EFFECTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.0 General

Construction industry is considered as one of the most hazardous industries in the world.
There has been an increase in the number of building which are built for commercial,
residential and office purposes in every year. The construction market continues to expand
due to the day by day increase in need of infrastructure facilities, home, office spaces etc.
The construction industry is very complex and hence it is prone to numerous health
hazards. Therefore safety is a vital concern in the construction industry to result in a
hazardous free environment. Safety professionals have analyzed that the major workplace
accidents are initiated by unsafe behaviors and that their control is one of the keys to
successful accident prevention resulting in low accident rate in construction sites. The
number of fatal accidents in construction site is not easy to quantify as information on this
issue is not available for most countries. The main concern is completing projects at the
required quality with minimum time and cost. Carelessness has been considered as the
major reason for accidents and hazards happening in construction sites. With the changes in
timings and schedules along with the change of men themselves combined with the nature
of the construction jobs makes the construction industry as one with accident risks. Hence
the major aim of this paper is to minimize the accidents occurring in construction sites.
More than 3 million working days were lost due to hazards and accidents in the sites. Falls
from elevated positions is the major cause of accidents and deaths in construction sites.
Unexpected accidents which occur affect the overall plan of the projects which leads to
production loss, lagging of works and interruption of production flow. Even through
accidents cannot be completely erased, the effects of those accidents on workers can be
controlled. Occupational health and safety issues have become a major concern in
construction organizations. Due to lack of enforcement of applicable legislations, most of
the construction organizations are forced to opt for implementation. Occupational health
safety assessment series (OSHAS) to improve safety performance. It has been accepted that
the construction workers have a high risk of work related illness and accidents than in any
other public sector. Therefore there is an urgent need to reduce risk reduction by
implementing a site safety management. Construction safety management is a method
which is used to control safety activities in order to ensure a safe working environment in
the construction site. Safety during the construction project is also influenced to a great part
by decisions made during planning and design process. Construction safety can be
branched into four groups which are planning for safety, employee training for safety, first
aid and medical measures and safety policies by the management.

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1.1 Definition of Safety Management

Safety can be defined as the absence of danger from which harm or loss could result
(Jacques 1996) or "freedom from hazards". However, it is practically impossible to
completely eliminate all hazards. Safety i. therefore a matter relative protection from
exposure to hazards. Safety management, like many other management activities, consists
of planning, organizing, controlling and communications.

1.2 General

A safe jobsite can lead to lower insurance rates, completing jobs more efficiently, and most
of all allow everyone to go home safe at the end of day. To help increase the safe
monitoring capacity of a site, ultra- wide band( UWB) sensor networks are being explored
as a method for offering continuous safety monitoring in ensuring construction workers are
following safe working procedures for common tasks. UWB sensing is a promising new
technology for tracking objects to remain within the field-of-view in order to be tracked;
UWB signals propagate through walls and objects and allow non-line of –sight tracking.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this paper is to create and demonstrate safety monitoring/ management
process:

i. Recognition and registration of potential hazards ii. Real-time detection of unsafe

incidents through tracking construction resources. iii. Storage and communication of such

information to relevant stakeholders in real- time.

1.4 Background of Study

Construction safety as a result continues to represent a serious problem and pose a

challenge for researchers and practitioners. In Malaysia, both the society and economy have
suffered human and financial losses as a result of the poor safety performance in the
construction industry. Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) in Malaysia
reports that occupational accidents by sector shows that the highest number of death was in
the construction industry as of for the 2015 incidents.

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1.5 ACCIDENTS

Accidents are defined as “an undesired event that results in physical harm to people or
damage to property” (Peyton and Rubio, 1991, 162). Accidents could occur during
construction and destruction activities, resulting in injury, mostly incurred by workers on
the work site. Accidents might occur during site investigation and survey of a project,
project items implementation. Figure 1 displays the percentage terms of the causes of fatal
injuries in the UK construction industry during 1997-2003. Almost half of all fatalities
were due to falls from height, according to this pie chart, approximately a third fatalities
struck by a moving vehicles and objects. Other fatalities were subjected to electricity
accidents, collapse accidents, and other (Howarth and Watson, 2009)

Fig 1.1

1.6 CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS

Unsafe work site conditions were main reason of arising 10% of accidents on the
construction site arise as Schaufelberger and Lin (2014) stated, and 90% were resulted in
unsafe behavior. Likewise, the HSE declared that about 80% of accidents in the UK
are due to human behavior (cited by Li and Poon, 2013). Furthermore, Peyton and Rubio
(1991) acknowledged that work accidents in sites occur through two main
mechanisms: unsafe conditions and unsafe acts. In addition, unsafe behavior may arise
due to a Worker’s state of mind, tiredness, stress, or physical condition
(Schaufelberger and Lin, 2014). Also, many factors such as insufficient and poor
communication, sub-contracting to negligent firms, lack of H&S training and low
educational level of construction staff members leads to accidents as affirmed by
Cheng et al. (2004). Schaufelberger and Lin (2014) recognized some examples of
accident causes, such as: A worker notices a dangerous condition but he/she does not

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do anything to correct it (e.g. use of defective equipment such as a ladder). An individual

performing the work in faulty way or unsafe manner due to lack proper training. A
worker may disregard the safety conditions then an accident may occur. Lehto and
Salvendy (1991) stated three main models of accidents causation namely: “(1) generic
accident process models; (2) error of human and dangerous behavior models; and (3)
human lesions mechanism models”.

1.7 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT

To reduce the risk of on sites accidents, protective clothing wearing and the use of
personal protective equipment is very essential. The employers must (by law)
provide safety equipment and protective clothing for all employees, Likewise,
Employees have a duty to protect their own H&S (Davies and Tomasin, 1990).
Additionally, employees on the construction site must (by law) supervised by a
qualified H&S supervisor to ensure that the employees follow the safety instruction to
wear protective clothing to keep worker’s safer (Zin and Ismail :2012).

1.8 COMPULSORY PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

Davies and Tomasin (1990) pointed out that in the UK, every employer must (by law)
provide: Sufficient and preferable protective clothing and equipment for employees
(Construction (Health and Welfare) Regulation, 1966 Protective clothing and protective
breathing equipment for the workers where dust presents in the atmosphere (Asbestos
Regulations, 1969). Insulation boots and special gloves for electricians (Electricity
Regulations, 1944). Safety belt, lines etc. (Construction (Working Places) Regulation,
1966). Ear protectors (Noise at Work Regulation,1989).Safety helmets (Construction
(Head Protection) Regulation, 1989). Tam et al. (2004) showed that the only personal
protection equipment universally provided to workers on construction sites by
employers in China are eye goggles, gloves and hard hats (helmet); however, many
workers are dissatisfied with such provisions, and they believe that these items of
protective clothing are insufficient to protect them.

1.9 The Concept Of Risk, Accidents, Hazard, Danger And Damage

Risk

Expression of possible loss over a specific period of time, or number of Operational cycles.
It maybe indicated by the probability of an accident times the Damage in dollars, lives, or
operating units.

Accidents

Accidents are unplanned events that often result in injuries or damage that interrupt the
Routine operation of an activity. Accidents are always preceded by the unsafe act of
Employees or hazardous conditions in the workplace.

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Hazard

Condition with the potential of causing injury to personnel, damage to equipment Or

structures, loss of material, or lessening of the ability to perform a prescribed Function.
When a hazard is present, the possibility exists of these adverse effects Occurring.

