TABLE C3-1 MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS*

Component Load Component Load

(PSf) IPSf)

CEILINGS Decking, 2-in. wood (Douglas fir) 5

Acoustical Fiber Board 1 Decking, 3-in. wood (Douglas fir) 8
Gypsum board (per 11%-in. thickne?~) 0.55 Fiberboard, 112-in. 0.75
Mechanical duct allowance 4 Gypsum ~heathing,112-in. 2
Plaster on tile or concrete 5 Insulation, roof boards (per inch thickness)
Plaster on wood lath 8 Cellular glass 0.7
Suspended ?tee1 channel qysteln 2 Fibrous glas? 1.1
Susptnded metal lath and cement plaster 15 Fiberboard 1.5
Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster 1U Perlite 0.8
Wood furring suspension system 2.5 Polystyrene foam 0.2
COVERINGS, ROOF, AND WALL Urethane foal11 w-ith skin 0.5
Asbestos-cement shingles 4 Plywood (per 118-in. thickness) 0.4
Asphalt shingle4 2 Rigid insulation, 112-in. 0.75
Cement tile I6 Skylight, metal fixme, 318-in. wirt glass 8
Clay tile (for tnortar add 10 psf) Slate, 3116-in. 7
Book tile, ?-in. 12 Slate, 114-in. 10
Book tile, 3-in. 20 Waterpronfing membranes:
Luduwici 10 Bituminous, gravel-covtred 5.5
Roinan 12 Bituminous, sn~oothsurface 1.5
Spanish 19 Liquid applied 1
Composition: Single-ply, sheet 0.7
Three-ply ready rooting I Wood sheathing (per inch thickntss) 3
Four-ply felt and gravel 5.5 Wood shingles 3
Five-ply felt and gravel 6 FLOOR FlLL
Copper or tin 1 Cinder concrete, per inch 9
Corrl~gatedasbestos-cement roofing 4 Lightweight concrete, per inch 8
Deck, metal, 20 gage 2.5 Sand, per inch 8
Deck, metal, I8 plipt 3 Stone concrete, per inch 12

*Weights of inasonry include mortar but not plaater. For plaster, add 5 lblft2 for each face plastered. Values given represent averages. In some cases there is a considerable range of weight for the same
construction.
(contirlued )
 TABLE C3-1 continued
MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS*
Load Component Load
(PSf) (PSf)

FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Windows, glass, frame, and ash

Asphalt block (2-in.), 112-in. mol-tar Clay brick wythes:
Cement finish (1-in.) on stone-concrete fill 4 in.
Cer;unic or quarry tile (314-in.) on 112-in. Inortar bed 8 in.
Ceramic or quarry tile (314-in.) on I-in. rnortar bed 32 in.
Concrttc fill finish (per inch thickness) I6 in.
Hardwood flooring, 717-in. Hollow- concrete masonry unit a-ythes:
Linoleum or aqphalt tile, 114-in. Wythe thickness (in inches) 4 6
Marble and mortar on stone-concrete till Density of unit (105 pcf)
Slate (per mm thickness) No grout 22 24
Solid flat tile on 1-in. mortar base 48 in. 0.c. 29
Subflooring, 314-in. 40 in. o.c. grout 30
Terrazzo (I-112-in.) directly on slab 32 in. o x . spacing 32
Telrazzo ( I -in.) on stone-concrete till 24 in. 0.c. 34
Terrazzo (1-in.), 2-in. stone concrete 16 in. 0.c. 40
Wood block (3-in.) on mastic, no fill Full grout 55
Wood block (3-in.) on 112-in. rnortar base Density of unit (125 pcf)
FLOORS, WOOD-J01ST (NO PLASTER) No grout 26 28
DOL'BLE WOOD FLOOR 48 in. o x . 33
12-in. 16-in. 24-in. 40 in. 0.c. grout 34
Joint sizea spacing spacing apacing 32 in. 0.c. spacing 36
(in.) ( I blft2) ( I blft2) ( I blft2) 24 in. o.c. 39
2x 6 6 5 5 16 in. 0.c. 44
2x8 b 6 5 Full grout 59
2 x I0 7 6 6 Density of unit (135 pcf)
2 x 12 8 7 6 No grout 29 30
FRAME PARTITIONS 48 in. 0.c. 36
Movable steel partitions 40 in. o.c. grout 37
Wood or steel studs, 112-in. gypsum board each side 32 in. o.c. spacing 38
Wood studs, 2 x 4, unplastered 24 in. o.c. 41
Wood studs, 2 x 4, plastered one side 16 in. 0.c. 46
Wood st~tds,2 x 4, plaqtered two sides Full grout 62
FRAME WALLS Solid concrete masonry unit wythes (incl. concrete brick):
Exterior stud walls: Wythe thickness (in mm) 4 6
2 x 4 @ 16-in., 518-in. gypsum, insulated, 318-in. siding Density of unit (105 pct) 32 51
2 x 6 @ 16-in., 518-in. gypsum, insulated, 318-in. siding Density of unit ( 125 pcf) 38 60
Exterior stud walls with brick veneer Density of unit (135 pcf) 41 64

