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LESSON 9: UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI
FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING HIGHER SCHOOL NG UMAK

Time Started : ___________

Time Ended : ___________

LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this lesson, the students must be able to:
1. identify and differentiate types of speeches according to purpose and delivery;
2. distinguish various public speaking situations; and
3. examine and evaluate different sample speeches.

INTRODUCTION
Have you heard or listened to a speech before? Or maybe you even might have already delivered one.
Below are links to empowering speeches delivered by inspiring Filipinos at an event organized by the nonprofit
organization, TEDxManila. Observe how each of these speakers engaged in public speaking and try to evaluate
how they delivered their speeches.

• Why We Tell Stories by Patricia Evangelista

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GczfdbrQNzc)
• Our Return on Investment by Sabrina Ongkiko
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgOi4ZR57fA)
• Why I Must Come Out by Geena Rocero
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCZCok_u37w)
• How Lupang Hinirang Ought To Be Sung by Joey Ayala
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41guxaNk9FY)
• Who Killed Philippine Cinema by Pepe Diokno
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plNNkf90jUU)
• The Future of Manila by Carlos Celdran
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyGxQhnq-TI)
• Balikbayan by Michi Ferreol
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cgIslzZE5c)

After listening to these empowering speeches, you may have noticed that aside from the speech content,
their delivery was also essential to the success of their speech. The speakers seemed so natural and at ease that
you wonder how they have prepared for such a momentous event.

Good delivery conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience. Most
audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good
conversation-directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of
communication.

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When you deliver a speech, you need to know exactly why you are saying it to your audience. If the
purpose of your speech is clear, you will be able to deliver it effectively.

Writing and preparing your speech is not the end goal, but presenting them to our audience is. There are
at least four types of speech according to delivery. As we go along, we will list down their advantages and
disadvantages, and which speaking situation best suits their type.

CORE CONTENT

Public Speaking
Public speaking is described as an act of preparing, staging, and delivering a presentation to an audience.
It usually involves communicating information before a large group of people. The information conveyed is always
purposeful and usually meant to inform, influence, or entertain a group of listeners.

When you ask someone to speak in public, you may get an unlikely response. It is due to the fact that
speaking in public may have different effects to an audience and may garner different reactions from them as
well. However, public speaking performs important functions for the community. It is often used for self-expression,
to spread information, to debate or question facts, values, and policies, and may even bring about individual and
group change. Public speaking also serves as a glue that holds societies together.

There are many things to consider when we engage in public speaking. Different speaking situations require
different means and approaches in delivery, form, and content. It is important that we could identify the different
elements involved to deliver an effective speech with ease.

Figure 1. Elements of Public Speaking

Types of Speech According to Purpose

1. Informative Speech
Perhaps the most common type of speech, an informative speech aims to teach the audience something new
or provide worthwhile information. The speaker provides clear understanding of a concept or idea and exposes
his or her listener to information that he or she does not know yet.

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Information must be arranged in a clear, logical manner, and in such a way that the audience will
understand the topic better and will be led towards making conclusions as intended. This type of speech can still
be broken down into three classifications: (1) Demonstration or Explanation, (2) Definition and (3) Description.

TYPE OF
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
INFORMATIVE SPEECH
This is more commonly known as the
how-to speech or a process speech. A
speaker presents the process of how How to Make Frozen Hot Chocolate
Demonstration or something works, how something is done, (https://youtu.be/cpmR6TPTPHA)
developed, operated or acquired.
Explanation Marie Kondo: Basic Folding Method
Objects, visual aids, or physical activities (https://youtu.be/Lpc5_1896ro)
can be used to enhance the explanation
or demonstration.
It aims to give the meaning of words,
phrases, or issues which may be What Is A Coronavirus?
Definition considered controversial or difficult to (https://youtu.be/D9tTi-CDjDU)
understand.
The speaker draws a mental picture of
what is being said in the mind of the
listeners. He could make use of A Glimpse of Teenage Life in
descriptive words such as shape, size, Ancient Rome
color, and other details that appeal to (https://youtu.be/juWYhMoDTN0)
Description the senses to convey the narrative of his
speech. It aims to make the audience 8 Traits of Successful People
imagine how a person or an object (https://youtu.be/NOl0v54DaXo)
would look like or how an experience
might feel like.

Here are some tips to help you get started and become an effective informational speaker:
1. Choose a topic that will be interesting to the audience.
2. Quality over quantity. Keep it simple.
3. Use terms that your audience will understand.
4. Use facts and statistics in moderation.
5. Stick to your purpose of providing information.

2. Inspirational Speech
This type of speech aims to motivate or inspire an audience and
to help them be positive and optimistic. It also makes the audience want
to achieve their goals in life, uplift their faith, or maximize their
potentials. Examples of inspirational speeches include pep talks,
valedictory speeches, a priest’s homily, etc.

When delivering an inspirational speech, it is best that one

speaks from the heart. The speaker must be the first to believe his/her
topic and must keep the audience’s interests at its highest.

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3. Argumentative Speech
An argumentative speech aims to convert the audience to agree on the speaker’s point or side. It primarily
centers on controversial issues wherein the speaker presents evidence supporting his claim of truth. The objective
of the speaker is to arrive at the truth of the matter after the presentation of a logical series of reasons or evidence.

In order for the speaker to do this, there are three types of appeal he/she can use.

TYPE OF APPEAL DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

You ask your father to stop
Appeal to A rhetorical strategy used to
smoking and tells him that many
lead an audience in making a
Reason conclusion based on facts
researches have already
(Logos) suggested that smoking can cause
presented by the speaker.
lung cancer and even deaths.
Appeal to A strategy used to persuade an
You ask your father to stop
smoking because you don’t want
Emotions audience by targeting their
to lose him from contracting a
(Pathos) feelings.
disease at such a young age.
Appeal to A strategy used to persuade an
You brought your father to a
audience based on the
Character character of the persuader or
doctor so he could inform him of
(Ethos) the dangers of smoking.
the speaker.

4. Persuasive Speech
It aims to influence the thinking or behavior of its audience. Some say
that it is the most difficult type of speech to make because it needs to convince
people to do something. It could be challenging because you need to come up
with a speech that will be acceptable to your audience leading them to be
influenced towards a changed behavior. This type of speech can also make
people apply what they have learned and do the action immediately or in the
future.

Here are some tips for an effective persuasive speaking:

1. Establish credibility
2. Convey your subject with passion and enthusiasm
3. Choose a doable proposition.

5. Entertainment Speech
This speech is usually short and delivered just to give the audience an enjoyable and
relaxing experience. The speakers of this type usually make use of humorous stories and
funny anecdotes with the help of comic illustrations. Basically, the main intention of an
entertainment speech is to please the crowd and hold their attention while making a point
that is usually coated with humor. The intention is to make the audience smile, relax, enjoy, or
even laugh; as well as to help them forget everyday problems and worries even for just a
short span of time. Some examples include poetry recitals, reader’s theater, dramatic
monologues, and declamations.

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To deliver an effective entertainment speech, below is a step-by-step guide on how to do it.

1. Open with an anecdote.
2. Explain the point of the anecdote.
3. Spread your anecdotes evenly throughout the speech.
4. Conclude by restating your central point.
5. Finish with a great anecdote to ensure a memorable ending.

Types of Speech According to Delivery

1. Reading from a Manuscript

This type of speech is read by the
speaker from a written or visual material.
Usually, the speaker stands behind a lectern
where he or she can place her manuscript,
looking at it from time to time. The speech
he or she is about to deliver is prepared in
advance, enabling him or her to rehearse it
to perfection until the time of presentation.

2. Memorized Speech
The speaker is committing the entire
speech in memory alone, without any use of
prompts. People who usually do this are
already professional speakers, for they
often use the same memorized material
every time. However, to make their speech
more conversational, they usually customize
it depending on the varying audience.

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3. Extemporaneous Speech
It is a speech delivered with the help
of notes or an outline. In this type of speech,
you are given enough time to prepare a
speech but without committing the speech to
memory or without reading it. The goal is not
to memorize the script, but to be familiar with
the points that you want to lay out.
Familiarize yourself with the facial
expressions that go with the points and how
should these points flow smoothly.

4. Impromptu Speech
From the word itself, this type of
speech in unrehearsed and done with very
little to no preparation. It involves delivering
a message on the spur of the moment. In here,
the speaker is given very little advance notice
to speak for a few minutes regarding a
specific subject. There is no planning involved
and the speaker is not scheduled to speak.

Delivery for Different Situations

Not all delivery situations occur inside the classroom. Some may happen in unfamiliar environments. These
situations will simultaneously challenge and hone your delivery skills. As a public speaker, you need to be ready
to deal with the most common challenges in different environments. Below are some of them.

1. Speaking to a specific audience size

Description • Audience size depends on the venue size.

• You can determine your approach with your audience: more intimate and
Advantages personal for a smaller size; more formal for a larger size.

Disadvantages • This can be challenging and intimidating.

• Ask the organizers about the estimated number of the audience so you can
Tips adjust your delivery.
• Practice, practice, practice.

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2. Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a building

• Examples are open courts or grounds, football

Description fields, farms, etc.
• You will feel more relaxed due to the atmosphere
Advantages of the venue.
• You will encounter a lot of communication barriers
such as noise, inattentive audiences, discomfort,
challenging weather, possible absence of
Disadvantages technology such as audio-visual equipment, etc.
• You might be forced to make adjustments,
especially in voice projection.
• Check the venue prior to your speaking
engagement.
• Ask the organizers about the availability of
equipment.
• Challenge yourself on how you can get and
Tips maintain the attention of your audience.
• Use the outdoor setting or venue to your
advantage as a way of jumpstarting your speech
or as an example to support your main point.
• Practice, practice, practice.

3. Speaking in different venues

• Speaking venues that vary according to size: classroom, meeting or

Description conference room, ball room, social hall, auditorium, covered court, open
court, etc.
• You will be exposed to different venues, which will add to your public
Advantages speaking experience.
• You will have to make big adjustments in terms of your nonverbal cues:
Disadvantages volume of voice, body language, facial expression, etc.
• Check the venue days before your scheduled speech and arrive hours
earlier in the venue, so you can determine the adjustments to make.
• For a large venue, speak more slowly, use pauses frequently to highlight
the most important ideas of your speech, and make use of facial
expressions and gestures. When you use visual aids, make them more
Tips visible.
• In a small venue, your audience will see you up close. Therefore, manage
your notes well when you use them and adjust your nonverbal cues as
necessary.
• Practice, practice, practice.

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4. Speaking with a microphone

• Its main function is to increase the volume of your voice, not to clarify the
Description pronunciation and enunciation of words.
• With a microphone, you can easily get the attention of your audience
Advantages because of the loudness of your voice.
• Using a microphone can be challenging because there is a tendency to
Disadvantages underuse or overuse it.
• Check the microphone if it functions well.
• Check your voice in the microphone to see whether you are audible
enough.
Tips • In a small venue, you may not use a microphone, but you need to manage
your voice’s volume well.
• Practice, practice, practice.

5. Speaking with a podium or a lectern

• A podium or lectern is a reading desk with a stand

Description and a slanted top.
• Notes can be placed on the slanted top, and will
work best for extemporaneous and manuscript
Advantages speeches.
• The lectern can be used as a means to hide or cover
nervousness or stage fright.
• Some may have the tendency to hide their hands
Disadvantages behind the podium, which will not help them enhance
their message.
• Stand straight, as good posture exudes confidence.
• Avoid gripping the edges of the podium with both
hands. Aside from this, also avoid hiding them behind
the podium.
• For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step
Tips to the side occasionally once you have composed
yourself, so you can effectively use your gestures,
make eye contact, and connect more with your
audience.
• Practice, practice, practice.

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ACTIVITY
Watch a video of a speech delivered by prominent or famous personality. You may use the videos you
have seen in the first part of this module or you may also visit the TED website (http://www.ted.com/talks) for other
options. Use the table below to evaluate the speaker and the speech.

TITLE OF SPEECH VIEWED

NAME OF SPEAKER

TYPE OF SPEECH DELIVERY USED

TYPE OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

WHAT IS THE AUDIENCE AND VENUE SIZE?

CHECK YOUR ANSWER TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS YES NO

DID THE SPEAKER ADJUST TO THE AUDIENCE?

DID THE SPEAKER USE A MICROPHONE?

DID THE SPEAKER APPROACH THE AUDIENCE?

DID THE SPEAKER MAINTAIN EYE CONTACT?

DID THE SPEAKER USE THE VOLUME OF HIS/HER VOICE WELL?

DID THE SPEAKER PRACTICE PAUSES WELL?

DID THE SPEAKER PRONOUNCE WORDS CORRECTLY?

DID THE SPEAKER AVOID FILLERS?

DID THE SPEAKER AVOID DISTRACTING MOVEMENTS?

DID THE SPEAKER USE APPROPRIATE FACIAL EXPRESSIONS?

DID THE SPEAKER DRESS FOR THE OCCASION?

SELF-CHECK
A. List down ten instances or situations wherein we engage in public speaking. Identify what type of speech
according to purpose is required for each of these speaking engagements.

Example: Valedictory Address during graduation rites – Inspirational Speech

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B. Based on what you have learned from this lesson, list down ten habits for good delivery that a speaker needs
to develop.

Example: Practice in front of people and get their feedback.

ASSIGNMENT
Interview a classmate, a peer, or an acquaintance about his/her experiences in public speaking. You may
choose someone who is or has been a student government or Sangguniang Kabataan officer. In two to three
paragraphs, make a written report of their responses by describing their experience in public speaking.

REFERENCES
Oral Communication in Context. (2017). C&E Publishing, Inc.
Antonino, M. M., Salvosa, A. D., Iñigo, M. R., Bulanon-Sarte, M., Ibones, J. S., & Ferida, H. S. (n.d.). Oral
Communication in Context (For Senior High School). Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
Zoleta, M.A. & Javier, T.P. (2016). Oral Communication for Senior High School. Mindshapers Publishing Co., Inc.
Redoblado, S. (2016). Exploring Literature and Grammar (Oral Communication in Context). Quezon City, Philippines
What Is Public Speaking and Why Do I Need It? Retrieved from Study.com:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-public-speaking-and-why-do-i-need-it.html

Images courtesy of Google Image Search

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