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Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing heart muscle to die. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, blood tests of cardiac enzymes, echocardiograms, chest x-rays, and coronary angiography. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through medications to dissolve clots, oxygen, pain relievers, and often percutaneous coronary intervention to reopen blocked arteries. Close monitoring of vital signs is also important.

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جعفر محمد
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74 views4 pages

Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing heart muscle to die. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, blood tests of cardiac enzymes, echocardiograms, chest x-rays, and coronary angiography. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through medications to dissolve clots, oxygen, pain relievers, and often percutaneous coronary intervention to reopen blocked arteries. Close monitoring of vital signs is also important.

Uploaded by

جعفر محمد
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction is a deadly medical emergency where heart muscle begins to


die due to blockage in the arteries that supply blood to heart.

If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, infarction can cause permanent heart muscle
damage and death.

Symptoms:

 Chest pain can be severe and feel like crushing pain. It may start in chest and spread
(or radiate) to other areas like left arm, shoulder, neck, jaw, back.
 Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
 Nausea or stomach discomfort.
 Heart palpitation : Is feelings of heart beating too hard or too fast.
 Anxiety or a feeling of “impending death.”
 Sweating.

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Diagnosis :

 ECG : ST elevation signifying ischemia; peaked upright or inverted T wave indicating


injury; development of Q waves signifying prolonged ischemia or necrosis.

 Cardiac enzymes and isoenzymes. CPK-MB (isoenzyme in cardiac muscle):


Elevates within 4–8 hr, peaks in 12–20 hr, returns to normal in 48–72 hr.
 Troponin Test : Troponin is a type of protein found in the muscles of heart.
Troponin isn't normally found in the blood. When heart muscles become damaged,
troponin is sent into the bloodstream. As heart damage increases, greater amounts of
troponin are released in the blood. Levels are elevated at 4–6 hr, peak at 14–18 hr, and
return to baseline over 6–7 days. These enzymes have increased specificity for
necrosis.

 Chest x-ray. May be normal or show an enlarged cardiac shadow


 Echocardiography : May be done to determine dimensions of chambers, ventricular
wall motion, ejection fraction (blood flow), and valve function.

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 Coronary angiography. Visualizes occlusion of coronary arteries

Treatment:

1. Bed rest with the back rest elevated to help decrease chest discomfort and dyspnea.
2. Oxygen :People having trouble breathing or with low blood oxygen levels will receive
oxygen.

3. Medications

 Anti-clotting medications: This includes aspirin and other blood-thinning


medicines.

 Nitroglycerin: vasodilator causes blood vessels to widen so blood pass through


easily.

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 Thrombolytic medications: These intravenous (IV) medications cause blood
clots to break down and dissolve. These medications are usually used only
within the first 12 hours

 Pain medications: The most common pain medication given during myocardial
infarction care is morphine.

4. Percutaneous coronary intervention: Restoring circulation to the affected heart


muscle is usually done with a procedure called percutaneous coronary intervention.

5. Monitor the patient closely for changes in cardiac rate and rhythm, heart sounds,
blood pressure, chest pain, respiratory status, urinary output, changes in skin color,

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