"Weights of masonry include mortar but not plaster. For plaster, add 5 lb1ft2 for each face plaqtered. Values given represent averageq. In ~ o m ecaqes there is a conqiderable range of weight for the w n e
construction.
(colztilzued )
 TABLE C3-1 continued
MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS*
Component Load Component Load
(k~lrn~) (k~lm~)

CEILINGS Decking, 51 lnln wood [Douglas tir) 0.24

Acoustical Fiber Board 0.05 Decking, 76 mm wood (Douglas fir) 0.38
Gypsum board (per inin thickness) 0.008 Fiberboard, 13 11x11 0.04
Mechanical duct allowance 0.19 Gypsum ~heathing,13 mni 0.10
Plaster on tile or concrete 0.24 Insulation, roof boards (per mm thickness)
Plaster on s-ood lath 0.38 Cellular glass 0.0013
Suspended steel channel systenl 0.10 Fibrous glass 0.0021
Suspended met;rl lath and celllent plaster 0.72 Fiberboard 0.0028
Suspended nletal lath and gypsum plaster 0.48 Perlite 0.0015
Wood furring ~u~penqion syqtem 0.12 Polystyrene foam 0.0004
COVERINGS, ROOF AND WALL Urethane foam with skin 0.0009
Asbestos-cement shingles 0.19 Plya-ood (per mm thickness) 0.006
Asphalt shingles 0.10 Rigid insulation, 13 ilun 0.04
Cement tile 0.77 Skylight, metal frame, 10 lnln wire g l a s ~ 0.38
Clay tile (for tnortar add 0.48 kNltn2) Slate, 5 nnn 0.34
Book tile, 5 1 mm 0.57 Slate, h mm 0.48
Book tile, 76 mm 0.96 \tTaterprooting membranes:
Ludowici 0.48 Bituminous, gravel-covered 0.26
Roman 0.57 Bituminous, smooth surface 0.07
Span1911 0.9 1 Liquid applied 0.05
Composition: Single-ply, sheet 0.03
Three-ply ready rooting 0.05 \i700d sheathing (per mm thickness) 0.0057
FOLK-plyfelt and gravel 0.26 itrood shingles 0.14
Five-ply felt and gravel 0.29 FLOOR FILL
Copper or tin 0.05 Cinder concrete, per inm 0.017
Corrugated asbestos-cement roofing 0.19 Lightweight concrete, per 111111 0.015
Deck, metal, 20 gage 0.12 Sand, per mm 0.015
Deck, metal, I8 gage 0.14 Stone concrete, per mm 0.023

*Q7eightsof nrasonry include mortar but not plaater. For plaster, add 5 lb/ft2 for each face plastered. Values given represent averages. In some cases there is a considerable range of weight for the sanle
con$truction.
(contiriued )
 TABLE C3-1 continued
MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS*
Component Load Component Load
(kNlm2) (kNlm2)

FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES ii'indow-s, glasa, frame, and saah