Danger

Expresses a relative exposure to hazard. A hazard may be little danger because of the
precautions taken. A high-voltage transformer bank, such as those in power transmission
systems, has an inherent hazard of electrocuting someone as long as it is energized. A high
degree of danger exists if the bank is unprotected in the middle of busy inhabited area. The
same hazard is present even when the transformers are completely enclosed in a locked
underground vault. However, there is almost no anger to personnel. An above ground
installation with a high fence and locked gate has a danger level between these two.
Numerous other examples can be cited showing how danger levels differ even though the
hazard is the same. A person working on a very high structure is subject to the hazard that
he could fall to his death. When he wears an anchored safety harness, the danger is reduced
but is still present, since the harness might break.

Damage

Severity of injury or the physical, functional, or monetary loss that could result if control
hazard is lost. An unprotected man failing from steel beam 10 feet above a concrete
pavement might suffer a sprained ankle or broken leg. He would be killing in a similar 300
feet. The hazard (possibility) and danger (exposure) of falling are the same. The difference
is in the severity of damage that would result if a fall occurred

1.9.1 Main Requirements Of The Management Of Health And Safety At Work

Regulations 1992

1.Risk Assessment

All employers and self-employed persons are required to assess the risks to Both their own
employees and others arising out of their undertakings. Then to Identify the measures they
need to take to comply with the relevant statutory Provisions. Such assessments must be
reviewed as necessary, and where There are five or more employees significant findings
must be recorded.

2.Health and Safety Arrangements

Every employer must make arrangements for the effective planning, Organization, control;
monitoring and review of the measures previously Established as necessary and record the
arrangements if five or more people Are employed. This may not be a particularly onerous
exercise if the risks are Well known and the means of dealing with them are well
established.

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3.Health and Safety Assistance

Every employer must have access to one or more persons to assist him to carry Out the
measures identified. The traditional role of the safety officer in Contracting organizations
may become a wider ranging professional role and May design organizations will need
their own specialist in this field.

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CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1 GENERAL

When conducting research, a literature review is an essential part of the project because it
covers all previous research done on the topic and sets the platform on which the current
research is based. No new research can be taken seriously without first reviewing the
previous research done on the topic

A director search of publisher work including periodical and books that discuss theory and
present empirical results that are relevant to the topic. As a general rule researcher should
investigate previous research to see whether or not other may have already addressed
similar research problem.

2.2 STUDY OF RELATED LITERATURE FROM VARIOUS JOURNAL PAPER

Following literature is reviewed

2.2.1 SAFETY ASPECT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY -By Rakesh Sah ,

Syed Hussain , GNTC , Hyderabad ( Volume 8 , Issue 4 April 2019)

PUBLICATION:- international journal of innovative research in science in engineering and

technology . ( IJIRSET)

ABSTRACT:

1.The construction industry is the second largest industry after agriculture. Financial
development of any nation and at the same time globally it is known fact that it is the most
hazardous industry, due to its nature and various types of activities of work carried out
during the course of construction. It is labour intensive and requires vigorous movement of
resources like men, material and machinery within a confined space, leading to high level
of accidental risks for the workforce at the site.

2.The present poor scenario and past records of safety measures within the construction
industry are leading to a high rate of accident. The primary source of these accidents
prevails in the private sector in the construction industry. This paper aims to illustrate the
safety performance of low and medium size projects in private sectors in general through
observation. Our study focuses on general safety aspects related to construction sites like
worker personal protective equipment (PPE’s), machinery, excavation, height and fall
protection. The findings globally suggest that there is a serious need for improvement of
safety of labours in the construction industry.

2.2.2 EFFECTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION BY -Samuel

Thanaraj, M. Priya ( Volume:6, Issue 4 ,April 2019.)

PUBLICATION : international research journal of engineering and technology (IRJET)

ABSTRACT:

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Construction is one of the most dangerous industry sectors. Millions of construction

industry accidents occur in the world causing damages and injuries to workers and
consequently economical losses in every year. Construction sites are dynamic and
complicated systems. The movement and interaction of people, goods, and energy make
construction safety management extremely difficult. Due to the ever-increasing amount of
information, traditional construction safetymanagementhasoperatedunderdifficult
circumstances. As an effective way to collect, identify and process information, sensor
based technology is deemed to provide new generation of methods for advancing
construction safety management. The aim of this paper is to identify and evaluate the safety
management in construction projects to minimise and control health and safety (H&S) of
construction workers. In this paper described the various safety and control measures of
accidents in building projects to minimise accidents by using sensor based technology.

2.2.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT THROUGH REVIEW

OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES BY -S.R. Meena , S.N. Pawar ( Volume. 2 Issue
5, May- 2013)

PUBLICATION:- International journal of engineering research and technology (IJERT)

ABSTRACT:

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Construction Industry in India has changed drastically during the last few decades. It is the
second largest employing sector next to agricultural sector, but first in terms of accidents
close to the road accidents. From the construction of building simple structures, roads and
minor civil work projects, the construction industry has changed significantly over the last
few decades. Safety on construction job site has been ignored by construction companies
worldwide and particularly in countries where labour force is required. Due to increasing
numbers of reported accidents and injuries on construction projects, safety is becoming an
important issue in construction environment today; also safety is usually discarded by its
operator. Hence, safety management plays a very important role in construction industry.
Research has shown that false practices by workers and inadequate supervision are the
basic causes of an accident. Also failures of management towards safety practices (safety
training, safety education, awareness programme, etc.) are other consequences of accidents.

2.2.4 A CRITICAL REVIEW ON SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION

PROJECT By -Patel Divya , prof. J.J. Bhavsar ( Volume 3 , Issue 4 , 2017)

PUBLICATION :- International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil

Engineering ( IJCRCE)

ABSTRACT:

safety is an imperative piece of development ventures for the workers. This paper displays
an examination in development industry to enhance the security execution. The primary
goal of this investigation is to recognize the basic achievement factors which are in charge
of the execution of wellbeing administration in development ventures. The Indian culture
and economy have endured human and budgetary misfortunes because of the poor
wellbeing record in the development business.

The reason for this investigation is to look at security administration in the development
industry. Safety administration is basic for the coveted changes in arrangement of work and
attitude. It builds up a feeling of wellbeing in work activities. It helps in obtaining essential
information of perils and precautions. The consequences of the examination uncovered that
there are numerous security issues in the development business, for example, absence of
learning about the need of earth association for control apparatuses and absence of learning
about links shield from mechanical harms. Besides, the investigation likewise proposes a
few proposals for security in development industry.

2.2.5 CONSTRUCTION SAFTEY MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENTS CONTROL

MEASURES By -Dheeraj Benny , D. Jaishree ( Volume 8 , Issue 4 , April 2017)

PUBLICATION:- international journal of civil engineering and technology (IJCIET)

ABSTRACT:

Construction activities have made a great breakthrough in the last two decades on the back
of increase in development activities, and public demand. Still occupational health and
safety issues have become major concern to construction organisations. The world society
and economy have suffered financial and human losses as a result of poor safety
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management in the construction industry. The impact is however more in developing

countries. The purpose of this study is to explore major safety provisions and also a
detailed study has been conducted on safety management procedures in construction sites.
Different types of accidents occurring in construction sites and measures taken to control
these accidents are also analysed in this paper. Data’s have been collected through various
site visits, literature review and from various construction safety standards including BIS
and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). The paper has been
concluded after putting forward a set of recommendations for construction organisations to
improve the occupational safety in the construction sites.

