St.

Paul University -Surigao

8400, Surigao City, Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Name: ALNA G. LOSA Professor: KENNETH LARENA
Date Submitted: November 19, 2022 Course Code/Tittle: STATISTICS

1. Define the following:

a.) Null Hypothesis

b.) Alternative Hypothesis

c.) Level of significance

2.Discuss the following:

a.) One-tailed tests

b.) Two-tailed tests

3. Discuss the following;

a.) Type I error

b.) Type II error

Z test( when n≥ 30.)

4. According to research, when people smoke, the nicotine they absorb is converted cotinine,
which can be measured. A sample of 40 smokers has a mean cotinine level of 172.5 with a
standard deviation of 119. Use 0.05 level of significance, test whether this level is
significantly below 200 by filling out the following:

a) Null Hypothesis
Ho: μ ≥200
b) Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: μ<200

c)Critical region
x−μ0
z=
σ /√n

172.5−200
=
119/ √ 40
−27.5
=
18.82
= -1.461

The computed z is negative, then the test is two tailed. If the test is two tailed, therefore the
critical regions are where |Z|=1.96

d)Computed z-value
 x−μ0
z=
σ /√n

172.5−200
=
119/ √ 40
−27.5
=
18.82
= -1.461
Zcomputed = -1.461

e) Conclusion
Zcomputed = 1.461 and z critical = 1.96

The z computed is lesser than the z critical, therefore do not reject Ho.

5. From a random sample of 100 babies , the mean head circumference is 40.6 cm with a
standard deviation of 1.6 cm. Use 0.05 level of significance to test whether this is
significantly different from 40.0 cm.

a) Null Hypothesis
Ho: μ=40
b) Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: μ ≠ 40

c)Critical region
x−μ0
z=
σ /√n

40.6−40
=
1.6/ √ 100
.6
=
.16
= 3.75
The computed z is positive, then the test is one- tailed. If the test is one-tailed, therefore the
critical region is where z=1.64

d)Computed z-value
x−μ0
z=
σ /√n

40.6−40
=
1.6/ √ 100
.6
=
.16
= 3.75
Zcomputed = 3.75

e) Conclusion
Zcomputed = 3.75 and z critical = 1.64

The z computed is greater than the z critical, therefore reject Ho.

T-test (when n<30 and the population where the sample was taken from is assumed to
be normal.
6.The body mass index is calculated by dividing a person’s weight by the square of his/her
height. That is, body mass index= weight/(height)2. This measures determines whether a
person is overweight or not. Suppose that a person is overweight if his/her body mass index
is above 24 kg/m2 and a random sample of 20 individuals from a certain place have the
following body mass indices:

24.2 33.1 24.2 29.9 30.4

32.8 17.5 23.1 28.7 24.2
27.8 29.4 19.6 28.5 28.2
25.7 22.0 29.0 35.9 18.5

Would you say that the people in that place are overweight? Test a 5% level of significance.

a. Null Hypothesis
μ ≤24 kg/m2

b. Alternative Hypothesis
μ ¿24 kg/m2

c.Critical region
df=20-1=19
n=20
Critical region is t0.05= 1.729
Since t computed is positive then it is a one tailed test.

d.Computed t-value
x =26,635
μ=24
s= 4.83
x−μ
tcomputed= t=
s/√n
26.635−24
=
4.83 / √ 20
2.635
=
1.08
= 2.43981 or 2.44

e. Conclusion
tcomputed=2.44
tcritical= 1.729

Since t computed is greater than t critical therefore Reject Ho.

7. As indicated in laboratory forms, there is a certain level for which a person must observe
for his/her serum cholesterol level otherwise if it exceeds such a value, he/she is likely to
develop coronary heart disease, Suppose that the level is pegged at 220mg/ 100 ml, and
data from 10 middle -aged people from a certain place show the following cholesterol levels:

220 221 221 259 218

253 187 237 241 221
Would you say that the people in that place are prone to develop coronary heart disease?
Use 0.05 level of significance.

a. Null Hypothesis
μ ¿220mg/ 100 ml

b. Alternative Hypothesis
μ ≠220mg/ 100 ml

c.Critical region
df=10-1=9
n=10
a=0.05
ta=0.05=1.833

d.Computed t-value
x =227.8
μ=220
s= 19.56
x−μ
tcomputed= t=
s/√n
227.8−220
=
19.56/ √ 10
7.8
=
6.1854151033
= 1.2610309688 or 1.261

e.Conclusion
tcomputed=1.261
tcritical=1.833

The t computed is less than the t critical, therefore Do not reject Ho, which is μ ¿220mg/
100 ml.