Asphalt block (5 1 nun), I3 mm mortar Clay brick wytheq:
Cement finish (25 mm) on stone-concrete till 102 lnm
Ceramic or quarry tile (19 mm) on 13 mm mortar bed 203 mm
Ceriunic or quarry tile (19 nun) on 25 lnnl Inortar bed 305 111111
Concrete fill finish (per mm thickness) 406 mm
Hardwood flooring, 22 mm Hollow concrete masonry unit wythes:
Linoleum or asphalt tile, 6 mm \tTythethickness (in mm)
Marble and mortar on stone-concrete f i l l Density of unit (16.49 k ~ 1 1 n ~ )
Sl~ite(per mm thickness) No grout
Solid flat tile on 25 111111 mortar base 12 19 Inn1
Subflooring, 19 111111 101h 111111 grout
Terrazzo (38 mm) directly on slab 813 mm spacing
Terrazzo (25 mm) on stone-concrete fill 610 mm
Terrazzo (25 IIIII~),5 1 nun stone concrete 406 nun
Wood block (76 mm) on mastic, no till Full grout
Wood block (76 mm) on 13 mm mortar base Denqity of unit (1 9.64 k ~ 1 1 n ~ )
FLOORS, WOOD-JOIST (NO PLASTER) No grout
DOUBLE WOOD FLOOR 1219 mm
305 mm 406 11m 6 10 nun 1016 111111 grout
Joist size^ spacing spacing spacing 8 13 1n1n spacing
(mm): (kNlm') (kNlln2) (kN/1n2) 6 10 mm
51 x 152 0.29 0.24 0.24 40h mm
51 x 203 0.29 0.29 0.24 Full grout
51 x 254 0.34 0.29 0.29 Denqity of unit (2 1.21 kNl111')
51 x 305 0.38 0.34 0.29 No grout
FRAME PARTITIONS 1219 mm
Movable steel pal-titions 1016 lnnl grout
Wood or steel studs, 13 111111gyps~i~n board each side 8 13 111111 spacing
Wood studs, 5 1 x 102, unplastered 610 mm
Wood studs, 5 1 x 102, plastered one side 406 mm
Wood studs, 51 x 102, plastered ta-o sides Full grout
FRAME WALLS Solid concrete masonry unit
Exterior stud w-alls: it'ythe thickness (in mm)
5 1 mm x 102 mm @ 406 mm, 16 mm gypsum, insulated, 10 mm siding Dcnsity uf unit (16.49 kN/m3)
51 mm x 152 mm @ 406 mm, lh n ~ gypsum, n ~ insulated, 10 mm siding Density of unit (19.64 k ~ l m ~ )
Exterior stud walls with brick veneer Density of unit (21.21 kN/m3)

"Weights of ma~onryinclude mortar but not plaster. For plaster, add 0.24 k ~ l m 'for each face plaqtered. k l u e s given represent averages. In some cases there is a considerable range of weight for the same
construction.
 TABLE C3-2 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials
Material Density Material Density
(lbitt3) (lbitt3)

Aluminum Lime
Bituminous products Hydrated, loose
Asphaltum Hydrated, compacted
Graphite Masonry, ashlar stone
Paraffin Granite
Petroleum, crude Limestone, crystalline
Petroleum, refined Limestone, oolitic
Petroleum, benzine Marble
Petroleum, gasoline Sandstone
Pitch Masonry, brick
Tar Hard (low absorbtion)
Brass Medium (medium absorbtion)
Bronze Soft (high absorbtion)
Cast-stone masonry (cement, stone, sand) Masonry, concretei
Cement, portland, loose Lightweight units
Ceramic tile Medium weight units
Charcoal Normal weight units
Cinder fill Masonry grout
Cinders, dry, in bulk Masonry, rubble stone
Coal Granite
Anthracite, piled Limestone, crystalline
Bituminous, piled Limestone, oolitic
Lignite, piled Marble
Peat, dry, piled Sandstone
Concrete, plain Mortar, cement or lime
Cinder Particleboard
Expanded-slag aggregate Plywood
Haydite (burned-clay aggregate) Riprap (not submerged)
Slag Limestone
Stone (including gravel) Sandstone
Vermiculite and perlite aggregate, nonload-bear Sand
Other light aggregate, load-bearing Clean and dry
Concrete, reinforced River, dry
Cinder Slag
Slag Bank
Stone (including gravel) Bank screenings
Copper Machine
Cork, compressed Sand
Earth (not submerged) Slate
Clay, dry Steel, cold-drawn
Clay, damp Stone, quarried, piled
Clay and gravel, dry Basalt, granite, gneiss
Silt, moist, loose Limestone, marble, quartz
Silt, moist, packed Sandstone
Silt, flowing Shale
Sand and gravel, dry, loose Greenstone, hornblende
Sand and gravel, dry, packed Terra Cotta, architectural
Sand and gravel, wet Voids filled
Earth (submerged) Voids unfilled
Clay Tin
Soil Water
River mud Fresh
Sand or gravel Sea
Sand or gravel and clay Wood, seasoned
Glass Ash, commercial white
Gravel, dry Cypress, southern
Gypsum, loose Fir, Douglas, coast region
Gypsum, wallboard Hem fir
Ice Oak, commercial reds and whites
Iron Pine, southern yellow
Cast Redwood
Wrought Spruce, red, white, and Stika
Lead Western hemlock
Zinc, rolled sheet
*Tabulated values apply to solid masonry and to the solid portion of hollow masonry

ASCE 7-05
 TABLE C3-2 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials
Material Density Material Density
(kN/m3) (kN/m3)

