes
Data Point Plot all the data points on the X- and Y-axes. Each data point is
presented using an erected bar.
Bar Bars are plotted to present the data points.

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 Descriptio It will be helpful if you will have an explanation of your graph
n
Essential Parts of a Pie Graph
In constructing for the pie graph, there are several steps to follow but before that let
us first define the various parts of a circle graph or pie graph. See Figure 2.3 for details.

Follow these steps in constructing a Pie Graph.

STEP 1. Organize your data
EXPENSES P 6 000
SAVINGS P 4, 000
PAYABLES P 10, 000

STEP 2. Write the data as fraction or percent

ITEM AMOUNT COMPUTATION FRACTION/PERCENT

Expenses P6, 000 (6,000/20,000) X 100 3/10 or 30%

Savings P4,000 (4,000/20,000) X 100 1/5 or 20%

(10,000/20,000) X
Payable P10, 000 ½ or 50%
100

TOTAL P 20,000

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 STEP 3. Find the number of degrees corresponding to each slice

ITEM PERCENT COMPUTATION DEGREES

Expenses 3/10 or 30% 0.3 X 360 108

Savings 1/5 or 20% 0.2 X 360 72

Payable ½ or 50% 0.5 X 360 180

STEP 4. Construct the circle using a protractor to measure the angles. Give a titleto
your graph. Label the sectors of the graph. (Note: If you don’t want to manually make
your pie graph you may use Microsoft Office for easy construction)

When using a pie graph, be reminded of the following:

A. Limit your variables to at most six (6). Too many variables will crowd the pie
graph which will be difficult to read.
B. Detach some parts from the main pie to emphasize important sectors.
C. Use different colors for every sector to distinguish every part.

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ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A PICTOGRAPH
To compare data using pictures or symbols, the following essential parts are needed:

TITLE It tells what the graph is all about.

LABELS / CATEGORIES It tells a specific type of data
PICTURE / SYMBOL It represents a certain amount of data.
LEGEND / KEY It tells the value of each symbol.

Now you have read the essential parts of the different graphs in data
presentation. Do not miss any important facts so that the data you want to convey is
reliable and valid.

Practice Task 2

What essential element/s of the different graphs is/are common to all

and justify your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 Practice Task 3

1. Look for a newspaper cut-out of a business section of news where graph or chart
was used (or screenshot of graphs taken from news articles found on the web).
2. Study the graph.
3. Identify the essential parts of the graph.
4. Interpret the data presented in the graph.
Were you able to answer the test above? If yes, congratulations! You are
doing a great job!

Let’s think about it

Based on the lessons and activities given, how was it? Is the topic easy or difficult?
Write down your answer, explain it briefly and share it with someone whom you want to
share.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

POST-TEST

Now it’s time to test how much you have learned.

I. Enumerate and describe the different kinds of graphs for data presentation using your own
wordings. Use the table below to present your answer.

Kinds of Graph Description

II. Answer the questions below. Take your time and try to think about your answers very well.
1. In one Company, an employee is only allowed to have a 15- minute late daily.
Beyond this, the employee gets P2 per minute reduction from their basic salary.
The HR Manager surveyed the reasons of tardiness in the first quarter of 2016.
The results are shown in the table below.

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 Let’s help the HR Manager decide what data presentation to be used to
summarized the data and compare it.

Reasons Number of Employees

Traffic 30
Work Up Late 25
Flooded Streets 4
Spent More time in taking a bath 7
Scarcity of public utilities 14
TOTAL 80

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

2. Most Coffee shops and fast food chains have Wi-Fi connection for their
customers. This is part of their marketing strategy. One of the branch managers
of the shop noted the number of hours and the number of customers who were
online for a week.

Can you help the manager complete the table below? Based on the results,
use a graph to illustrate it.

Decimal
No. Of Fractional equivalent / Number of
TIME
Customers Part Percent Degrees
equivalent
Less than 30 0.256 or 0.256 * 360 =
128 128/500
minutes 25.6% 92.16
30 minutes to
232
1 hour
More than 1
140
hour
TOTAL 500

_____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

3. As the Sales Manager summarizes the Average Quarterly Sales Report

for Product Y, the table below shows the following result:

Quarter Average Sales in Peso

1 20, 000
2 80, 000
3 150,000
4 115, 00
TOTAL

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 The purpose of the manager is to see the trends of their sales for the year.
Can you help the manager choose the best graph to be used for this situation?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Ask your teacher to check your answers.

How was it? Were you able to answer all the questions correctly? If you did, job well
done. You are now done with this module.
If you were not able to answer it all, don’t worry, just review the parts of the module you
found challenging and difficult. Refresh and restart.
Now that you are more familiar with this module, you may proceed to the next Module.

Assignment

Explore your MS Office. Create a graph using MS Word or Excel, and show the data
of the most preferred toothpaste product of your family.
You may use your cellphone or laptop.
If you do not have any equipment to do so, you may just do it in a bond paper
manually.

Answer Key

PRE-TEST
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. F 5. C

Practice Task 1
1. Histogram 3. Pictograph 5. Pie Graph
2. Line Graph 4. Bar Graph

Practice Task 2
The answer of the learner may vary for the question is soliciting justification.
Practice Task 3
Answers may vary, It will depend on the preparation of the students.

POST-TEST
I. Answers may very because they were tasked to describe it using their own
wordings (as long as it has the same thought with what is discussed in this module, it
will be given an equivalent of 1 point each)

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II.
1. The best graph for the situation is a Bar graph; it will be suited to summarize the
given data using several bars to show the comparison between the different
quantities of data.

2. The Completed table:

Decimal equivalent
No. Of Fractional Number of
TIME / Percent
Customers Part Degrees
equivalent
Less than 30 0.256 * 360 =
128 128/500 0.256 or 26%
minutes 92.16 or 92
30 minutes to 0.464*360
232 233/500 0.464 or 46%
1 hour =167.4 0r 167
More than 1 0.28 *360 =
140 140/500 0.28 or 28%
hour 100.8 or 101
TOTAL 500 1 100 360

A pie graph is best suited for the situation because the essential parts of the
said graph are already given. A pie graph shows how much of the whole each
part is made up.

3. It is best to use the Line graph, because it uses line segments to connect data
point, which is useful in showing the trends or relationships between the variables

References
Alen Tuliao, Aurora P. Opeña and Emolyn Gromio.Realistic Math Scaling Greater
Heights K to 12 Curriculum Compliant (2016).Pages 362 -366.

Brian Roy C. Lopez, Leah C. Martin-Lundag, and Keneth Adrian Dagal. Business
Math Textbook (Government Property), 2016 Pages 160 – 175.

Brian Roy C. Lopez, Leah C. Martin-Lundag, and Keneth Adrian Dagal. Business
Math Teacher’s Guide (Government Property), 2016.

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