2.2.6 CASE STUDIES ON THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT AT CONSTRUCTION

SITE By- Tan Chin keng , Nadeera Abdul Razak (Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2014)

PUBLICATION:- journal of sustainability science and management (JSSAM)

ABSTRACT :

Cases of construction site accidents always happen. In line with the efforts to reduce
accidentsatconstructionsitesinMalaysia,theobjectivesofthisresearcharetodet
erminethecurrent safety practices at construction sites, to identify the safety practices
related problems, and to identify the strategies to reduce the safety practices related
problems. Two case studies were conducted for data collection. Data were collected
through semi-structured interviews with the safety officer of the respective project. It is
concluded from the research findings that generally the construction site has good and
structured as far as safety practices are concerned. Nevertheless, several problems were
encountered in the safety practices; ignorance of workers on work procedures, lack of
financial allocation for safety management, lack of awareness among workers, and
language barrier between supervisors and workers. Several strategies have been suggested
to overcome the problems, such as to provide effective safety training, allocation of budget
for safety management, full from the top management, and to provide safety booklets in
various languages. The suggestions cover three aspects for the implementation of safety
practices, i.e. awareness of workers, commitment of top management and the allocation of
resources. The findings of this research would reduce the gap of understanding on the
aspect of safety practices at construction site in Malaysia and can be used as a sour
commitment ce of reference in the site safety management. KEYWORDS: Management,
construction, site, safety, practices.

2.2.7 STUDIES ON LABOUR SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION SITE BY- S.

Kanchana , P. Sivaprakash ( Volume2 , 2015)

PUBLICATION :- International journal labour organization (IJLO)

ABSTRACT:

Construction industry has accomplished extensive growth worldwide particularly in past

few decades. For a construction project to be successful, safety of the structures as well as
that of the personnel is of utmost importance. The safety issues are to be considered right

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from the design stage till the completion and handing over of the structure. Construction
industry employs skilled and unskilled labourers subject to construction site accidents and
health risks. A proper coordination between contractors, clients, and workforce is needed
for safe work conditions which are very much lacking in Indian construction companies.

This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey, which was distributed among
various categories of construction workers in Kerala region. The paper examines and
discusses in detail the total working hours, work shifts, nativity of the workers, number of
accidents, and type of injuries taking place in small and large construction sites.

2.2.8 A STUDY ON SAFETY MANAGEMENT ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

By- K. Mohammed Imthathullah Khan,K. Suguna ( Volume 4,Issue 4, july 2015)

PUBLICATION:- International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology

(IJESIT)

ABSTRACT:

This paper presents astudy in construction industry to improve the safety performance. The
main objective of this study is to identify the critical success factors which are responsible
for the implementation of safety management in construction projects. This study was
carried out by conducting questionnaire survey among the contractors and clients of
various construction projects, for testing their experience in safety management system.
Questionnaire survey was analysed using SPSS software. The results of the study revealed
that there are many safety problems in the construction industry, such as lack of knowledge
about the necessity of earth connection for power tools and lack of knowledge about cables
protect from mechanical damages. Furthermore, the study also proposes some
recommendations for safety in construction industry.

2.2.9 QUALITY AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION BY -Todd

W. Loushine , Peter L.T.Hoonakker (Volume 17, Issue 9, November 2006)

PUBLICATION: Researchgate ,Routledge Taylor and francis group

ABSTRACT:

From a theoretical standpoint, quality management and safety management programs have
similar characteristics. In construction work, a company’s ability to deliver quality product
in a safe manner is the key to business success. In order to better understand what
contributes to successful quality and safety programs in construction, a literature review
was conducted using general, engineering, and business literature search engines. In all,
49articles were found: 18 articles on safety, 26 articles on quality, and five articles on
safety and quality. Overall, the literature supports the use of integrated safety and quality
management in construction. However, according to the literature, there are three primary
barriers to the success of quality management in construction projects: ‘shoddy’

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implementation, the nature of construction work, and the industry itself. KEY WORDS:
Occupational safety, quality.

We read the above paper carefully and understood it well. And after reading that, I
understood how much construction safety management is really needed nowadays.

There is a lot of work in the construction industry every day, lakhs of people, jobs are
employed there. There are so many construction accidents every day that a lot of workers,
engineers and so on die. It also causes a lot of financial and physical damage. Therefore,
we understood from this literature review that safety management is very much needed
nowadays.

In this paper helps to reduce the construction accidents and injuries by using the sensor
based technology. It has been identified that safety management is the most important area
in a construction work which ensures sound health of the workers in the construction site
and also prevents occurrence of different types of hazards and accidents in a construction
site. In this project ,the major parameters which are considered in the safety management
were discussed. The different stages of safety management have been observed and
analyzed. Various accidents which are occurring in a construction site were observed and
remedies that are to be taken in order to prevent these accidents were sorted out. The study
shows that implementation of safety measures is more important than safety planning and
training.In order to ensure safety ,a safety engineer or officer should always be present at
the construction site to inspect the implementation of safety in the sites. The management
should make safety equipment’s mandatory. All the workers should be provided with
personnel protection equipment’s to ensure their own safety. Proper remedies and measures
should be taken in every construction site to prevent any chance of occurrence of any kind
of accidents.

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Chapter no 3. ?????

METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL

The research using several methodologies to meet this dissertation's objective such as: i)

Literature Review

This study will review the relevant on the subject of safety management and safety
professionals including all reading sources such as books, journals, magazines,
dissertations and also through the internet.

ii) Questionnaire Survey

Further analysis is carried out by questionnaire survey in order to extract detailed research
that aimed at finding of the objectives. The questions will centre on the areas mentioned in
the objectives. A multi-option format will be designed to obtain a high level of response.

iii) Analysis of The Result

This stage will bring together and review all the information collected in the previous
stages. This is part of the writing up stage where all the results will be presented in
graphical format to allow discussion and interpretation to be made on the research findings.

iv) Writing up

This stage involves writing up the content of the dissertation and should cover the chapters
proposed in the Planning of Text.

3.2 FOLLOWING WORK CARRIED OUT IN NEXT SEMESTER

The methodology adopted for this study was identifying real time problems in sites through
Site visits and also various datas were collected from literatures and safety standards. A
clear Pictorial representation of the methodology and safety assessments have been shown
in Figure 3.1.

• We take the 2 case study and check the which precautions follow on site and
compare These case study with theoretically study.
• If any necessary precautions not follow on site,we give the some recommendations.

• Methodology adopted for this work

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Figure 3.1 Methodology adopted for this work

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CHAPTER 3 : CONSTRUCTION SAFTEY MANAGEMENT

3.1 .General

The aim of this study is to create and demonstrate safety monitoring/ management
process: i. ii. iii. 2. SAFETY Recognition and registration of potential hazards Real-time
detection of unsafe incidents through tracking construction resources. Storage and
communication of such information to relevant stakeholders in realtime. Construction
sites are dynamic activities where workers engage in many activities that may expose
them to a variety of safety hazards, such as falling objects, working from rooftops
or scaffolding, exposure to heavy construction equipment, or the use of temporary
electrical circuits while operating electrical equipment and machinery in damp
locations. Through implementation of safe work practices, training, and compliance
with federal, state, and local regulatory requirements, the Workplace Safety program
aims to identify, control, or eliminate construction-related hazards .

3.2 IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

The construction industry has traditionally been considered as hazardous occupation

due to the high incidence of occupational injuries and fatal accidents. The number of
fatal occupational accidents in construction all users the world is not easy to quantify,
as information on this issue is not available for most countries.

3.3 NEED FOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT

The construction industry has some special features which have a direct bearing on the
accident potential. In this trade the pattern of work is ever changing. The operations and
physical circumstances change constantly unlike in the factories where the process, method
and operations are generally respective. Timings and schedules vary considerably from
place to place. The most important changing factor the change of men themselves. The
inherent nature of construction job combined with the above factors make this industry as
one with accident risks.

