0% found this document useful (0 votes)
108 views16 pages

Module 3

The document discusses the founding of the Katipunan secret society in 1892 by Bonifacio and others in response to the failure of ilustrado reforms. It details the society's aims of independence and unity, Bonifacio's leadership, and the society's growth leading up to the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
108 views16 pages

Module 3

The document discusses the founding of the Katipunan secret society in 1892 by Bonifacio and others in response to the failure of ilustrado reforms. It details the society's aims of independence and unity, Bonifacio's leadership, and the society's growth leading up to the Philippine Revolution against Spain in 1896.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

change had to come about from within the

Module 3 archipelago itself.


Philippine History: Conflict and
Controversies
With this in mind, Jose Rizal came home to the
History is the study of the past, but a more Philippines on June 26, 1892. After meetings with
contemporary definition is centered on how it local activists, Rizal established a civic society
impacts the present through its consequences. called the Liga Filipina. On July 3, a week after he
Geoffrey Barraclough defines history as the arrived in Manila, Rizal launched the organization
attempt to discover, on the basis of fragmentary in Doroteo Ongjunco‟s house on Ilaya Street,
evidence, the significant things about the past. He Tondo. The aims of the society were national unity,
also notes the history we read, though based on mutual aid, common defense, the encouragement
facts, is strictly speaking, not factual at all but a of education, agriculture and commerce, and the
series of accepted judgment. Such judgment of study and application of reforms.
historians on how the past should be seen make
the foundation of historical presentation. The Liga Filipina was short-lived. On July 6, Rizal
was arrested and detained upon the orders of
Governor-General Eulogio Despujol. Two weeks
CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS later, he was sent to Dapitan, Zamboanga del
IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Norte, Mindanao, where he lived in exile for four
years.

ANDRES BONIFACIO and the 1896


REVOLUTION

On August 24, 1896, Andres Bonifacio convened


the Kataastaasang Kapisanan or National
Assembly of the Katipunan in Melchora Aquino‟s
barn in barrio Banlat, then part of Kalookan.
Assembled were the members of the
Kataastaasang Kapulungan (Supreme Council), as
well as the pangulo (heads) of the sangunian
(supra-national) and balangay (chapter) units. Jose Rizal La Liga Filipina
There they made three major decisions.
One of the founding members of the league was
Katipunan’s 3 Major Decisions: Andres Bonifacio. On July 6-7, when it had become
apparent that an open pro-Filipino organization like
1.declaration of the nationwide armed revolution to the Liga Filipina would be suppressed by the
win freedom from Spain colonial government, Bonifacio and some friends
2.establishment of the national government formed a secret society. Among them were
3.election of officials who would lead the nation and Deodato Arellano, Ladislao Diwa, Valentin Diaz,
the army Jose Dizon, and Teodoro Plata. The organization
was called the Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. The aims of the
The revolution and the establishment of a Katipunan were to unite the country and to win
democratic national government was the logical independence from Spain by means of revolution.
culmination of the founding of the Katipunan in
1892. Bonifacio was the first president of the Bonifacio, however, continued to work with the Liga,
Philippines, from August 24, 1896 to May 10, 1897. which its other prominent members had
resurrected in April 1893. Because of his
personality and communication skills, the Supreme
Council of the Liga appointed him chief of
THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN Propaganda. Bonifacio‟s success in recruiting
members unnerved the more conservative
The ilustrado-initiated propaganda movement had elements of the Liga who did not agree with his
failed to persuade the Madrid government to effect revolutionary ideas. The Liga ceased to exist as of
urgent reforms in its distant Asian colony. The October 1894.
Filipino activists in Europe eventually realized that
Bonifacio did not become president of the
Katipunan until 1895, although ha had been an MEMBERS OF THE KATIPUNAN 1896 - 30, 000-
officer. Under his guidance, the Katipunan 400,000 members.
prepared for revolution. Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio‟s
trusted friend and adviser, wrote the Cartilla or Famous Katipuneros include Bonifacio, Arellano,
primer, which embodied the teachings of the Emilio Jacinto (Brains of the Katipunan), Dr.Pio
organization. The Katipunan operated a Valenzuela, Valentin Diaz, Jose Dizon and
Teodoro Plata Women joined the Katipunan and
served as guards of the documents of the society.
clandestine printing press and published a
newspaper, Kalayaan. By 1896, on the eve of the
revolution, the membership of the society had KATIPUNAN LITERATURE
expanded dramatically.
Three writers of the Katipunan were:

