Assignment

th
(5 Sem. Mechanical Engineering_Third Year Bachelor of Technology)
Subject: Fluid Power Engineering (1ET1010504)
Hydro Power Plant
1. Classify the Hydro-Electric power plants according to availability of head, quantity of water
and nature of load. (07)
2. Sketch the layout of hydro-electric power plant (HEPP) with proper nomenclature. (03) OR
Draw general layout mentioning essential components of hydro power plant. Explain the
function of each component. (07)
3. List the factors affecting for site selection of hydro-electric power plant. (07)
4. What is the purpose of a surge tank in high head hydroelectric plants? (01)
5. List out important hydroelectric power plant installation in Gujarat. Also give advantages and
disadvantages of HEPP. (04)

Principle of working of Turbo – Machinery

1. Explain Jet Propulsion. Write the Impulse Momentum equation. (04) OR
Explain principle of jet propulsion. (07)
2. The maximum efficiency of Jet propulsion with inlet orifices facing the direction of motion of
the ship is given by . (01)
3. Prove that Force Exerted by the series of flat plate is 50% (04)
4. Derive an expression for force exerted by the jet striking tangentially at one of the tip of
moving curved vane. Also derive an equation of work done.
5. Prove that the force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed semi-circular plate in the direction of
jet when the jet strikes at the centre of semi-circular plate is two times the force exerted by the
jet on a fixed vertical plate. (03)
6. Derive expressions for work done for impact of jet on a moving inclined plate. (04)
7. Obtain expression for the efficiency and maximum efficiency of jet propulsion when inlet
orifices are at right angle to ship. (04)
8. Prove that the velocity of the vanes should be half the velocity of jet for maximum efficiency
for a series of flat vanes held normal to the axis of the jet. (07)

9. A jet of water 10 cm diameter impinges normally on a fixed vertical plate with a velocity of 25
m/s. Calculate force exerted on the plate. (03)

10. A jet of water impinges on a symmetrically curved vane at the centre. The velocity of the jet is
60 m/sec and the diameter 120 mm. The jet is deflected through an angle of 120 0. Calculate the
force on the vane if the vane is fixed. Also determine the force if the vane moves with a
velocity of 25 m/sec in the direction of jet. What will be the power and efficiency? (07)

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 11. Find the maximum power transmitted by a jet of water discharging freely out of nozzle fitted
to a pipe 250m long and 120mm diameter with co-efficient of friction as 0.01 and the available
head at nozzle is 110m. (07)

12. A jet of water moving with the velocity 12 m/sec impinges on a concave shaped vane to deflect
the jet through 1200 when stationary. If the vane moves at 5 m/sec, determine the angle of jet
so that there is no shock at the inlet. What is absolute velocity of water at the exit in magnitude
and direction? Also find the work done per unit mass of water. Assume that the vane is
smooth. (07)

13. A rectangular plate weighing 80 N, suspended vertically on the top of horizontal edge. The
center of gravity of plate is 8 cm from the hinge. A jet of water coming out of nozzle of 2.5 cm
diameter strikes the plate 12 cm below the hinge with a velocity 8m/s. Determine:
(1) horizontal force required to be applied at CG for maintaining the plate in its original
position, (2) inclination of the plate with vertical if the plate is allowed to swing freely. (07)

14. A jet of water moving with a velocity of 22 m/s impinges on a curved vane at the one end
tangentially. The jet leaves the vane at an angle of 120° to the direction of motion of the vane.
The velocity of vane is 10 m/s and the angle of the nozzle is 20°. Determine 1. Vane angle at
the inlet and outlet 2. Work done per second per unit mass of water. (07)

15. A jet of water having velocity of 15 m/s strikes a curved vane which moving with a velocity of
5 m/s in same direction as that of jet inlet. The vane is so shaped that the jet is deflected
through 135°. The diameter of jet is 10 cm. Assuming the vane to be smooth, find (i) Force
exerted by jet on the vane in the direction of motion. (ii) Power exerted on the vane and
(iii) Efficiency of the vane. (07)

16. A jet of water having a velocity of 20 m/s strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a
velocity of 10m/s. The jet makes an angle of 30° with the direction of motion of vane at inlet
and leaves at an angle of 130° to the direction of motion of vane at outlet. Calculate (i) Vane
angles, so that the water enters and leaves the vane without shock. (ii) Work done per second
per kg of water striking the vane. (07)

Hydraulic Turbines
1. Define – (a) Hydraulic Turbine (b) Hydraulic machines. (03)
2. Explain impulse turbine with neat sketch. (04)
3. Classify the hydraulic turbines. (07)
4. Explain with neat sketch the functions of three main components of Pelton turbine. (03)
5. Explain construction and working of Pelton wheel turbine and derive expression for maximum
hydraulic efficiency of Pelton wheel turbine. (07) OR Derive the equation of hydraulic
efficiency of a Pelton turbine. Obtain condition for maximum hydraulic efficiency. (04)
6. Explain: Hydraulic efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency. (03)
7. Define the specific speed of Turbine. Give specific speed range of Francis turbine. (02)
8. Draw and explain main characteristic curves of Francis turbine. (03)

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9. What are different characteristics curves for turbines? Differentiate between main and
operating characteristic curves of hydraulic turbines. (07)
10. What is Draft tube? (01) OR Explain the function of Draft tube. State and sketch types of Draft
tube and explain the importance of cone angle in Draft tube. (07) OR State the functions of a
draft tube and Explain with neat sketches different types of draft tubes. (07)
11. Which one is an example of a pure (100%) reaction machine? (01)
12. Explain necessity of governing of hydraulic turbine. Describe governing of Francis turbine
with neat sketch. (07) OR Describe with a sketch the working of a governing system for
Francis turbine (04 or 07)

13. A hydroelectric power plant developing 80MW brake power under the head 450m and at 450
rpm. Determine (a) total quantity of water required (b) diameter of jet, dimeter of runner
(c) no. of nozzle required (d) no. of buckets in runner. Assuming overall efficiency. Take
η0=90%, jet ratio D/d = 10, Co-efficient of velocity CV = 0.97 and speed ratio = 0.46. (07)

14. A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications:

Power = 9560 kW, Head =350m, Speed =750 rpm, Overall efficiency =85 % and Jet ratio =6.
Determine (i) The wheel diameter (ii) Diameter of Jet (iii) The number of Jets required. Take
Cv =0.985& speed ratio Ku = 0.45. (07)

15. A Pelton wheel is required to develop 4000 kW at 400 rev/min, operating under net head of
350 m. There are two jets and the bucket deflection angle is 165 0. Calculate the bucket pitch
circle diameter, the cross sectional area of each jet and the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
Make the following assumptions (i) overall efficiency is 85% when the water is discharged
from the wheel in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation (ii) Co-efficient of velocity of
nozzle Kv=0.97 and the blade speed ratio Ku=0.46 (iii) relative velocity of water at exit from
the bucket is 0.86 times the relative velocity at inlet. (07)

16. A pelton wheel is required to develop 1500 kW under a net head of 150 m at a speed of 450
rpm. Assuming the following data: Coiefficient of velocity jet = 0.96, Speed ratio= 0.45,
Overall efficiency = 85 %, The jet diameter d to be 1/10 of the mean diameter of the wheel D,
Calculate: (i) Mean diameter of the wheel. (ii) Diameter of the jet. (iii) Number of jets
required. (07)

17. Determine the main dimensions for a Francis turbine for the following conditions:
Head 100 m, Power 3000 kW, Speed 400 rpm, ηh= 0.89, ηo = 0.86, B1=0.1D1, Flow ratio 0.2,
D1=2D2, Velocity of flow is constant. (07)

18. A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 9100 kW. The net available head is 5.6m.
If the speed ratio is 2.09, flow ratio is 0.68 overall efficiency is 86% and the diameter of boss
is 1/3 times the diameter of runner. Find the diameter of the runner, it’s speed and Specific
speed of the turbine. (07)

19. The power to be generated by a hydroelectric power plant is 3000kW under the available head
of 40 m and the turbine has to run at 250rpm. Calculate number of turbine units required when
(a) the multi jets Pelton wheel is used with maximum specific speed 60 units, (b) Kaplan
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 turbine is used with maximum specific speed 600 units and (c) Francis turbine is used with
specific speed 200 units. (07)

Centrifugal Pump
1. What is pump? Classify Pumps. (03) OR Explain how centrifugal pumps are classified? (07)
2. What do you understand by Roto-dynamic Pump? (01)
3. Write down difference between Positive displacement pumps and Roto-dynamic pumps. (07)
4. State the objective of impellers of pump in series. (01)
5. Discuss the various characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump. OR Draw characteristics
curves of centrifugal pump. Explain briefly. (07 or 04)
6. What is NPSH? (03)
7. What is priming? (01)
8. What is phenomenon of Cavitation? (01) OR What is cavitation? What are its causes? How it
can be prevented in centrifugal pump. (07)
9. Derive expression for minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump. (07)
10. Define and derive specific speed relation for pump. (03)
11. Explain the effect of variation of discharge on the head of Centrifugal pump. (03)
12. Define the slip in Centrifugal pump. Explain briefly with sketch, the slip in Centrifugal pump.
How it can be eliminated? (04)
13. Derive expression for the pressure rise in the impeller of the centrifugal pump by neglecting
the frictional and other losses in the impeller. (07)

14. The inner and outer diameters of an impeller of a centrifugal pump are 0.2m and 0.4m
respectively. The vane angle and velocity of flow at outlet are 60°and 1.4 m/s respectively.
Determine minimum speed required to start the flow if manometric efficiency is 76%. (07)

15. A Centrifugal pump impeller has diameter of 600mm and width of 60mm at the outlet. The
pump runs at 1450 rpm and delivers 0.8 m3 /sec against a head of 80m.The leakage loss after
the impeller is 4% of discharge, the mechanical loss is 10kW and the hydraulic efficiency is
80%. Determine the blade angle at the outlet, the power required and the overall efficiency of
the pump. (07)

16. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of 450 mm and internal diameter
of 200 mm and it runs at 1440 rpm. Assuming a constant flow velocity through the impeller at
2.5 m/s and that the vanes at the exit are set back at angle of 250. Determine (i) Inlet vane angle
(ii) The angle, absolute velocity of water makes with the tangent at the exit and (iii) The work
done per unit weight of water. (07)

17. Test runs on the Centrifugal pump indicate that when driven at 2000 rpm, it discharges
10 m3 /min against a head of 100m. At this capacity the input is 300 kW. If a geometrical
similar pump twice the size runs at 1500 rpm, find its discharge, head and power for the same
efficiency. (07)

18. The inlet and outlet diameter of a impeller of a centrifugal pump are 30 cm and 50 cm. The
velocity of flow at the outlet is 2.5 m/s and vane outlet angle is 45°. Find the minimum speed
of the pump required to start the flow. Take manometric efficiency of 75%. (07)
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 19. A centrifugal pump impeller has internal and external diameter 480mm and 240mm
respectively. It is running at 1000 rpm. The rate of flow through the pump is 0.0576 m3 /s and
velocity of flow is constant and is equal to 2.4 m/s. The diameter of suction and delivery pipes
are 180mm and 120mm respectively and suction and delivery heads are 6.2 m(abs) and 30.2m
of water respectively. If the power required to drive the pump is 23.3 KW and the outlet vane
angle is 450. Find (i) Inlet vane angle (ii) Overall efficiency (iii)Manometric efficiency (07)

20. Find the rise in pressure in the impeller of a centrifugal pump through water is flowing at the
rate of 15 liters per second.The internal and the external diameters of the impeller are 0.20 m
and 0.40 m respectively. The width of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 1.6 cm and 0.6 cm.
The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The water enters the impellers radially at inlet and impeller
vane angle at outlet is 30°. Neglect losses through the impeller. (07)

Reciprocating Pump
1. What are the functions of air vessels in Reciprocating pump? Where are they located? (03)
2. Compare Reciprocating pump with Centrifugal pump. (04) OR Compare Reciprocating pump
with Centrifugal pump. Draw theoretical indicator diagram of reciprocating pump and explain
function of air vessel. (07)
3. What is an air vessel? Explain with a neat sketch the working of air vessels in a reciprocating
pump. (07)
4. Why Reciprocating pump cannot run at high speed? (04)

5. A double acting reciprocating pump running at 50 rpm, delivers 40 litres per seconds has
following specifications: Piston diameter = 300mm, Poston rod diameter = 50mm, Storke=
400mm, Suction head = 4m, Delivery head = 8m. Calculate (i) Slip (ii) Force required to
operate the pump during forward and reverse stroke of piston. (iii)Power required to drive the
pump. (07)

6. A triple cylinder pump raises the water level by 100m and the discharge is 100 lts/ sec. The
diameter of the piston is 250 mm and stroke is 600mm. The velocity of water in the delivery
pipe is 1.4 m/s. The friction losses amount to 2m in the suction pipe and 18 m in the delivery
pipe. Taking efficiency of the pump as 90 % and slip 2%. Find the speed and power input of
the pump. (07)

Reciprocating Air-compressor
1. Why clearance volume is provided in Reciprocating Compressor? (01)
2. With usual notations derive an expression for indicated work of reciprocating air compressor
by considering clearance. (07)
3. In a two stage air compressor in which intercooling is perfect prove that the work done in
compression is minimum when pressure in the intercooler is geometric mean between initial
and final pressure. (07)
4. Derive an equation for minimum work done in case of two stage reciprocating air-compressor
with perfect intercooling. (07)
5. Derive an expression for the optimum value of the intercooler pressure in a two stage
reciprocating air compressor when inter cooling is perfect. (07)

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 6. A single acting single cylinder reciprocating air compressor is driven by 25 kW electric motor.
It takes air at 1.013 bar and 180C and delivers it at 8 bar. Compressor runs at 300 rpm. The
index of compression and expansion is 1.32 and the clearance volume is 6 % of the swept
volume. Assuming the mechanical efficiency as 85 % and bore is equal to stroke. Calculate the
free air delivery in m3/min, the volumetric efficiency and the bore and stroke of the
compressor. (07)

7. A two stage air compressor takes in 3.0 m3 of air per minute at a pressure of 1.0 bar and
temperature of 25°C. It delivers the air at 9.0 bar. The compression is carried out in each
cylinder according to law PV1.25 = constant. The air is cooled to its initial temperature in
intercooler. Find the minimum power required to drive the compressor neglecting the clearance
volume. (07)

8. A three stage single acting reciprocating compressor has perfect intercooling. The pressure and
temperature at the end of suction stroke in L.P cylinder is 1.013 bar and 15° C respectly. If 8.4
m3 of free air is delivered by the compressor at 70 bar per minute and work done is minimum,
Calculate 1. L.P. and I. P. delivery pressure 2. Ratio of cylinder volume 3. Total indicated
power, assume n=1.2 (07)

Centrifugal Air-compressor
1. Explain working principle of centrifugal compressor with pressure and velocity diagram. (04)
2. Explain the effect of blade shape of impellers on performance of Centrifugal compressor. Also
classify the blades based on curvature. (07)
3. Explain slip factor and power input factor for centrifugal compressor. (3)
4. Compare reciprocating compressor with centrifugal compressor. (04)
5. Explain phenomenon of surging and choking in centrifugal compressor with neat sketch. OR
Explain the phenomenon of surging, stalling and choking in a centrifugal compressor. (07)
6. Explain the effect of Pre-whirl in centrifugal compressor. State types of impeller vanes used in
centrifugal compressor and show their characteristic curves. (07)
7. With the help of velocity triangles and head-capacity curves, discuss salient features of radial,
backward and forward curved vanes in a centrifugal compressor. (07)

8. A centrifugal compressor running at 12000 rpm delivers 1.3 m3 /s of free air. The pressure and
temperature at inlet are 1 bar and 250C. The compression ratio is 5, blades are radial at outlet,
and the velocity of flow is 58 m /s and is constant throughout. Assume slip factor is 0.9 and
isentropic efficiency is 84 %. Determine (i) temperature of air at outlet, (ii) impeller diameter
and blade angle at inlet and (iii) power required. Assume inlet diameter of impeller half of
outlet diameter of impeller. (07)

9. A centrifugal air compressor draws in air at temperature of 27 0C running at 18000 rpm. The
outer diameter of blade tip is 550mm, slip factor is 0.82, Isentropic total head efficiency is
0.76. Calculate (i) The temperature rise of air passing through the compressor. (ii) The static
pressure ratio. Assume the velocities of air at inlet and outlets are same.
Take Cp=1.005 KJ/kg K (07)

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Axial Flow Air-compressor
1. With suitable sketch explain the working principle of an axial flow compressor. Draw the stage
velocity triangles. (07)
2. What is meant by a stage in an axial compressor? (01)
3. Explain phenomenon of surging and stalling in an axial flow compressor with neat sketch. (07)
4. Draw stage velocity diagram of an axial flow compressor. (03)
5. Give comparison between axial flow and centrifugal compressor. (04)
6. For 50% degree reaction of axial flow compressor prove 𝛼1=𝛽2 and 𝛼2 = 𝛽1, notations carry
usual meaning. (07)

7. An axial flow compressor, with compression ratio as 5 draws air at 20°C and delivers it at
50°C. Assuming 50% degree of reaction, find the velocity of flow if the blade velocity is 100
m/s, also find number of stages. Take work factor= 0.85, α=10°, β=40° and Cp=1 k J/kg K (07)

Rotary Air-compressor
1. Explain in detail working of a Scroll compressor with neat sketch. (07) and State the
advantages of scroll compressor. (03)
2. Compare the Screw compressor and Scroll compressor (04)
3. Explain Root blower with the neat sketch and derive expression for the Roots efficiency. (07)
4. Sketch Symmetrical, Unsymmetrical aerofoil and compressor cascade. Define and show the
important angles, chord, pitch etc. (07)

Hydraulic Machines
1. Explain with the help of neat sketch the principle and operation of Hydraulic press. (03)
2. Explain the operation of Hydraulic Accumulator with a neat sketch. (03)
3. Write a note on – “Hydraulic intensifier”. (07)
4. Write a short on Hydraulic Ram. (03)
5. Draw a neat sketch and explain the operation of Hydraulic Crane. (04)
6. Explain Fluid Coupling with neat sketch. (07)
7. Explain with the help of neat sketch the principle and operation of Fluid torque converter. (04)
8. Write down comparison between Fluid coupling and Fluid torque converter. (04)
9. If a hydraulic press has a ram of 12.5 cm diameter and plunger of 1.25 cm diameter. Calculate
force required on the plunger to raise a mass of 1 tonne on the ram? (03)

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