3.4 SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCESS

Process Safety is a disciplined framework for managing the integrity of operating systems
and processes handling hazardous substances by applying good design principles,
engineering, and operating practices. It deals with the prevention and control of incidents
that have the potential to release hazardous materials or energy. Such incidents can cause
toxic effects, fire, or explosion an could ultimately result in serious injuries, property
damage, lost production, and environmental impact.

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Fig 3.1 General safety management process

3.5 PLANNING FOR SAFETY:

Every construction organization should develop a performance oriented safety
program. A safety management procedure is including information about personnel
protection equipments (PPE), hazardous substances in site, use of power equipments, safety
practices, safety policies, emergency procedures in site, responsibilities of workers etc
should be made. This safety document should be made available to all the workers in the
construction site.

3.6 TRAINING FOR SAFETY:

In Sites Proper training about safety should be provided for workers. It is a major
component of safety management. Workers should be made aware about different hazards
that can occur in sites and control of those hazards. By this training the workers should be
able to handle any emergency situation of safety in sites without panic and also they should
understand the relevance of safety practices in sites.

3.7 MEDICAL SERVICES AND FIRST AIDS:

First aid and medical facilities should be made readily available in sites according to
the size of site and number of workers in the site. The employer must be responsible for
this and should ensure the availability of medicines and first aids in the sites.

3.8 SAFETY POLICY BY MANAGEMENT:

The safety policy of the management is very relevant in maintaining workplace
safety. Apart from the safety plans and training program, the management must ensure that

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the workers are following the safety standards in the site. Regular safety inspections must
be conducted by the management in the sites.

3.9 THE BASIC ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURE OUTLINED BY

OCCUPATIONAL SAFEETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) ARE:
❖ Safety helmets for head protection
❖ Hearing aids for ear protection
❖ Safety shoes with steel toe for foot protection
❖ Safety glasses or goggles for eye protection especially for welding works and in
sunlight.
❖ Clothes should be worn according to the climatic conditions.
❖ Use of high visibility clothing should be ensured especially for works during night
shifts.
❖ Safety training program should be conducted occasionally by the safety department.
❖ Medical services and first aids should be ensured in site always.

3.10 Safety Policy & Safety Plan

Safety begins with the attitude that accidents are preventable and that requirements
for safe work practices must be followed. Individuals controlling the work should integrate
safety into regular work practices and regularly emphasize the importance of safety over
that of expediency. In this regard, project management should develop a health and safety
policy to convey the management commitment and intent of the organization towards
health and safety.

Fig 3.2 Safety Policy & Safety Plan

In order to meet the requirement of health and safety policy, a health and safety
plan should be developed. Health and safety plan should identify and enumerate the
control measures to mitigate the risks to the workers arising out of health and safety issues.
After approval of the safety plan by the Project Director, the plan should be considered as
a reference document for implementation, control and monitoring of health and safety
aspects of the project.

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3.11 Roles, Responsibility and Authority

Project management should define, document and communicate the roles, responsibilities
and authorities of all personnel who manage, perform and verify activities having an effect
on health and safety risks including principal contractors and their sub-contractors.

Top management should clearly transmit the message to the line management and people
down the level in the organization that it considers safety as core value. The line
management personnel who are responsible for execution of activities are directly
responsible for health and safety in the work under their control.

Management should provide adequate resources necessary to effectively manage the

health and safety requirements of the project.

3.12 Safety Organization/Management

A robust safety organization helps in effective implementation of safety aspects.

Therefore, it is imperative to have such a setup at every construction site. In this context,
following need to be ensured:

1. A well-defined safety professional organization should be available at every site.

Their responsibility is to guide the management on health and safety issues and
facilitating the implementation of health and safety in the project site.
2. Head of the Safety organization should be a departmental position and other
functionaries can be a combination of departmental and contractor’s safety
personnel in an approximate ratio of 1:3. There should be a well-defined interface
between the safety setup of Department and Contractor.
3. Safety organization should comply with all the requirements such as safety
surveillance, safety training, safety enforcement measures, safety audit etc. related
to all works.
4. Safety functionaries should be exclusively assigned with only safety related duties.
5. The qualification, experience and the minimum number of safety professionals
deployed should be as per the notification issued by AERB.

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Fig 3.3 SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION

3.13 Safety Communication

Communicating occupational health and safety information effectively is crucial to

prevent worker injuries and illness. The health and safety hazards and risks may be
communicated in the following ways:

1. Sharing of accident case studies

2. Collecting feedback on health and safety from workers and appropriately
addressing them for continual improvement
3. Health and safety posters and displays
4. Health and safety campaigns
5. Sharing of results of the audits, inspections and other monitoring systems
6. Safety signage etc.

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Fig .3.4 Safety Communication

Open communication with the workers motivate them to work safely and
project management should always be ready to listen to their suggestions for improvement.
The top management should clearly communicate that it considers safety as core value and
it would not allow it to get compromised.
3.14 Safety Culture

Safety culture is the product of individual and group values, attitudes,

perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to,
and the style and proficiency of an organization. The presence of a positive safety culture
is the most important factor in preventing injuries and in ensuring safe working
conditions/ practices. Management should always recognize importance of best
established practices for development of sustained positive safety culture.

3.15 Training/ Orientation

Safe place of working and safe system of working are the two important requirements in
reducing accidents in construction site. Though safe place of working can be provided,
safe system of working can only be provided through proper training to the workmen.
Project management should ensure that all workers are competent to perform the assigned
work safely on the basis of appropriate education, training and experience. Safety training
should be made a part of all construction jobs. It should include

1. Hazards associated with work

2. First aid
3. Fire prevention & protection measures
4. Accident Prevention
5. Usage & maintenance of safety equipment etc.
3.16 Safety Monitoring Programme

The objective of the safety monitoring programme should address assurance of effective
implementation of safety measures in execution of works. There are proactive and reactive

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EFFECTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.

safety monitoring measures. Following are some of the safety monitoring measures that
should be in place at sites:

Fig 3.5 Safety Monitoring Programme

1. Safety Inspections/audits should be carried out to observe the physical conditions of

work and the work practices and procedures followed by workers and suggest
measures to be adopted for removing the unsafe physical conditions and preventing
unsafe actions by workers.
2. Specific surveillance should be ensured with respect to testing of equipment, portable
power tools, electrical equipment and tools, hand tools, surveillance of material
handling equipment, transport equipment, earth moving equipment, gas cylinders etc.
to comply with various statutory requirements.
3. As a part of reactive monitoring measure, all incidents including near miss cases
should be thoroughly investigated, direct and root causes determined and corrective
action planned.
4. The safety organization should monitor, maintain records and followup corrective
actions to ensure effective implementation of the safety monitoring programme.

3.17 Electrical Safety

With an average of one worker being electrocuted on the job every day in the U.S.,
electrocution is the fourth leading cause of death on construction sites. The use of power
and electrical transformers on construction sites is particularly hazardous due to the use of
flexible extension cords and scattered power cables in damp conditions.

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Tips to ensure electrical safety at construction sites:

• Overhead and underground power transmission lines can be lethal so it is important

that the construction crew maintains safe distance from them, all the lines are grounded, all
construction electrical products are insulated using sleeves and all heavy equipment are
de-energized when not in use.

• Check that all the extension cords are adequate for the amount of current being
carried to avoid fluctuations and overloading. All construction electrical products must be
UL approved and have strain relief along with a three-prong grounding plug for safe
usage.

