54 CHAPTER 4 Linear Equations in Linear Algebra 1.6 EXERCISES 1, Suppose an economy has only two sectors: Goods and Ser- vices. Each year, Goods sells 80% of its output to Services and Keeps the rest, while Services sells 70% of its output to Goods and retains the rest. Find equilibrium prices for the annual outputs of the Goods and Services sectors that make ‘each sector's income match its expenditures 2, Find another set of equilibrium prices for the economy in Example 1. Suppose the same economy used Japanese yen instead of dollars to measure the values of the various sectors’ outputs. Would this change the problem in any way? Discuss. 3. Consider an economy with three sectors: Fuels and Power, Manufacturing, and Services. Fuels and Power sells 80% of its output to Manufacturing, 10% to Services, and retains the rest. Manufacturing sells 10% of its output to Fuels and Power, 80% to Services, and retains the rest. Services sells 20% to Fuels and Power, 40% to Manufacturing, and retains the rest. Construct the exchange table for this economy. b. Develop a system of equations that leads to prices at which each sector's income matches its expenses. Then write the augmented matrix that can be row reduced to find these prices. ¢. [M] Find a set of equilibrium prices when the price for the Services output is 100 units, 4. Suppose an economy has four sectors: Mining, Lumber, Energy, and Transportation. Mining sells 10% of its output to Lumber, 60% to Energy, and retains the rest. Lumber sells 15% of its output to Mining, 50% to Energy, 20% to Transportation, and retains the rest. Energy sells 20% of its ‘output to Mining, 15% to Lumber, 20% to Transportation, and retains the rest. Transportation sells 20% of its output to Mining, 10% to Lumber, 50% to Energy, and retains the rest. a. Construct the exchange table for this economy. . [M] Find a set of equilibrium prices for the economy, 5. An economy has four sectors: Agriculture, Manufacturing, Services, and Transportation. Agriculture sells 20% of its output to Manufacturing, 30% to Services, 30% to Trans- portation, and retains the rest. Manufacturing sells 35% of its output to Agriculture, 35% to Services, 20% to Transporta- tion, and retains the rest. Services sells 10% of its output to Agriculture, 20% to Manufacturing, 20% to Transportation, and retains the rest. Transportation sells 20% of its ou to Agriculture, 30% to Manufacturing, 20% to Services, retains the rst. 8. Construct the exchange table for this economy. b. [M] Find a set of equilibrium prices for the econom the value of Transportation is $10.00 per unit. ©. The Services sector launches a successful “eat farm campaign, and increases its share of the output from Agricultural sector to 40%, whereas the share of Ag cultural production going to Manufacturing falls to I Construct the exchange table for this new economy. 4. (M] Find a setof equilibrium prices for this new eco if the value of Transportation is still $10.00 per ‘What effect has the “eat farm fresh” campaign had on| equilibrium prices for the sectors in this economy? Balance the chemical equations in Exercises 6-11 using the v. equation approach discussed in this section. 6. Aluminum oxide and carbon react to create elemental ‘minum and carbon dioxide: ALO; + C+ Al+ CO; [For each compound, construct a vector that lists the num of atoms of aluminum, oxygen, and carbon. 7, Alka-Seltzer contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO;) citric acid (HsCsH;O;). When a tablet is dissolved in wat the following reaction produces sodium citrate, water, ‘carbon dioxide (gas): NaHCO; + HyCsHs0; — NasCsH;0; + H,0 +CO> 8 Limestone, CaCO, neutralizes the acid, HO, in acid rain b the following unbalanced equation: H,0 + CaCO; + H,0 + Ca + CO, 9. Boron sulfide reacts violently with water to form boric aci and hydrogen sulfide gas (the smell of rotten eggs). The unbalanced equation is BLS; + H20 > HBO; + HS 10. [M) If possible, use exact arithmetic or a rational format fo calculations in balancing the following chemical reaction: PDNe + CrMnzOs > PbsO, + Crs; + MnO; + NO 11, [M] The chemical reaction below can be used in some in- dustrial processes, such as the production of arsene (AsH;). Use exact arithmetic or a rational format for calculations to balance this equation, Mn + As,CroO3s + HoSO, > HMn0, + ASH + Cr8,0,) + H,04.7. Linear Independence 55 Find the general flow pattern of the network shown in the shown in the figure. (Flow rates are in cars/minute.) figure. Assuming that the flows are all nonnegative, what is b. Describe the general traffic pattern when the road whose the smallest possible value for x4? flow is xs is closed, B c. When xs = 0, what is the minimum value of x«? * 100 A Bs Ka " 2 80 100 x 80 %5 e c ‘a. Find the general flow pattern of the network shown in the OD ie ee figure. . Assuring that the flow must be in the directions indi- 15. Intersections in England are often constructed as one-way cated, find the minimum flows in the branches denoted “roundabouts,” such as the one shown in the figure. Assume by 2, X35 Xe, and x that traffic must travel in the directions shown. Find the general solution of the network flow. Find the smallest possible value for x6 Find the general traffic pattern of the freeway network SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1, Write the percentages as decimals. Since all output must be taken into account, each. column must sum to 1. This fact helps to fill in any missing entries. plows oi seach iioaiemestad teu 2 Distribution of Output from: ‘Agriculture Mining Manufacturing _ Purchased by: 65 20 20 ‘Agriculture 05 10 30 Mining 30 70 50 Manufacturing LL oY 2. Since xs < 500, the equations D and A for x; and x2 imply that x, > 100 ‘and x; < 700. ‘The fact that x5 >0 implies that x; < 600 and x2 > 200. So, 100 < x1 < 600, and 200 < x2 = 700. 7 LINEAR INDEPENDENCE ‘The homogeneous equations in Section 1.5 can be studied from a different perspective by writing them as vector equations. In this way, the focus shifts from the unknown solutions of Ax = 0 to the vectors that appear in the vector equations.