Difference of two means z-test

8. Diastolic blood pressures of individuals aged 25-45 where taken from City A and the
following are the data gathered:
94.1 82.7 77.2 93.4 77.5 78.5 86.8 80.1
70.0 58.4 74.3 94.4 72.2 91.5 84.2 85.9
69.2 84.2 65.7 93.7 86.4 83.9 79.2 85.6
67.3 78.9 83.7 75.8 87.5 73.4 74.9 76.0

And from City B, the following were gathered:

83.4 88.1 75.1 75.4 100.4 83.8 86.3 97.2

98.2 77.3 100.2 77.8 84.5 76.2 87.1 91.3
72.0 80.5 72.8 88.9 81.9 94.3 87.5 90.1
80.0 93.6 78.3 95.5 87.2 91.8 75.9 86.5
82.8 98.6 85.7 77.2 85.8 86.3 82.1 92.5
Is there a difference in the population means of the diastolic blood pressures from the two
cities?
Test at 0.05 level of significance.

a.Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference in population means of the diastolic blood pressures of
the two
cities.

b. Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: There is a significant difference in population means of the diastolic blood pressures of
the two cities.

c.Critical region
The z computed is negative it means that the test is two-tailed. The critical region is 1.96.

d.Computed z-value
x 1= 80.20625
x 2=85.7525
σ 1=8.7484261977512 or 8.75
σ 2=7.7411881355513 or 7.74

( x 1−x 2) −( μ1−μ 2)

√ σ 12 σ 2 2
Z=
+
n 1 n2
( 80−85 )−0

√
= 2 2
( 8.75) (7.74)
+
32 40
−5
−5

√ 76.5625 59.9076 = 1.97237626355 =2.535

=
+
32 40
Zcomputed= 2.535
e. Conclusion
Zcomputed= 2.534
Zcritical=1.96
The z computed is greater than z critical, therefore reject Ho.

9. In two countries C1 and C2, the heights of adult women were studied. From country
C1,120 women were measured on their heights and the mean height is 62.7 inches with a
standard deviation of 2.50, while in other country C2, the mean height is 61.8 with a
standard deviation of 2.62 on 150 women. Is there a reason to believe that the heights of
women in C1 and C2 differ significantly? Use 0.05 level of significance.

a.Null Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference in the heights of women in C1 and C2.

b. Alternative Hypothesis
There is a significant difference in the heights of women in C1 and C2.
c.Critical region
zcritical= 1.64

d.Computed z-value
 ( x 1−x 2) −( μ1−μ 2)

√
Z= 2 2
σ1 σ2
+
n 1 n2

( 62.7−61.8 ) −0

√
= ( 2.50)2 (2.62)2
120
0.9
+
150

√
= 6.25 6.8644
120
0.9
+
150
= =2.88
0.31280345267
e) Conclusion
zcomputed= 2.88
zcritical=1.64

The z computed is greater than z critical therefore reject Ho.

Variances are equal, distribution are normally distributed.

10.Six guinea pigs injected with 0.5 mg medication took an average of 15.4 seconds to fall
asleep with standard deviation of 2.2,while six other guinea pigs injected with 1.5 mg of
medication took an average of 11.2 seconds to fall asleep with standard deviation of 2.6
seconds. Do guinea pigs injected with 0.5 mg take a longer time to fall asleep than those
injected with 1.5 mg? Check this out using 0.05 level of significance.

a. Null Hypothesis
Ho: μ1=μ 2

b. Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: μ1 > μ2

c.Critical region
tcritical=2.015

d.Computed t-value
( x 1−x 2) −( μ1−μ 2)

√s 12 s 2 2
t=
+
n1 n2
( 15.4−11.2 ) −( 0 )
4.2

√
= 2 2 = =3.021
( 2.2) (2.6) 1.39044357431
+
6 6

e. Conclusion
tcritical=2.015
tcomputed=3.021

Since t computed is greater than t critical, therefore reject Ho.

11. Twelve measurements, each of the hydrogen content of gases collected from the
eruptions of two volcanoes yielded x 1=41.2, x 2=45.8,s1= 5.2 and s2= 6.7. Use α =0.05 to test
whether the two volcanoes have different hydrogen contents.

a.Null Hypothesis
Ho: μ1=μ 2

b. Alternative Hypothesis
Ho: μ1 ≠ μ2
c.Critical region
tcritical=1.796

d.Computed t-value
( x 1−x 2) −( μ1−μ 2)

√
t= 2 2
s1 s2
+
n1 n2
( 41.2−45.8 )−0 −4.6 −4.6
= =−1.8789

√ √
= 2
(5.2) (6.7)
2 = 2 2
(5.2) ( 6.7) 2.44829872905
+ +
12 12 12 12

e. Conclusion
Since t critical is greater than t value, therefore do not reject Ho.

Variances are not equal, distributions are normally distributed.

12.One group of women was taken arterial blood pressure after given low-dose aspirin.
Another group was given placebo instead of aspirin. Then the following were the data
gathered on their respective arterial blood pressure.