• If a portable electrical product is used in a damp environment, it is essential to

ensure that a transformer is used to isolate the voltage between conductors so it does not
exceed 230 volts.

• Construction electrical products must be rated for heavy-duty usage and a GFCI
should be employed for ground-fault protection.

3.18 Certification of construction workers

Accident frequency decreases with increased experience and greater safety

awareness. In order to ensure that every worker on the job site has undergone safety
awareness and job related hazards training before permitting them to begin the work, an
accepted method of certification of construction workers need to be followed for the
construction works.

Certification should cover all these line managers also with respect to safety
orientation. The certification can be after training and evaluation of performance.

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CHAPTER 4 : SAFETY MEASURES

4.1 DEFINATION OF SAFETY MEASURES

Safety measures are activities and precautions taken to improve safety, i.e. reduce risk
related to human health. Common safety measures include: Chemical analysis. Destructive
testing of samples.

Construction site safety is an aspect of construction-related activities concerned with

protecting construction site workers and others from death, injury, disease or other health-
related risks. Construction is an often hazardous, predominantly land-based activity where
site workers may be exposed to various risks. Site risks can include working at height,
moving machinery (vehicles, cranes, etc) and materials, power tools and electrical
equipment, hazardous substances, plus the effects of excessive noise, dust and vibration.
The leading causes of construction site fatalities are falls, electrocutions, crush injuries, and
caught-between injuries.

4.2 BAGROUND OF SAFTY MASURES

What should be clear from the following is how the overall aim to improve safety and
prevent accidents has influenced how safety management is applied and what approach is
adopted. This can even be traced back to the second millennium BC, where Babylonian
King Hammurabi set laws to execute masons whose constructed houses fell and killed the
owners or occupants. The following aims to provide a brief chronology of the major
changes in safety management that have occurred since its inception. These are discussed
in terms of the different phases or ‘ages’ of safety management: The ‘technological’ age;
the ‘human’ age; the ‘organisational’ age; and the ‘systems' or 'holistic’ age.

First age of safety management — the technology

The first age of safety started with the Industrial Revolution in 1750-1760 and the
invention of the steam engine. Most accidents were from the technology failing, injuring
workers and the public. The focus of safety management was to ensure the technology was
safe to use. This view of safety management became part of what known as the ‘technical
age’ or the age of the technology. This technical age saw improvements in the ability to
identify the ‘broken part’—the part of the technology that failed—and avoid single
component failures. Sophisticated techniques (such as probabilistic risk assessment) for
managing risky technology were developed for this purpose. Technological failures,
problematic for so long, could now be ‘engineered out of the system’. The accident came as
a surprise to engineers and managers. Despite all the risk assessments and technological
safety features, the reactor nevertheless melted down. The President’s Commission into
TMI found the causes to be “people-related problems and not equipment problems”.
As hardware and software had become increasingly more reliable, the human contribution
to accidents had become ever more apparent. In response, it was necessary for the focus of
safety management to expand so that the human element (the human factor)—as well as the
technology—was addressed thus creating the second age of safety management—the
human factors age.

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Second age of safety management — the human

This age of safety management expanded to focus on the human (human performance) as
well as technology. Systems were designed to be human error tolerant so neither human
action nor single faults would result in accidents. Much of this work focused on man-
machine interfaces and workspace layout. No longer was it enough to simply focus on the
technology or the human. Organisational factors (such as management and safety culture)
also needed to be addressed to maintain safe operations. This signalled the start of the third
age of safety management—the organisational age.

Third age of safety management — the organisation

This age of safety management expanded to focus on the organisation as well as the human
and technology. Safety management in this organisational age saw human error and
technical failures more as a consequence than a cause. Errors were viewed as the ‘tip of the
iceberg’ for more serious latent conditions and problems higher up in the organisation e.g.
poor leadership for safety or safety culture.
Fourth age of safety management — the systems/holistic age
This holistic approach aims to understand the complexity of day-to-day work by
describing the often complex interrelationships and interdependencies between the
technology, human and organisation.Holistic Safety This allows the description of the
organisation to more closely reflect the true reality today’s work which can often be
complex e.g. people working together using complex technology across multiple locations
and divisions within the organisation.Without using this Holistic Safety approach, we are
effectively only seeing part of the picture, or only a few pieces of the ‘puzzle’.Adopting the
holistic approach means seeing more clearly how each piece of the puzzle fits in, affects,
and is and dependent upon other pieces. This not only provides a more complete or ‘real’
picture of the context but also means control measures and steps taken will be both more
efficient and effective at avoiding accidents. This is different to the other ages of safety
where:
isolated or component failures are identified e.g. blaming the person last in line of the
accident ‘chain’—people at the ‘sharp-end’identifying upstream, contextual factors as
erroneous (e.g. poor safety culture) without actually describing why they appear. This is
why Holistic safety is now widely regarded as best practice, and why ARPANSA
encourages licence holders to adopt a holistic approach to safety management.

4.3 TYPES OF PRACTICES USED TO

4.3.1 PROMOTE SAFETY ON PROJECTS
The difference in use between general contractors and specialty contractors may reflect the
role of the general contractor in promoting safety as “controlling employers” on a jobsite.
according to oSha, general contractors need to exercise reasonable care to prevent and
detect violations on the site and establish safety programs that protect all workers,
including specialty contractors. another factor that may play a role in the consistently wider
adoption of safety practices by general contractors is the availability of greater resources
for general contractors, which are generally larger firms than specialty contractors.This
finding has a direct implication on the greater percentage of general contractors that report
seeing posi-tive impacts from their safety programs.Promoting a Safety Culture Several of

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the top practices emphasize the importance general and specialty contractors place on
creating a safety culture throughout their organizations. the most widely used practice is
including jobsite workers in the safety process, used by 81% of all the contractor
respondents. over 70% also report establishing an open-door policy for workers to report
hazards and having specific personnel assigned to safety. this emphasis reflects industry
recognition of the importance of having employees adopt a safety mind-set to make their
safety programs effective.

4.3.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY SITUATIONS ON CONSTRUCTION SITES

This chapter discusses health and safety situations on construction sites. The chapter
commences by discussing the situation of health and safety risk globally, sources of
accidents and ill-health problems on construction sites. The chapter ends by discussing the
types of different hazards found in construction sites.

4.3.3 GLOBAL SITUATION OF HEALTH AND SAFTY HAZARDAS ON

CONSTRUCTION SITE
Construction health and safety risks are always a grave concern for both practitioners and
researchers all over the world. Thus, construction has been regarded as the most hazardous
place in which to work with a high level of health and safety risks (ILO, 2005, Lingard and
Rowlison, 2005; Smallwood et al 2008).
ILO estimates that at least 60,000 fatal accidents happen in a year on construction sites
around the world, which is one in six of all fatal work-related accidents. In the same vein,
occupational health and safety statistics presented by different researchers (Lingard and
Rowlison, 2005, Smallwood et al, 2008, Hinze, 2008), revealed that, the injury and fatality
rate in construction projects is very high in comparison with other sectors of industry in
the majority of countries.
Moreover, it has been acknowledged that 25–40% of fatalities in the world’s occupational
settings are contributed to by construction (ILO 2005). Based on fatality statistics, different
countries show that the construction industry produces 30% of fatal industrial accidents
across the European Union (EU), yet it employs only 10% of the working population. In
the United States of America (USA) the sector accounts for 20% of fatal accidents and only
5% of employment, and in Japan construction fatalities account for 30-40% of industrial
fatal accidents (ILO, 2005). In the developing world, the risks associated with construction
work are much greater. Available data would suggest they are 3–6 times greater (Jason,
2008).