Aluminum Lime
Bituminous products Hydrated, loose
Asphaltum Hydrated, compacted
Graphite Masonry, ashlar stone
Paraffin Granite
Petroleum, crude Limestone, crystalline
Petroleum, refined Limestone, oolitic
Petroleum, benzine Marble
Petroleum, gasoline Sandstone
Pitch Masonry, brick
Tar Hard (low absorption)
Brass Medium (medium absorption)
Bronze Soft (high absorption)
Cast-stone masonry (cement, stone, sand) Masonry, concrete-
Cement, portland, loose Lightweight units
Ceramic tile Medium weight units
Charcoal Normal weight units
Cinder fill Masonry grout
Cinders, dry, in bulk Masonry, rubble stone
Coal Granite
Anthracite, piled Limestone, crystalline
Bituminous, piled Limestone, oolitic
Lignite, piled Marble
Peat, dry, piled Sandstone
Concrete, plain Mortar, cement or lime
Cinder Particleboard
Expanded-slag aggregate Plywood
Haydite (burned-clay aggregate) Riprap (not submerged)
Slag Limestone
Stone (including gravel) Sandstone
Vermiculite and perlite aggregate, nonload- Sand
Other light aggregate, load-bearing Clean and dry
Concrete, reinforced River, dry
Cinder Slag
Slag Bank
Stone (including gravel) Bank screenings
Copper Machine
Cork, compressed Sand
Earth (not submerged) Slate
Clay, dry Steel, cold-drawn
Clay, damp Stone, quarried, piled
Clay and gravel, dry Basalt, granite, gneiss
Silt, moist, loose Limestone, marble, quartz
Silt, moist, packed Sandstone
Silt, flowing Shale
Sand and gravel, dry, loose Greenstone, hornblende
Sand and gravel, dry, packed Terra Cotta, architectural
Sand and gravel, wet Voids filled
Earth (submerged) Voids unfilled
Clay Tin
Soil Water
River mud Fresh
Sand or gravel Sea
Sand or gravel and clay Wood, Seasoned
Glass Ash, commercial white
Gravel, dry Cypress, southern
Gypsum, loose Fir, Douglas, coast region
Gypsum, wallboard Hem fir
Ice Oak, commercial reds and whites
Iron Pine, southern yellow
Cast Redwood
Wrought Spruce, red, white, and Stika
Lead Western hemlock
Zinc, rolled sheet
"Tabulated values apply to solid masonry and to the solid portion of hollow masonry

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

 TABLE 4-1 MINIMUM UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LlVE LOADS, Lo, AND MINIMUM CONCENTRATED LlVE LOADS
Occupancy or Use Uniform Conc.
I
.sf (. k ~ i m. ~ ) I
Ib (kN)
. .
Apartments (see Residential)

Assembly areas and theaters

Fixed seats (fastened to floor)
Lobbies
Movable seats
Platforms (assembly)
Stage floors
Balconies (exterior)
On one- and two-familv residences onlv. and not exceeding 100 ft2 19.3 m2)
I Bowling allevs. ooolrooms. and similar recreational areas I 75 13.59) I I
I Catwalks for maintenance access I 40 (1.92) 1 300 (1.33) 1
Corridors
First floor
Other floors. same as occuoancv served exceot as indicated
I Dance halls and ballrooms I 100 (4.79) I I
I Decks (patio and roof)
Same as area served. or for the type of occupancv accommodated
- rooms and restaurants
Dining I 100 (4.79) I I
Dwellings (see Residential)
Elevator machine room grating (on area of 4 in.2 [2,580 mm2]) 300 (1.33)
Finish light floor plate construction 200 (0.89)
(on area of 1 in.2 [645 mm2])
Fire escapes 100 (4.79)
On single-family dwellings only 40 (1.92)
Fixed ladders See Section 4.4
Garages (passenger vehicles only) 40 (1.92)'.~
Trucks and buses
Grandstands (see Stadi~tmsand arenas. Bleachers) I I I
I Gvmnasiums-main floors and balconies I 100 (4.79) I I
I Handrails. guardrails. and grab bars I See Section 4.4 I
Hospitals
Operating rooms, laboratories
Patient rooms
Corridors above first floor
I Hotels (see Residential) I I I
Libraries
Reading rooms
Stack rooms
Corridors above first floor
Manufacturing
Light
Heavv
I Marauees I 75 (3.59) I I
Office Buildings
File and computer rooms shall be designed for heavier loads
based on anticipated occupancy
Lobbies and first-floor corridors
Offices
Corridors above first floor
Penal Institutions
Cell blocks
Corridors
Residential
Dwellings (one- and two-family)
Uninhabitable attics without storage
Uninhabitable attics with storage
Habitable attics and sleeping areas
All other areas except stairs and balconies
Hotels and multifamily houses
Private rooms and corridors serving them
Public rooms and corridors serving them
Reviewing stands, grandstands, and bleachers 100 (4.79)d