1.Andres Bonifacio – wrote Decalogue of the


Katipunan (a collection of wise sayings for
Katipuneros and Pag – ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
(Love for Country).

2.Emilio Jacinto – wrote the Kartilla (collection of


teachings of Katipunan) and A La Patria.

3.Dr. Pio Valenzuela – helped Bonifacio and


Jacinto to edit the Katipunan newspaper (Kalayaan)
and wrote an essay Catwiran (Is it Fair?)

DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNAN

The Spanish secreta or secret police knew of the


existence of a dangerous clandestine organization
by early 1896. The Governor-General believed the
Andres Bonifacio KKK Flag government was still on top of the situation, but
there was no let-up in the surveillance of suspect
personalities. By April 1896, the rebels were
reported to have cut railroad lines in Kalookan and
environs. By May, the general assembly of pangulo
and representatives from all the balangay (chapters)
of the Katipunan were locked in heated discussions
on the timing of the revolution. To many, the time
had come; but some, like Rizal, balked the idea.

By April or May 1896, the existence of the


Katipunan was already known to the Guardia Civil
Veterana. In August, the confession of Teodoro
Patiήo‟s sister to Fray Mariano Gil, the Augustinian
curate of Tondo, merely confirmed what the
government already knew. The priest persuaded
Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan the authorities of the grave danger the society
ng mga Anak ng Bayan posed to the Spanish community. Reacting to the
(Highest and Most Respectable Society of the ensuing hysteria and acting on information collated
Sons of the People) over a long period of time, the government had
numerous prominent residents arrested and
Anthem: “Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan” detained; houses were raided and searched.
Governor-General Ramon Blanco was urged to
apply “juez de cuchillo” or total annihilation of the
AIMS: Filipino population in a prescribed zone within the
1.To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation area of uprising. There was no holding back the
2.To fight for Philippine independence from Spain. revolution. Many Filipinos were arrested but many
Katipuneros also escaped including Bonifacio.
A NATION IS BORN ...na mula sa Ktt. Pamunuan ng Katipunan,
hanggan sa kababa-babaan, ay nagkakaisang
The historian Manuel Sastron describes the gumagalang sa pagkakapatiran at pagkakapantay-
revolution as a “rebellion of the tagalogs against pantay; namuhunan ng dugo at buhay laban sa
Spanish domination”; he also refers to “the tagalog Hari, upang makapagtatag ng sarili at malayang
insurrection” and “the tagalog rebels.” But it is clear Pamahalaan, na samakatwid, ay mamahala ang
that the 1896 revolution was a national endeavour. Bayan sa Bayan, at hindi ang isa o dalawang tao
lamang.
Written and published in 1896, the Katipunan‟s
Cartilla defined its major objectives: …that from the Highest Officials of the Katipunan to
the lowest members, all are one in their respect for
The objective pursued by this association is noble the brotherhood and equality; they risk blood and
and worthy; to unite the inner being and thoughts of life in the struggle against the King, in order to
the tagalogs through a binding pledge, so that institute our own free Government, so that, in short
through this unity they may gain the strength to the People, and not only one or two people, shall
destroy the dense shroud that benights the mind govern the country.
and to discover the Path of Reason and
Enlightenment.
“The archipelago is governed by the KKK ng mga
The word Tagalog means all those born in this Anak ng Bayan, which initiated the Revolution; with
archipelago; therefore, though Visayan, Ilocano, laws and regulations which it enforces; followed
Kapangpangan, etc. they are all Tagalogs. At the and respected by all for defending Freedom,
time, the term “Filipino” applied solely to Spaniards fraternal love, constituting and consolidating the
born in the archipelago. Bonifacio and Jacinto leadership.”
made “Tagalog” a term applicable to all indios or - Jacinto
natives. Lumbreras

“This is what the readers must understand by what


we refer to as Tagalog, a term which may be found “We of the Katipunan…. are true Revolutionaries in
on almost every page of this account, we do not defending the Freedom of
mean, as some believe, those born in Manila, our Nation.”
Cavite, and Bulacan, etc. No, we wish to refer to - Santiago Alvarez
the Philippines…. Because in our opinion, this term
should apply to all the children of
“The Katipunan came out from cover of secret
the Filipino nation. Tagalog, or stated more clearly, designs, threw off the cloak of any other purpose,
the name “Tagalog” has no other meaning but and stood openly for the independence of the
“taga-ilog” [from the river] which, traced directly to Philippines. Bonifacio turned his lodges into
its root, refers to those who prefer to settle along battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the
rivers, truly a trait, it cannot be denied of all those supreme council of the Katipunan into the insurgent
born in the Philippines, in whatever island or town.” government of the Philippines.”
- John R.M. Taylor
- Carlos Ronquillo (The Revolution of 1896-1897)

“The Katipunan was more than a secret


FIRST FILIPINO GOVERNMENT revolutionary society; it was withal, a government.
It was the intention of Bonifacio to have the
From August 24, 1896, the Katipunan became an Katipunan govern the whole Philippines after the
open de facto government. The society had been overthrow of Spanish rule.”
organized as a secret organization with its own - Gregorio Zaide
laws, bureaucratic structure and an elective
leadership. But a working government was
imperative once the August 1896 revolution had “Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution,
begun. therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a
government revolving around a „cabinet‟
Bonifacio when questioned at Tejeros, Cavite, composed of men of his confidence.”
defined the letter “K” in the flag to mean “kalayaan” - Teodoro Agoncillo
or freedom and explained:
THE FIRST PRESIDENT Aguedo del Rosario (Interior)
Briccio Pantas (Justice)
Enrique Pacheco (Finance)

Katagalugan Government EXISTENCE OF KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT

A clearer idea of Bonifacio‟s Katagalugan The results of the first Philippine national
government emerged in the late 1890s, when elections was reiterated by Jose M. del Castillo
letters and other important documents signed by The August 1896 transformation of the
Bonifacio became accessible. Katipunan into a revolutionary government

Three letters and one appointment paper written by and Bonifacio‟s elections to presidency was
Bonifacio on printed letterheads dated from March confirmed by Pio Valenzuela
8- April 24, 1897 and all addressed to Emilio
Jacinto, prove that Bonifacio was the first president
of a national government. These letters contain the KATIPUNAN DEMOCRACY
following titles and designations:
President of the Supreme Council Bonifacio set in place mechanicisms for popular
participation from the national to the local levels.
The Supreme President The government established by the Katipunan was
run by concensus.
The President of the Sovereign Nation Founder
of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution Kataastaasang Kapulungan
Kataastaasang Sangunian
Office of the Supreme President, Government of Sanguniang Bayan
the Revolution

Jose P. Bantug referred to Bonifacio as


“Kataastaasang Pangulo” and “General No. 1”

Jose P. Santos and Zaide also recognized the


Bonifacio presidency…but misread
“HARING BAYAN”

BONIFACIO vs. AGUINALDO

The government headed by Bonifacio prior to


March 22, 1897 was democratic in nature and
national in scope, contrary to some postwar Earliest dated Katipunan document 1892
historian‟s contention that Bonifacio attempted to
establish a government separate from Aguinaldo‟s
only after the Tejeros Assembly, and was therefore At the founding assembly in Kalookan on 24
guilty of treason. August 1896, the revolutionary government made
the following decisions:
An article on the Philippine revolution appeared in
the Feb 8, 1897 issue of the La Ilustracion 1)the revolution would begin with attack on Manila
Espanola y Americana. It was accompanied by an at midnight of Saturday, 29 August;
engraved portrait of Bonifacio wearing a black suit
and white tie, with the caption, “Andres Bonifacio, 2)a revolutionary was established with the
Titulado Presidente de la Republica Tagala” and appointment of Aguelo del Rosario, Vicente
described him as the head of the native Fernandez, Ramon Bernardo and Gregorio
government. The reporter, G. Reparaz, referred to Coronel as brigadiers general;
Aguinaldo only as generalissimo. The key officers
in the Bonifacio government, according to Reparaz, 3)the four generals were tasked with strategic
were as follows: planning for the occupation of Manila;

Teodoro Plata (War)


Emilio Jacinto (State)
4)the military situation was to be constantly the light of liberty in Japan will also shed its rays in
appraised so that an uprising could be started the Philippines…”
earlier than 29 August;
Cortes continued to represent the revolutionaries
5)assigned routes for three commanders were laid before foreign entities. Together with Basa and A.G.
out through Tondo, San Marcelino and the Medina, Cortes sent a petition to the Consul of the
Sampaloc rotunda (now part of Sta. Mesa). United States of America in Hong Kong on 29
January 1897. The request implored the “Gefe
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY Supremo desu Nacion” for protection of the
Filipinos and recognition of their right to self-
As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the government.
planning of military strategies and the preparation
of orders, manifests, decrees, adjudicated offenses Grover Cleveland lost the presidential elections; his
against the nation, as well as mediated in political successor, William McKinley, declared a national
disputes. He directed generals and positioned policy focused on “domestic business conditions
troops in the fronts. On the basis of command and economic recovery from the continuing
responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the depression of 1893 and therefore (he tried) to avoid
archipelago during his term should be attributed to conflict with Spain.”
Bonifacio.
In January 1897, The Philippine Commission in
The claim that “Bonifacio lost all his battles” is Hong Kong addressed a petition to Henry
ridiculous. Hannoteaux, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs,
which enumerated 50 grievances of the Philippines
against Spain and called for assistance. However,
France remained strictly neutral because she
FOREIGN AFFAIRS feared that such anticolonialism would contaminate
neighbouring French Indochina, and also because
Prior to the outbreak of the revolution, some France had no means for practicable intervention.
Filipinos based in Hongkong acted on behalf of the
nationalist movement in the Philippines such as:

Doroteo Cortes and other Filipinos solicited SIGNIFICANCE OF 1896 REVOLUTION


funds from various sources, especially from
wealthy businessmen and companies; Katipunan launched the first anti-colonial
revolution in Asia in August 1896.
Jose Maria Basa served as disbursing officer in
Hongkong; It led to the formation of the first national
government
Doroteo Cortes, Isabelo Artacho and Jose A.
Ramos arranged with Japanese politicians to Katagalugan government was democratic in
acquire 100,000 rifles and an unspecified amount principle, orientation and form.
of ammunition.
Bonifacio and the Katipunan sought to define a
They also petitioned Japan to send a military national identity.
squadron to aid the revolutionary forces and, after
independence was won, to recognize the Filipino The Katagalugan government commanded the
state. loyalty of a significant portion of the population.

Although Japan was not at war in 1896, she looked Filipinos should recognize Andres Bonifacio not
at her Asian neighbours with a keen expansionary only the founder of the Katipunan and leader of the
eye. Around the middle of May 1896, the Japanese revolution of 1896, but as the first Filipino president:
cruiser Kongo visited Manila. the father of the nation and founder of our
democracy.
Bonifacio and some Katipunan members
immediately sought a meeting with Japanese Source: Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel
Admiral Kanimura, while Jacinto drafted a message Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas. “Andres
addressed to the Emperor of Japan. It read: Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution”, Sulyap Kultura

“The Filipino people greet the Emperor of Japan Katipunan


and the entire Japanese nation, with the hope that
•Insignia
•Admission Who shall be exempted?
•Decree of Gen. Ramon Blanco
Article 7: The rebels who shall surrender to the
•Declaring Martial Law authorities within 48 hours of the publication of his
decree shall be exempted from the penalties
prescribed for

Gen. Ramon Blanco rebellion.


He was a Spanish brigadier and colonial
administrator. The chiefs shall be pardoned of their crimes
provided they surrender within the period of time
He served as a governor of Cuba and Sto. prescribed.
Domingo, and as governor-general of the
Philippines from December 9, 1893 to December Decree extending the period of time (Amnesty)
13, 186.
There shall be included in the benefits of Article
In the year 1893, Spanish Prime Minister Antonio 7 of the first mentioned decree the rebels who shall
Canovas del Castillo has sent Blanco in the surrender to the authorities within six (6) days from
Philippines. the date of publication of this decree in their
respective provinces which, in accordance with
Article 1, are now under martial law. (Manila,
August 30, 1896 – publication of the decree September 21, 1896)

Acts of rebellion and disturbance public peace ANG DISKURSO NG KAISIPAN AT LAYUNIN NG
demand a most severe and exemplary Punishment KATIPUNAN

From the date of the publication of this decree


there shall be declared in a state in a state of war
all the territory comprised in the provinces of “Huwag kang gagawa ng anumang magbibigay
Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, bahid sa iyong pangalan. Katakutan ang
Laguna, Cavite and Batangas. kasaysayan, dahil wala kang gawaing maitatago
rito.” – Andres Bonifacio

All persons accused of crimes against the public


order, of treason, all those who endanger the
peace and independence of the state or the form of Panimula
government; those who defy or show contempt of
the authorities, and those guilty of crimes common
in
Panahon nang pagbalikang-suriin ang Katipunan
(Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan
all rebellions and seditious movements, shall be nang manga Anak nang Bayan, o KKK) at ang
submitted to the jurisdiction of the military courts. kapaligiran nito, ngayong sumapit na ang
isandaang taong anibersaryo nito upang liwanagin
All persons found on a battlefield shall be treated ang ilang mahahalagang bagay at matugunan ang
as suspects mga bagong pangangailangan. Tungo rito, ilang
katanungan ang dapat na sagutin. Bakit
All those who refuse to surrender shall be arrested nagpapatuloy, halimbawa, ang ispiritu ng
and delivered into the custody of the military Katipunan? Bakit pag may nais na magkaroon ng
authorities. reporma o baguhin ang lipunan, ay binabanggit
ang Katipunan na parang humihingi ng bendisyon
All crimes committed shall be tried by summary o pagpapatibay sa atas nito? Ano ang tunay na
courts-martial. kahulugan ng Katipunan sa ating nakaraan at
kasalukuyan? Harapin natin ang mga tanong na ito
Courts-martial are established to become sa pamamagitan ng pagtalakay sa diskurso ng
competent courts to try those accused of the pilosopiya at layunin ng Katipunan.
crimes.
Namulat ang mga Pilipino at nagkaisa dahil sa
Ang diskuro ay paggamit ng tao ng anuman at paglaganap ng diskurso ng kalayaan at kabansaan.
lahat ng wika upang magkaroon ng pamamaraan Di nagtagal ang katatagan ng gayong kaayusan
nang pagsasaayos at artikulasyon ng realidad na dahil nakita nila ang higit na magandang
material o simbolikal. Produkto at proseso ang alternatibong maaari nilang pamayanan.
diskurso ng pagharap ng tao sa kanyang sarili, Pinangalanan nila itong sariing Bayan, o Inang