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Fig. ….
In comparison with developed countries, construction sites in developing countries are ten
times more dangerous (Hämäläinen et al. 2006). Other research conducted in developing
countries corroborates evidence of this relatively high proportion of accidents on
construction projects (ILO 2001, Murie 2007). However, there is a challenge of reporting
accidents in developing countries (ILO, 2005). From this perspective, health and safety is a
global issue which needs a different approach to solve it. Improving health and safety in the
construction industry therefore continues to remain a priority.

Equipment, Machinery, Tools and Transport

Vehicles are necessary for transporting goods and people. However, many people die and
are injured due to being struck and crushed by equipment a
machinery at construction sites, especially by reversing machinery, site machinery falling
in the excavation area, machines overturning due to travelling down a steep slope, and
material falling from construction equipment especially haulage trucks, hitting people
behind it or nearby (HSE, 2004). Crush injuries can have a wide range of serious effects,
including fractures, internal injuries, head and brain injuries, and back injuries. In some
cases, a crush injury may result in amputation and permanent disability of the affected
worker. Meanwhile, many people are injured due to being chopped and cuts by equipment
and hand held working tools such as chisels, screwdrivers, knives, saws, harmers, nails
and drilling machines. The greatest hazards posed by hand tools results from misused and
improper maintenance.

4.3.4 Site security

There are two key types of security for construction sites – physical and operational.
Physical measures means infrastructure and includes technical systems such as intruder
detection, lighting, CCTV, access control systems, as well as containment measures and
obstacles such as fences, gates, barriers and bollards. Restricted site access should not only
be put in place to simply protect equipment from damage or theft. Security in and outside
of work hours is integral to protect pedestrians from potential construction hazards. This
includes supervision or authorised site visitors. Strict security and safety protocols will also
protect contractors from liability and negligence in the case of a safety incident or security
breach.

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Fig ???

Security threats to construction sites include the loss of valuable machinery, workers
possessions and even loss of life should trespassers disrupt areas of wiring or hazardous
materials. Efficient security measures need to be considered in any construction site risk
assessment. Unfortunately, security for a temporary construction site is necessary due to
vandalism and theft.
After all, theft and/or vandalism of the construction site not only results in a lot of extra
costs, they also cause delays, which means that the project is delivered later than
anticipated.

4.3.5 ELECTRICITY
Electricity is widely used on construction sites but has the potential to be very hazardous
with possible fatal results. Someone coming into contact with a live electrical conductor
will get a shock that may lead to injuries or even death. In the UK, for example, 2% of all
fatalities at work are caused by electric shocks. Most injuries and deaths from electricity
are due to, using poorly maintained electrical equipment, working near overhead high
tension lines or domestic electricity supplies, contact with underground power cables
during excavation work and working without appropriate safety gear.

Fig.??

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4.3.6 FIRE
Fire is one of the many hazards that construction workers could face on site. Although fire
hazards are not seen as such as a high risk compared with falling from a height and
slipping, tripping and falling, fire hazards need to be considered at all stages of the building
process.Every year on many construction sites, workers are killed or injured as a result of
fire. There are about 400 construction fires annually in United Kingdom (UK) and about
100 of them cause over worth of damage and can result in the incomplete dislocation of the
project schedule. Fires on site are caused by braising work carried out by plumbers, gas
lines for underground work, power lines, power leads and tools, machinery requiring petrol
and diesel, and hazardous chemicals.

Fig???

4.3.7 MANUAL HANDLING

Manual handling is defined as the movement of a load by human effort alone. It can
include any activity requiring the use of force exerted by a person to lift, push, pull, carry
or otherwise move or restrain any moving or stationary object. It has been argued that
lifting bricks, cement blocks and cement bags weighing 50 kilos has been regarded as risky
activities on construction sites. Back injuries and emasculatory disorders, sciatica, hernias
and slipped discs are often the most serious of construction site injuries (Ibid). In the study
by Smallwood (2008) it was revealed that in construction, 25% of injuries are back injuries.
Almost 30% of all construction workers complain of back pain that requires over thirty
days off. The average number of days of work missed by a construction worker is higher
than in other fields of employment.

4.3.8 NOISE

Occupational noise-induced hearing loss is defined as hearing impairment arising from

exposure to excessive noise at work, which is also commonly known as industrial
deafnessthe NOHSC National Code of Practice (2004). Exposure to hazardous noise levels
is so widespread as to be routine, and occupational deafness is very common among
building workers. Some activities on construction sites are notoriously noisy, for example,

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rock breaking during demolition work or the operation of a jack hammer. The use of
vibrating wacker plates, electric tools, explosive powered nail guns and vibrators during
concrete pours; all cause specific noise problems for the operators and workers in the
vicinity in relation to maintaining their hearing ability. Noise comes from the

4.3.9 CHEMICALS SUBSTANCE

Construction activities involve using chemicals which pose health and safety risks to
workers. For example solvents of many different kinds are used in paints, varnishes,
pesticides used to treat timber, bonding agents, lacquers and adhesives.
At the construction site, workers might be exposed to chemicals by breathing them in,
ingestion and absorption through the eyes or skin. Chemicals at work sites can cause
headaches, eyeirritation, dizziness, faintness, sleepiness and affect judgment and
coordination. They can damage to the central nervous system and can harm the skin, liver,
kidneys and cardiovascular system. Some solvents increase the likelihood of cancer.
Solvents can also cause reproductive problems. They can reduce fertility and cause birth
defects and miscarriages.Some paints and varnishes, bonding agents and resins, can cause
asthma and dermatitis. Welding fumes – which may include a cocktail of metal fumes, can
cause serious health problems in the long term.

4.3.10 DUST
Dust is a common hazard on roads and building works at many sites. The health risks
associated with a dusty jobs depend on the type of dust (physical, chemical and
mineralogical), which will determine its toxicological properties, and hence the resulting
health effect; and the exposure, which determines the dose. If dust is released into the
atmosphere, there is a good chance that someone will be exposed to it and inhale it. If the
dust is harmful, there is a chance that someone will suffer an adverse health effect, which
may range from some minor impairment to irreversible disease and even life-threatening
conditions. There are higher death rates from respiratory disease and from lung and
stomach cancers in dusty trades. At construction sites cement, silica and wood dust and
dust frommedium-density fibre board poses particular risks

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Fig??

4.3.11 AGGERSSION ,VIOLENCE, ANDBULLYING

Aggression and violence occurs when people are verbally abused, threatened or assaulted
in circumstances relating to their work. At construction sites aggression and violence are
manifested through the use of foul language and physical attacks (HSE, 1998). Where there
is aggression and violence, human dignity is debased. Violence and aggression may come
from superiors or workmates. Bullying occurs when workers feel that they are being
singled out for unfair treatment by a boss or colleague. For example, a worker is constantly
criticized instead of being instructed, being demoted and being shouted at by workmates or
superiors. Aggression, violence and bullying can contribute to other risks such as stress
(Huges and Ferrett, 2011).

4.3.12 Use clear signage throughout the site:

The site SWMS should be clearly displayed at the construction site, so that all safety
protocols are readily available - including a 24 hour emergency contact number and a map
or directions to the site office. Visible signage should also indicate site amenities (such as
toilets), entry and exit points, and first aid or emergency fire equipment.

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Entry and exit signage:

Separate entry and exit points should be established for heavy machinery/vehicle access, to
strengthen pedestrian safety at high traffic points.

