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Application of PI and MPPT Controller to DC-DC Converter for Constant

Voltage & Power Application

Article · May 2016

DOI: 10.9790/1676-1105030815

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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 11, Issue 5 Ver. III (Sep - Oct 2016), PP 08-15
www.iosrjournals.org

Application of PI and MPPT Controller to DC-DC Converter for

Constant Voltage & Power Application
Nibedita Swain1, Dr. C.K. Panigrahi2, Dr. S.M. Ali3
1
PhD Scholar, KIIT University
2,3
Prof., KIIT University

Abstract: This article presents simulation of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm used in solar PV systems with direct control method. The main difference of the proposed system to
existing MPPT systems includes addition of PI control loop along with MPPT control circuit and investigation
of the effect of adding to control circuit. The resultant system is capable of tracking MPPs accurately with
change in irradiation level rapidly without steady-state oscillation, and also, its dynamic performance is
satisfactory. MATLAB and SIMULINK software were employed for simulation studies.

I. Introduction
Renewable energy systems are growing very fast in all over the world and the research in PV and wind
motivate the researchers to think about new control mechanisms to implement for some useful task. This article
mainly focuses on MPPT based PV system. PV modules have nonlinear characteristics which are determined by
solar insolation and temperature that affects the overall output power of the system. To account for this non-
linearity, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is implemented to increase the efficiency of the
photovoltaic system. A CUK Converter is fed from PV source with different electrical characteristics for
transferring power to a load. In this paper, a PI controller is designed for the CUK converter to extract the
maximum power from the PV source keeping constant output voltage for a particular load. The Perturb and
observe (P&O) algorithm along with PI controller improves the overall performance of the converter system.
One of the energy sources which are profusely available on earth is solar energy. The unavailability of grid
power in rural area makes solar energy a better alternative. So a standalone PV system can be utilized there.
Solar photo voltaic system can be connected to grid also for utilising the PV power. Solar panel efficiency
depends on the solar cell materials and the control mechanism used. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
algorithm which is a new control mechanism is used for extracting maximum power from PV array irrespective
of environmental conditions. This results in increased efficiency of solar modules. CUK converter is placed in
between load and PV source. The proposed model for this for this converter is given in Fig: 1.

Fig: 1 Schematic representation of proposed system

II. Design of PV Module And MPPT

PV module consists of number of solar cells which are connected in series or parallel. It converts
sunlight directly to dc power. PV panel works under the phenomenon of photoelectric effect. When solar cell is
exposed to sunlight, it converts solar energy directly into electrical energy. Here the PV module consists of 44
solar cells in series each having open circuit voltage of 0.6 volt and short circuit current of 4.75 ampere. This
array develops the power from the solar energy directly and it will be changing depending upon the temperature
and solar irradiances. Fig: 2 show the equivalent circuit diagram of a solar cell.

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 Application of PI And MPPT Controller to DC-DC Converter for Constant Voltage ….

Fig: 2 Equivalent circuit diagrams for a solar cell

A.MPPT Technique
Photovoltaic systems generally use a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to extract
maximum possible power from the PV module irrespective of the perturbation in insolation and temperature. PV
modules have relatively very low conversion efficiency; therefore it requires MPPT technique for controlling
the solar array power. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique by means of which
maximum power can be extracted from the Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. To improve the energy efficiency, it is
relevant to operate the total PV module always at its maximum power point. Many maximum power point
Tracking (MPPT) techniques are available in the present era and among all these techniques P&O and
incremental conductance algorithms are generally used in PV system for obtaining maximum power point. In
this paper P&O MPPT technique is described in which it involves the perturbation in terminal voltage.
There are various methods used for maximum power point tracking. Few are listed below:

 Perturb and Observe method (P&O)

 Hill climbing(HC) method
 Incremental Conductance (IC) method
 Constant Voltage(CV) method
 Constant Current (CC)method
 Fuzzy logic control(FLC)

Perturb and Observe method

In this method the power of the module changes due to slight perturbation. If the power increases due to the
perturbation then the perturbation is continued in that direction. After the peak power is reached the power at the
next instant decreases and hence after that the perturbation reverses. The algorithm is developed for setting a
reference voltage of the module corresponding to the peak voltage of the module. A PI controller then acts
moving the operating point of the module to that particular voltage level. This algorithm is very simple and easy
to implement. Among described all MPPT methods P&O method is used here for maximum power point
tracking .The flow chart for this method is shown in fig: 3.

Fig.:3 Flow chart of Perturb and Observe method

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 Application of PI And MPPT Controller to DC-DC Converter for Constant Voltage ….

The main aim of this controller is to regulate the operating point of the system when the environment
conditions vary. The dc-dc converter along with the solar-PV array regulates the operating point through a
MPPT controller. Here perturb and observe (P&O) method is used as a MPP tracking. The algorithm is
programmed in MATLAB embedded function and PI controller is designed for regulating the voltage at the
output side. From the characteristic curve it is observed that the maximum power will be increased and the
system efficiency will be decreased by increasing the irradiance level.
In this paper two control mechanisms are used, one is MPPT controller another one is PI controller.
The MPPT controller is used for maximum power point tracking irrespective of the variation in irradiance and
temperature and the output of the MPPT controller is the reference voltage which is compared with the
converter output voltage. The error goes to the PI controller and the output of the PI controller is compared with
the repeating sequence for generating gate pulse which goes to the switch. The use of PI controller makes the
output voltage constant.

III. Selection Of Proper Converter

Switch mode power supplies are the replacement of the linear regulators due to certain factors such as
high efficiency, light weight, smaller size and low switching losses. Buck-boost converter and CUK converter
are often used for this operation because both buck operation and boost operation for the output voltage can be
achieved. Although the buck–boost configuration is cheaper than the CUK converter but the disadvantages are
discontinuous input current, high peak currents in power components, and poor transient response, make it less
efficient. The CUK converter also provides better output voltage due to the presence of inductor at the output
side. Fig: 4 show the circuit configuration of CUK converter.
iL1 iC1 iL2 io

L1 L2
C1

Vi D C R

Fig: 4 circuit configuration of CUK converter

In this converter the output voltage is opposite to the input voltage. Here the non-isolated CUK
converter is described in continuous conduction mode. The converter has two modes of operation such as switch
on and switch off mode. The dynamic analysis is based upon the voltage equations and current equations of
inductor and capacitor respectively .Fig:5 shows the on state of the CUK converter when the switch is on.
iL1
iC1
L1
iL2 io
C1

Vi S C R

Fig: 5 CUK Converter during ON state

When the switch ‗S‘ is on, current flowing in both the inductances increase, at the same time the
voltage through capacitance C1 reverse biases diode D and turns it off. When the switch ‗S‘ is OFF, at the same
time the input voltage is turned on and the diode D is forward biased and capacitance C1 is charged through L1,
D and the input supply Vi. Fig: 6 shows the off state circuit configuration of CUK converter.
iL1
iC1 iL2
L1 L2 io
C1

Vi D C R

Fig: 6 CUK Converter during OFF state

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 Application of PI And MPPT Controller to DC-DC Converter for Constant Voltage ….

The converter is operating in boost mode for PV application. The relationship between output and input currents
and voltages are given in equation (1) and (2) respectively.
Vo D
 ........(1)
Vin (1  D)
Io D
 ..........(2)
I in (1  D)
The voltage ratio and current ratio are same as buck boost converter. The only difference is the input and output
currents are continuous and ripple free.
The specification for the CUK converter used in simulation was selected as follows:
 Input voltage=25 volt
 Source side inductance L1=1mH
 Duty ratio=80%
 Source side Capacitance C1 (PV side )=100uF
 Filter inductance L2 = 1mH
 Capacitor C2 (filter capacitor at output side ) =450uF
 Resistive load =130 ohm
 Switching frequency =5kHz

IV. Transfer Function Model of CUK Converter

The state space model for ON state mode and OFF state mode are given in equation (3) and (4) respectively
which can be obtained from differential equation model and the output voltage remains same for both the states
and given in (5)

0 0 0 0 
 .   1 1  1
i
 L. 1  0 0    iL1   
L2 
 iL 2   1 
i   L2 L
 L. 2   0 1      0 V ..........(3)

  vC1   0 
0 0 i
 vC1   C1
 .    
1 1  vC 2   0 
vC 2  0 0    
 C2 RC 2 

 1 
 0 0  0 
 .
  L1
 1
 iL. 1   1   iL1   
i   0 0 0    L1
L2   iL 2   0 
 L. 2       Vi ..........(4)
 vC1   1 
0 0 0   vC1   0 
 .   C1  vC 2   
vC 2   1 1  0
 0 0  
 C2 RC 2 

 iL1 
i 
v0  0 0 0 1 L 2 ..........(5)
 vC1 
 
vC 2 
Using state space averaging technique as given in equation (6) and (7)

.
x  [ A1d  A2 (1  d )]x  [ B1d  B2 (1  d )]vin ...........(6)
vo  [C1d  C2 (1  d )]x..........(7)

The transfer function model with respect to input and duty ratio is obtained as in (8) and (9)

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 Application of PI And MPPT Controller to DC-DC Converter for Constant Voltage ….

vo ( s )
 C ( SI  A) 1 B  D..........(8)
vin ( s )
v0 ( s )
 C[ SI  A]1[( A1  A2 ) x  ( B1  B2 )vin ]  (C1  C2 ) x..........(9)
d ( s)
Where
A  A1  d  A2  (1  d )
B  B1  d  B2  (1  d )
C  C1  d  C2  (1  d )

A1, A2 are the on state and off state matrix, B1 and B2 are the on state and off state input matrix and C1 and C2
are the on state and off state output matrix respectively.
The transfer function with respect to duty ratio is obtained as in (10) using equation (9).

Vo( s) 0.0154s 3  2.778  108 s 2  8.889  1010 s  5.556  1014

 4 ..........(10)
d ( s) s  22.22s 3  9.022  106 s 2  1.511 108 s  8.889  1011

A. Implementation of PI Controller
The function of the controller is to reduce the steady state error and to regulate the voltage all time
irrespective of the load condition and input voltage variation. The magnitude of the output voltage for open loop
converter is found to be 99.37 volts with a large overshoot of 90%. To reduce the overshoot at the beginning and
to regulate the output voltage PI controller is required. Here the controller parameters are obtained from Zeigler
Nichols method. The critical gain and critical time period which are needed for designing controller parameters
are obtained from root locus plot. Fig: 7 show the root locus plot of the above transfer function and Fig: 8 show
the output voltage of the converter without controller.
4
Root Locus output voltage of cuk converter without controller
x 10 200
1
Vo

0.8 180

0.6 160

0.4 140
output voltage (in volt)

0.2 120
Imaginary Axis

0 100

-0.2 80

-0.4 60

-0.6 40

-0.8 20

-1 0
-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Real Axis time(in sec)

Fig: 7 Root locus plot Fig: 8 output voltage of the converter without controller

The critical gain and critical time period is calculated from the root locus plot and it is found to be 0.00152 and
0.0145 sec respectively. Using Zeigler Nichols table given in table-1 the Kp and Ki values are found to be
0.00076 and 0.10482 respectively.

Table-1
Controller Kp Ti
PI 0.5 Kcr 0.5Tcr

The transfer function of the PI controller is obtained as in (11).

K
Gc ( s)  K p  i
s
0.00085s  0.0071
Gc ( s)  .........(11)
s

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 Application of PI And MPPT Controller to DC-DC Converter for Constant Voltage ….

V. Closed Loop Simulation Model

The closed loop model of PV based CUK converter with MPPT and PI controller is shown in Fig: 9.
The MPPT is programmed in MATLAB embedded function and the block is simulated using the Simulink
blocks available in the MATLAB library.

Fig.: 9 closed loop model of PV system with MPPT & PI controller

VI. Simulation Results

The proposed model is simulated by varying the irradiance level keeping the temperature constant.
Average annual solar radiation arriving at the top of the Earth's surface is roughly 1366 Wp/m2.So here the
irradiance value is varied in between the ranges 800 to 1300 watt/m2.Table-2 shows the maximum power at
different insolation level.

Table-2
Irradiance(Wp/m2) Vout(volt) Pout(watt) VMPP(volt) IMPP(amp) Pmax(W) efficiency
800 -100 66.7 20 3.7 68 90%
900 -100 66.7 20 4.2 85 79.4%
1000 -100 66.7 20 4.7 87 70.9%
1100 -100 66.68 20 5.3 96 63%
1200 -99.98 66.67 20 5.5 105 60%
1300 -99.98 66.66 20 6.1 110 54.6%

From the table it can be observed that the operating point will change at each time by varying the irradiance
level keeping constant VMPP. The efficiency will be increased by decreasing the irradiance level. I-V and P-V
characteristics for insolation 1000watt peak/m2 are shown in fig: 10. The efficiency can be calculated by using
the formula as given in (12).
Pmax
   100..........(12)
VMPP I MPP

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 Application of PI And MPPT Controller to DC-DC Converter for Constant Voltage ….

Fig: 10 I~V and P~V characteristic at 1000Wp/m2

The output voltage and output power waveform shown in fig: 11 and 12 respectively.
output voltage
20

-20

-40
Vo(in volt)

-60

-80

-100

-120
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
time(in sec)

Fig: 11 output voltage waveform of the converter

output power
70

60

50

40
Po(in watt)

30

20

10

-10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
time(in sec)

Fig: 12 output power waveform of the converter

The output voltage and output power of the converter remains constant by varying the irradiance. Fig: 13 shows
the gate pulse which goes to the switch.

Fig: 13 Gate Pulse to the switch

VII. Conclusion
Here the stand-alone solar-PV generation system with CUK converter has been designed and the
performance analysis of the system has been presented using MATLAB/Simulink software with different
irradiance. From the steady state analysis it can be observed that the system attains the maximum power point
tracking successfully despite of fluctuations in insolation. The system can track the maximum power point very
quickly when the environmental condition changes.

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 Application of PI And MPPT Controller to DC-DC Converter for Constant Voltage ….

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