12 ASCE 7-05
 TABLE 4-1 MINIMUM UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LlVE LOADS, Lo, AND MINIMUM CONCENTRATED LlVE LOADS (continued)
Occupancy or Use Uniform Conc.
psi ( k ~ i m ~ ) Ib (kN)

Roofs
Ordinary flat, pitched, and curved roofs
Roofs used for promenade purposes
Roofs used for roof gardens or assembly purposes
Roofs used for other special purposes
Awnings and canopies
Fabric construction supported by a lightweight rigid skeleton structure
All other construction
Primary roof members, exposed to a work floor
Single panel point of lower chord of roof trusses or any point along primary
structural members supporting roofs over manufacturing, storage warehouses,
and repair garages
All other occupancies
All roof surfaces subiect to maintenance workers
Schools
Classrooms
Corridors above first floor
First-floor corridors
Scuttles, skylight ribs, and accessible ceilings 1 200 (0.89 )
Sidewalks, vehicular driveways, and yards subiect to trucking 250 (1 1.97)" 1 8,000 (35.60)f
Stadiums and arenas
Bleachers
Fixed seats (fastened to floor)

I Stairs and exit ways

One- and two-familv residences onlv
I Storage areas above ceilings I 20 10.96) I I
Storage warehouses (shall be designed for heavier loads if required for anticipated storage)
Light
Heavv
Stores
Retail
First floor
Upper floors
Wholesale. all floors
I Vehicle barriers I See Section 4.4 I
I Walkwavs and elevated olatforms lother than exit wavs) I 60 12.87) I I
I Yards and terraces. oedestrian I 100 14.79) I I
'Floors in garages or portions of a building used for the storage of motor vehicles shall be designed for the uniformly distributed live loads of Table 4-1 or the
following concentrated load: (1) for garages restricted to passenger vehicles accommodating not more than nine passengers, 3,000 lb (13.35 kN) acting on an
area of 4.5 in. by 4.5 in. (1 14 mm by 114 mm) footprint of a jack; and (2) for mechanical parking structures without slab or deck that are used for storing
passenger car only, 2,250 lb (10 kN) per wheel.
'carages accommodating trucks and buses shall be designed in accordance with an approved method, which contains provisions for truck and bus loadings.
'The loading applies to stack room floors that support nonmobile, double-faced library book stacks subject to the following limitations: (1) The nominal book
stack unit height shall not exceed 90 in. (2290 mm); (2) the nominal shelf depth shall not exceed 12 in. (305 mm) for each face; and (3) parallel rows of
double-faced book stacks shall be separated by aisles not less than 36 in. (914 mm) wide.
d ~ addition
n to the vertical live loads, the design shall include horizontal swaying forces applied to each row of the seats as follows: 24 lb per linear ft of seat
applied in a direction parallel to each row of seats and 10 lb per linear ft of seat applied in a direction perpendicular to each row of seats. The parallel and
perpendicular horizontal swaying forces need not be applied simultaneously.
"Other uniform loads in accordance with an approved method, which contains provisions for truck loadings, shall also be considered where appropriate.
f The concentrated wheel load shall be applied on an area of 4.5 in. by 4.5 in. (1 14 mm by 114 mm) footprint of a jack.
gMinimum concentrated load on stair treads (on area of 4 in.2 [2,580 mm2]) is 300 lb (1.33 kN).

I
'where uniform roof live loads are reduced to less than 20 lb/ft2 (0.96 kN/m2) in accordance with Section 4.9.1 and are applied to the design of structural
members arranged so as to create continuity, the reduced roof live load shall be applied to adjacent spans or to alternate spans, whichever produces the greatest
unfavorable effect.
"oafs used for other special purposes shall be designed for appropriate loads as approved by the authority having jurisdiction. I
TABLE 4-2 LlVE LOAD ELEMENT FACTOR, KLL
Element I KLL~ I
Interior columns
Exterior columns without cantilever slabs
I Edge columns with cantilever slabs 1 3 1
Corner columns with cantilever slabs
Edge beams without cantilever slabs
Interior beams
All other members not identified
including:
Edge beams with cantilever slabs
Cantilever beams
One-way slabs
Two-way slabs
Members without provisions for continuous
shear transfer normal to their soan
'In lieu of the preceding values, K L L is permitted to be calculated.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures