Handwritten notes

Designed with µtH☒fB

Abhinav Verma
-
11T Delhi
Units and
measurement

PRACTICAL UNITS OF LENGTH

1 go -15m
fermi =

I ✗ unit to -13m
ray
- =

"
I A. U . = I. 49 ✗ 10 m

(astronomical unit]

1 light year = 9.46 ✗ 1015m

1 parsec =
3.08 ✗ 1010M
 —

Significant figures
In the measured value of a physical quantity, the number of digits
about the correctness of which we are sure plus the next doubtful
digit, are called the significant figures.

Rules for Finding Significant Figures

(i) All non-zeros digits are significant figures,
4349 →
⑨ significant figures
(ii) All zeros occuring between non-zero digits are significant
figures, e.g. 1005 has 4 significant figures.

(iii) All zeros to the right of the last non-zero digit are not significant,
e.g. 6250 has only 3 significant figures.
(iv) In a digit less than one, all zeros to the right of the decimal point
and to the left of a non-zero digit are not significant, e.g. 0.00325
has only 3 significant figures.
(v) All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit in the decimal part are
significant, e.g. 1. 5470 →
⑤ significant figures

The process of omitting the non significant digits and retaining only
the desired number of significant-digits, incorporating the required
modifications to the last significant digit is called rounding off the
number.
Rules for Rounding Off a Measurement
(i) If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the preceding digit
is left unchanged. e.g. 1.54 is rounded off to 1.5.
(ii) If the digit to be dropped is greater than 5, then the preceding
digit is raised by one. e.g. 2.49 is rounded off to 2.5.
Error
Absoluteeevroh.am
ai+az+qz+.__+an-
=

[
mean ( true value ]
Dan =
am -

an

Mean Absolute error

Physics for IITJEE exists:

[ magnitude of
absolute Error

Error:
Ja =

loa.lt/0azln-...-loan1-
Relative / Fractional error

R -
E .
= Mean absolute error

true value

•Mkqp
OI •→m%Mµq
o
Begg
µ Pr
=

B.
am Never forget
Mff Tip
orange

calculate
qoeqgga.qqqa-o-mkkd.to
Error Power error
is Raised to a
after
let z= AP bar / is solving the

question
!
E- =P( +
a( %-) +
•

(E)

The lack in accuracy in the measurement due to the limit of accuracy

of the measuring instrument or due to any other cause is called an
error. The difference between the measured value and the true value of
a quantity is known as the error in the measurement.
 Vectors

i
Scalars
Those physical quantities which require only magnitude but no
direction for their complete representation are called scalars.
Distance, speed, work, mass, density etc are the examples of Oh, ye ah !
scalars. Scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied or divided by
simple algebraic laws.

Tensors
Tensors are those physical quantities which have different values in
different directions at the same point.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, modulus of elasticity, pressure,
stress, conductivity, resistivity, refractive index, wave velocity and

at →
density etc are the examples of tensors. Magnitude of tensor is not
unique.

Vectors
Those physical quantities which require magnitude as well as direction
for their complete representation and follows vector laws are called
vectors.

Vectors can be mainly classified into following two types

1. Polar Vectors
These vectors have a starting point or a point of application such as
displacement, force etc.
2. Axial Vectors
These vectors represent rotational effect and act along the axis of
rotation in accordance with right hand screw rule, such as angular
velocity, torque, angular momentum etc.
tana = bsinO_
p
-

¥
- -

7-
b- a -1bUSD
"

"

7012 '
•µamE'Maoaµ
µ Pro ppg
For subtraction

b→
,

I
Ht p Tip
with
.

> replace
-

aqg•

a→
[email protected]>
= I + C- 5)
I I b→
=

= + ↳ direction
gets reversed
R =
Ja2+¥sO R =
JÉ
Polygon law of vector addition
D
? -
T
^
,

µ
,

R
>

>
B
a

R = A + Btc -1 ☐ + ⑦

y n R= Rcoso + Rsin @

tano =
Ry
Rsino In
Ry = r

go
>N
Rcoso =
Rz
Dot product

7
TA A→ B→
.
= AB cos 0

•
Properties :
① commutative
B. Ñ
-

Ñ B- . =

Distributive
②
A C
(B c) A. B + -

A. + =

③ unit vectors

É E. I 0
§
=

i. J
=
= .

i. i =
j.j-i.ie = I

work = E. d→
= Falco SO

I
→
d
>
 Cross product

Properties :
① commutative ( not commutative]
A ✗ B =/ B ✗ A

Distributive
② A ✗ B + AXC
Btc)
=
A- ✗ (

③ unit vectors
É
É 0
jxj
=

i ✗ I = = ✗

J L
n

i ✗
j = k
ri
I I
i ✗ =

> in i =
j
ie

④ product in cartesian co ordinates

-

vector
 In the relation
§ .

¥0
p= a- e-
p

p →
pressure ,
z → distance ,

K → boltzmann constant ,
O →
temp

Dimensional formula of P ?
IIT 2004

Question [ M°L°T°]
- [ 9¥ ] =

[a ]
[÷]
=

further [p]
[ &]
=

in -1%1=11;]
-

that
Ko are
Dimensions of
to Hence
energy
.
,

=L :÷÷ ]
*

=
[ m°iF ]

•-EEE→eg
Baoeo→oooooozoi
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