4.4 MAJOR ACCIDENTS IN SITES AND CONTROL MEASURES

4.4.1. Accidents from Scaffoldings
Scaffolding is considered as one of the most dangerous jobs in construction due to the
heights involved in it. Accidents can happen to the workers constructing the scaffolds,
workers using the scaffolds and any people who may pass by the scaffold. The major
reason for occurrence of hazards in scaffolds is its improper erection. Falls from elevation
is the most common scaffolding hazard. Injuries related with scaffolds also include chance
of being struck with falling objects or debris. Electricity is another major risk in scaffold
related works as electrical lines are usually elevated making the scaffold user prone to
contact with those electric lines.

CONTROL MEASURES
• Rigid and strong scaffolds must be ensured and it should withstand its own weight and
four times the maximum estimated load without any sway or settlement.
• Scaffolds should not be supported on concrete blocks, bricks or any other unstable
substances.
• Safety belts and nets should be used for works from heights.

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• Erection, movement and dismantling of scaffolds must be done only under the
supervision of a qualified person.
• A minimum distance of 10 feet must be maintained from electric power lines to prevent
electrocution.
• In regular intervals the scaffolds must be inspected by a competent person.

4.4.2. Slip, Trip and Falls

Slip, trip and falls (STFs) are one of the most considered factors considered in safety
manage management. Slip can be defined when there is very little friction between feet and
walking surface and the body balance is lost. Whereas, when the upper body continues its
movement even after the lower leg or foot hits an obstacle, trip occurs. Falls can be of two
types, first is the fall at same level and the next type is fall to a lower level.

CONTROL MEASURES
• Waste materials should be disposed immediately from the site.
• Working floor must be maintained clean and dry.
• Spillage on site should be cleaned immediately.
• The walkway on the site must be maintained without any materials or obstacles.
• Debris, concrete, broken blocks or any other obstacle must be cleared off from the site
• Safety shoes or traction footwear must be used in the construction site.
• Cables or littering binding wires must be kept at proper allotted places in the construction
site.

4.4.3. Crane Accidents

Cranes are often the largest equipment used in a construction site. Therefore they are
highly dangerous too. Mostly crane accidents occur when they are being overused without
considering the specifications. If the maximum weight on the crane is exceeded then
buckling can be caused or the boom may be collapsed. Another common reason for crane
collapse is improper assembling of the crane. A crane must be maintained properly by
oiling the crane parts especially the joints in a regular basis. The cranes which goes in
contact with the overhead electric lines is another key cause of crane accident which leads
to electrocution. Improper inspection of the crane and presence of unskilled crane operators
also can lead the cranes to hazardous failures.

CONTROL MEASURES
• It should be ensured that the load on the crane is not higher than the maximum carrying
capacity of the crane.
• Chains, wire ropes and hooks must be regularly inspected by competent people.
• The load should never be moved over a worker.
• Before using a crane all the controls of the crane must be inspected and ensured to be
perfect for proper operation of the crane
• Overhead electrical transmission wires must be watched to prevent contact of crane with
the wires.

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 The crane should never be operated by an unskilled operator and a well efficient person
should only operate a crane. This must be ensured by the management.
• All riggings must be fully checked before using the crane.

4.4.4. LADDER ACCIDENTS

Ladder accidents or ladder falls is one of the most concerned safety problems in
construction site. Fall from a height more than one meter is more dangerous. Using a wrong
ladder can lead to accidents. Ladder accidents occur more when the worker climbs the
ladder with his tool in the other hand. The ground on which the ladder is placed should be
rigid and the ladder fails when it is placed on an unstable object like brick, blocks etc.

CONTROL MEASURES
• The correct ladder must be used for the particular work.
• Defective of damaged ladder should be marked or tagged and must be kept away from the
workers in the site.
• A ladder should never be loaded more than its load carrying capacity.
• Metallic ladders must be avoided for doing electrical works.
• Length of the ladder must be ensured to be longer than the climbing height.
• Workers must be given safety training about the usage of ladders in construction sites.

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CHAPTER 5. CASE STUDY

5.1 QUESTIONNAIRE

To collect information the designed questionnaire sent to construction-related professionals

as a list of questions. A large size of information (usually quantitative) collected from
people quickly, this could be mentioned as the main advantage of the questionnaire.
Through the questionnaire, the mind of professional people about issues can be developed
and analyzed. The responses were not instantaneous; respondents could answer freelywhen
they had time and were not afraid to express their honest views.

5.2 Questionnaire design

The questionnaire should be short, simple and unambiguous as possible to get highest rate
of response. To allow wider range of responses the survey format was designed to be
simple to complete, with many of the questions being of multiple choice,
significant/insignificant, agree/disagree, and yes/no. The survey completely comprised of
eleven questions divided in two sections. The first section was five questions about the
background of participants, the second was six questions about safety management.

1.8 RESULTS ANALYSIS

The results of the questionnaire and the key points arising from analysis of the results
would be presented in this section. 25% are Academician and 75% person are Professional
like, consultant, site engineer, project manager, etc.

1.8.1 Background of respondents

It is obvious that the quality of the data collected by a questionnaire survey is highly
dependent on the experience and knowledge of the respondents. These questions were
therefore involved to ensure that the respondents were suitable qualified to take part in the
survey. respondents (10%) worked for contractors, four (20%) worked for consultants,
three (15%) worked in higher education, two (10%) worked for clients, eight (40%)
worked for site engineer and one (5%) worked for other administrations such as
educational and humanitarian (governmental) directorates (Figure 5.1).

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Fig.5.1 ??

When the survey asked about their roles within the organizations, more than half of the
respondents (45%) stated they were site engineers, 15% were project managers, 5% were
designers and the rest were higher education15% and others 20% were other (Figure 5.2).

Fig.5.2

Figure 5.3 shows the years of experience of the respondents. The largest group (50%) had
1-5 years of experience, followed by 20% with >15years, 20% with 10-15 years, 10% with
5-10 years . The results from Figure 5.3 approve that the respondents have widespread
ranges of experience and it can bedetermined that they all have adequate knowledge to
take part in this research.

Figure 5.4 presents fourth survey questions respondents answers, when they asked about
their levels of understanding of safety management in construction projects. Results show
that most the respondents (45%) showed that they understand very well, 35% of

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respondents indicated theyunderstand well, and 20% were familiar with the concept,
(Figure 5.4). Thus, wide ranges of understanding of safety management participated in this
questionnaire which could add more to this research.

CONSTRUCTION PARTIES’ ROLE IN HEALTH AND SAFETY

The percentages of respondents working in organizations involved H&S care on-site

illustrated in Figure 4.5. Giving to the results a huge percentage of organizations (85%)
involve H&S care on sites, while only 15% of organizations did not involve H&S care on
sites

The H&S risk of construction processes to the lives and wellbeing of workers could be

minimized significantly with the well practicing role of all construction parties of
construction processes, but it is essential to find out which parties have the key role in
minimizing this H&Srisk. Figure 5.6 shows that most of the respondents (60%) believed
that contractor has a core role, more than quarter (20%) indicated the project manager, and
5% of respondents indicated the principal designer. Accordingly, in minimizing
construction-related H&S risks to employees, the contractor and project manager have the

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key roles. The H&S problems in the construction industries may be produced because of
lack of awareness of safety problems among construction parties such as contractors and
project managers, stated by Tam et al. (2004).It is obvious that a good relationship between
the construction parties on the same site is significant in minimizing H&S risk, principally
between contractors and designers to ensure a safe design and construction. H&S standards
in design significantly would upgraded by minimizingcommunication gaps between these
two parties.