Arterial Blood pressure on women given with low-dosed aspirin in mm Hg

117 111 117 88 106 126

111 97 115 113 126 132
99 121 139 103 112 115
112 107 121 110 107 112

Arterial Blood pressure on women given with placebo aspirin in mm Hg

107 114 108 106
112 106 113 111
106 109 103 106
108 106 111 108
114 106 101 110

Test at 0.05 level of significance whether the arterial blood pressure on women given with
low-dosed aspirin is significantly greater than those administered with placebo.

a.Null Hypothesis
Ho: μ1=μ 2
b. Alternative Hypothesis
Ho: μ1 > μ2

c.Critical region
tcritical=1.645
d.Computed t-value
( x 1−x 2) −( μ1−μ 2)

√s 12 s 2 2
t=
+
n1 n2
( 113.2083−108.25 )− ( 0 )

√
= 2 2
(10.916) (3.419)
+
24 20

4.9583
4.9583

√
= (10.916)2 (3.419)2 =
24
+
20
2.3557
=2.1048

e.Conclusion
tcritical=1.64
tcomputed=2.10
The t computed is greater than t critical, therefore reject Ho.

13.A study was conducted on the levels of carboxyhemoglobin for smokers and non-
smokers. Fifteen smokers were selected at random and 16 non-smokers were also chosen at
random to participate in the study. From the experiment , the following data in percent (%)
were collected:

Non- 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 0. 1. 1. 0. 2. 1. 0. 1. 0.
smokers 4 3 2 8 6 1 0 9 0 2 9 1 4 7 0 9
Smoker 4. 4. 3. 6. 6. 3. 2. 2. 3. 3. 2. 8. 4. 1. 2.
s 6 2 8 9 0 2 7 2 1 9 2 2 8 5 9

Check whether the carboxyhemoglobin level for smokers is indeed higher than that of non-
smokers at 0.05 level of significance.

a. Null Hypothesis
Ho: μ1=μ 2

b. Alternative Hypothesis
Ho: μ1 > μ2

c.Critical region
tcritical=1.699

d.Computed t-value
 ( x 1−x 2) −( μ1−μ 2)

√
t= 2 2
s1 s2
+
n1 n2
( 4.0133−1.2186 ) −0
2.7947

√
t= 2
(1.7929) ( 0.3592)
2 = =5.926
+ 0.4716
15 16

e. Conclusion
tcritical=1.699
tcomputed=5.926

Since t computed is greater than t critical, therefore reject Ho.

Paired observations, distributions are normal

14. A group of researchers plan to introduce music to 3 to 11 years old when administered
with intravenous (IV) insertion to mitigate the pain. Their research design was to play music
close to the child three minutes before the IV insertion and during the insertion they record
by a scale of 1 to 10 the pain rating that the child demonstrates during insertion. The same
child will be observed and rated using the same scale without any music played. A pain
rating of 1 will indicate that the child would not mind the pain while a pain rating of 10 will
indicate that the child experienced intense pain during the insertion. This experiment will be
repeated several times to ten children and the average pain rating will be recorded. Suppose
after the experiment, the following data will be recorded:

Child Average Pain Rating Difference

Without Music With Music

1 7.6 7.8 -0.2

2 7.2 7.6 -0.4
3 7.0 6.4 0.6
4 8.0 3.4 4.6
5 6.4 1.1 5.3
6 7.8 1.0 6.8
7 7.6 4.8 2.8
8 5.9 8.3 -2.4
9 4.5 7.4 -2.9
10 4.1 6.8 -2.7

Would you say that music will be effective in mitigating pain when IV insertion was
administered to children 3 to 11 years old? Test at 0.05 level of significance.

a.Null Hypothesis
Ho: μd =0

b. Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: μd ≠ 0
c.Critical region
t0.05,df=9=1.833
d.Computed t-value
D=11.5
S=11.4666
D−∆o 11.5−0
=3.1715
tV= s = 11.4666
√n √10
e. Conclusion
The computed t value is positive thus it indicates a one tailed test.
Since the t-computed is greater than the t-critical, therefore reject Ho.

15. A team of medical practitioners conducted a structured learning lesson to individuals

known to have high LDL cholesterol levels. The lessons include topics on the importance on
diet and exercise to people with high LDL cholesterol levels. Before the sessions, a pretest
was given to those who registered for the program and after the learning sessions, a posttest
was administered. The pretest and posttest carried the same questions and there were 30
questions in all. Suppose that the results of the exams are the following:
Participant Pretest Result Posttest Result Difference

1 9 10 -1
2 19 22 -3
3 10 10 0
4 11 11 0
5 6 6 0
6 15 16 -1
7 14 16 -2
8 19 22 -3
9 14 15 -1
10 22 26 -4
11 22 25 -3
12 19 22 -3
13 16 18 -2
14 20 23 -3
15 15 17 -2
16 17 19 -2
17 19 21 -2
18 17 19 -2
19 21 24 -3
20 20 23 -3
Test at 0.05 level of significance whether the structure learning lesson to individuals known
to have LDL cholesterol levels was effective.

a. Null Hypothesis
Ho: μd =0
b. Alternative Hypothesis
Ha: μd ≠ 0

c)Critical region
 {
2.093
t0.05/2=0.025,df=19=
-2.093

d.Computed t-value
D=−2
s= 1.16979530373 or 1.17
D−∆o −2−0 −2
= =−7.64467684615
tV= s = 1.17 1.17 or -7.64
√ n √20 √ 20
e.Conclusion
The t computed value is negative it indicates that it is a non-directional test.
Since the t computed is greater than the t critical, therefore reject Ho.