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ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES

Fatal, major and lost working time injuries are three main kinds of any Construction
accidents and injuries. Three questions were enquired about these three types of injuries in
this survey.Most the respondents (35%) believed that contact with machinery is most likely
to cause fatal. injuries to workers, 30% of respondents cited falling from height
and 25% of respondents mentioned being struck by a falling/moving object. A small
proportion of respondents (10%) cited contact with electricity (Figure 5.7).

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Figure 5.8 illustrates six common types of accidents that cause major injuries; the results
clearly show that falling from height on one hand and slip, trip and fall on the other have
about similar levels of H&S risk according to most respondents, with 20% and 20%
respectively. Additionally, 20% of respondents thought that contact with machinery is the
core factor to occur major injuries, 15% of respondents indicated Lifiting and handling
injury.

The most likely accident to cause fatal and major injuries to workers in the
constructionindustry is falling from height. During accidents,fatal injuries could be
minimized (and mitigated to lost working time injuries) by decreasing falling from height.
This decrease could be achieved through using of secure edge protection, safe access, and
anappropriate scaffold with good edge protection. Moreover, an effective way to protect
workers from falling from high places is using safety belts.A large proportion of
respondents (30%) is falling from object according to the results demonstrated in Figure
5.9, thereforelost working time injuries is most likely to occur due to this, and contact with
machinery and struck by a falling/moving object is the second largest proportion (20%).

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EFFECTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.

Figure 5.10 illustrate in detail the respondents answer to one of the survey questions asked
to show how strongly they agree or disagree with some factors which cause accidents and
injuries on sites. generally, most respondents believed all the options cause high rates of
accidents and injuries. More than half of respondents (45%) strongly agreed with high
accident rate due to inadequate safety training. 55% of respondents agreed with high
accident rate due to poor construction planning, 75% of respondents agreed with lack of
collaborative working and 65% ofrespondents agreed with lack of safety in design. Also,
more than half of the respondents (70%) agreed with high rates of accidents due to worker
behavior and 65% of respondents strongly agreed with high rates of accidents due to non-
wearing of personal protective equipment. 45% of respondents strongly agreed with high
rates of accidents due to focused on time and cost of projects rather than safety and 55% of
respondents agreed with lack of knowledge of site rules. In addition, half of respondents
(45%) were agree about the use of mobile phones, and 40% of respondents disagreed with
high accident rate due to smoking on site. However, just a small majority of respondents
strongly disagreed with some options, the largest majority of which was 5% for smoking
on site.

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H&S AND DIFFICULTIES IN CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

To reduce risk of construction on workers’ lives, thought that H&S training courses for
employees are very significant cited by more than half of respondents (65%) as shown in
Figure . Additionally, 60% of respondents believed that greater penalties for poor H&S
practice are significant, 50% of respondents believed that more emphasis on H&S during
the planning phase is very important.

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EFFECTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.

(There is pharagarph)
Q.32) Any other comment to improve safety at construction site 20 responses
 Policy in Safety Management should be decided by the organization
 Well planned training sessions are key in avoiding accidents on site.
 Implementation of ESHS plan on site
 Aware an provide safety aids and accessories to workers
 TBT compulsory before starting the work
 Teach workers about safety
 Make courses in college about safety
 Daily tool box training and visileance of supervisor on each activity can improve
safety environment on site
 Training ,Education PPE
 Best management Evry workers ‘should have there insurance
 Safety Is very Important part in Construction Field ,,I am Very Excited In subject
of safety Causes ,, Thank You
 We should make rules about safety and its practices,
 There must be a independent department for safety,
 While working on economy of a project, there must be an important aspect for
safety.
 We should teach or spread awareness in labour, they must know how their casual
behaviour might cost someone’s or themselve’s life.

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CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION

Construction worksites are one of the most high risk places because of the high safety cases
reported at construction sites. This study investigates various ways that management may
take in line to make their sites safer. This study analyzed all the variables that significantly
will give effect to site safety. The results of this study are very important because the
factors that affecting safety have been identified. Safety training and awareness, worker’s
attitude towards safety, availability of safety equipment, safety inspections and
organization safety policy are the top five most important factors affecting safety at
construction sites. If these factors are addressed and monitored closely, safety cases at
construction sites can be minimized. In conclusion, safety affects all levels of the
construction organization from government, company management, supervisor, and
workers.

The construction industry has a high number of fatalities and long-term injuries. This is
unacceptable in a modern society and it also makes the industry inefficient. The results
from questionnaire emphasized that construction projects still pose great risks to the H&S
of construction teams, because most of the respondents encountered weekly or monthly
H&S difficulties. Furthermore, fatal accidents occurred regularly in both countries. This
research found that the high rates of accidents are due to several common factors such as
lack of safety in design, poor construction planning, inadequate safety training, worker
behavior, and lack of knowledge of site rules. Also, construction risks may be produced by
the lack of awareness of organizations to the H&S of employees, especially in developing
countries like Iraq. The research concluded that by adequate H&S training courses for
employees, more emphasis on H&S during the project planning phase, and greater
penalties for poor H&S practice, the risk of construction to the lives and wellbeing of
workers could be reduced.In addition, falling from height was the most likely accidents to
cause fatal and major injuries to workers in the construction industry. To reduce falling
from height, this research suggested protected edges, safe access and secure edge
protection and use of appropriate scaffolding with good edge protection. Moreover, worker
use of safety belts would protect them from falling and minimize the harms (including
fatality) of such accidents if they do occur, including lost working time injuries. Lifting and
handling injuries were the most likely accidents to cause lost working time injuries. To
reduce lifting and handling injuries, this research suggested using special machines and
tools to reduce the quantity of manual handling work by workers. It also suggested using
good conditions personal protective equipment by workers according to the types of work
they are engaged in, presuming these activities cannot be mechanized. The results of this
study suggested that the organizations should be more take care about H&S of their
construction teams to minimize construction risks to an acceptable value. Companies
should prepare employees before starting construction work and provide them with

From case study and experts opinions it is known that safety management at construction
site is at most importance.

From the response of experience person we konw here that high rate of accident and
injuries on construction sites are due to non wearing of personal protection equipment , and

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focus on time and cost rather than safety. So from this we avoid accident on construction
site effectively.

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References

1 SAFETY ASPECT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY -By Rakesh Sah , Syed

Hussain , GNTC , Hyderabad ( Volume 8 , Issue 4 April 2019)

2 EFFECTIVE SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION BY -Samuel Thanaraj,

M. Priya ( Volume:6, Issue 4 ,April 2019.)

3 IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT THROUGH REVIEW OF

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES BY -S.R. Meena , S.N. Pawar ( Volume. 2 Issue 5, May-
2013)

4 A CRITICAL REVIEW ON SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION

PROJECT By -Patel Divya , prof. J.J. Bhavsar ( Volume 3 , Issue 4 , 2017)

5 CONSTRUCTION SAFTEY MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENTS CONTROL

MEASURES By -Dheeraj Benny , D. Jaishree ( Volume 8 , Issue 4 , April 2017

6 CASE STUDIES ON THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT AT CONSTRUCTION SITE By-

Tan Chin keng , Nadeera Abdul Razak (Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2014

7 STUDIES ON LABOUR SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION SITE BY- S. Kanchana , P.

Sivaprakash ( Volume2 , 2015)

8 A STUDY ON SAFETY MANAGEMENT ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS By-

K.Mohammed Imthathullah Khan,K. Suguna ( Volume 4,Issue 4, july 2015) .

9 QUALITY AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION BY -Todd W.

Loushine , Peter L.T.Hoonakker (Volume 17, Issue 9, November 2006)

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