kalikasan, at lipunan habang binabago niya ang Bayan, o Bayang Pilipinas o Bansang Pilipinas.
sarili kapara nang ginagawa niyang pagbabago sa Pinanday nila ang sandatang gagamitin, sa daigdig
kalikasan at lipunan. Diskurso ang isang sangkap ng diwa at aksyon, upang malaman ang mga
panlipunan ng kapangyarihan ng tao – ipinapakita prinsipyo at pundasyon ng kanilang malayang
ang kapabilidad para sa aksyong nais niyang komunidad: ang Katipunan.
isagawa, pagtugmain at pagtulungan; ang
kapabilidad na mag-isip tungkol sa kalikasan; ang Isalin natin ang sanaysay na pinamagatang,
kapabilidad na obserbahan ang sarili at ibang tao “Manifesto”, na alegorya ni
sa kapaligirang likas o panlipunan; ang kapabilidad
na magproseso, mag-imbak, magbawi at Emilio Jacinto sa pagsilang nito:
makipaghati ng bungang-isip bilang datos sa
pagbuo at pagpapalaman ng kamalayang pantao;
at ang kapabilidad na gumawa at magbigay ng Nagpakita ang Kalayaan sa isang kabataan na
senyas at tumanggap nito bilang pangangailangan lubhang naapektuhan ng mga kasawiampalad ng
o kaya‟y bagay na ninanais. kanyang bayan. Nakilala siya ng kabataan at
inilahad nito ang makatarungang sakit ng loob ng
Ang karanasan ng tao, kung gayon, ay kanyang mga kababayan, na ngayon, sa ilalim ng
pinamamagitan ng diskurso. Ipinupusisyon ang rehimeng Kastila, ay nagugutom, nauuhaw,
indibidwal ng dominanteng diskurso na pagmasdan nakahubad, sinira and dangal at sakmal ng
ang daigdig sa isang particular na paraan, o ng inhustisya. Sa dami ng kaapihang ito, tila
kakontrang diskurso na bakahin ang ehemonyang nawawalan ng lakas ng loob ang kabataan, na
nagpapatuloy ng eskpresyon ng pananaw nahirati na mula sa sinapupunan ng kanyang ina
pandaigdig – larawan ng kamalayang historikal ng na magdusa ng lahat ng uri ng salaghati, pag-
mga pagpapahalagang-istruktura (values aalipusta at pagtataboy.
structures) ng realidad, na nagbibigay ng halaga sa
mga bagay na paksa ng kamalayan (objects of Nagwika ang Kalayaan:
consciousness). Inoorganisa ng diskurso ang
realidad at mga simbolo nito ayon sa gayong mga Sa nagdaang matagal nang panahon, nang ang
pagpapahalaga. karuwagan at pagpapakumbaba ay di pa
pinapalitan ang mabuting katangian ng mga ninuno
Sa loob ng mahigit 300 taong pananakop, mo, ang bayang Pilipas ay nasa pangangalaga ko
namayani rito ang diskursong monarkiyal- at maligaya, at lumalanghap ng hanging
monastiko ng kolonyalistang Espanyol. Sa nagbibigay-buhay, lakas at kalusugan. Ang liwanag
ikalawang hati ng ika-19 dantaon, niyanig ito ng ko‟y tinatanglawan ang kanilang mga isip at
mga bagong ideyang liberal na umiinog sa iginagalang sila ng mga kalapitbayan. Subalit
prinsipyo ng Kalayaan-Pagkakapantay-pantay-at- dumatal ang isang araw, na dapat kasuklaman at
Pagkakapatiran. Kalakip ng mga pagbabagong sumpain, nang ang kaalipinan ay dumating, at
material, unti-unti nitong tinibag ang hirarkiya ng sinabi sa kanilang siya ang kabutihan, katwiran at
tradisyunal na kapangyarihan, na nagpusisyon sa katarungan, nangangako ng luwalhati sa mga
mga kolonisador sa taluktok ng lipunan upang maniniwala sa kanila. . . Dumating siyang
makapangyari sila sa pamamagitan ng paggamit nakabalatkayo ng kariktan at kabaitan: mahinahon
ng lakas-estado at kultura sa mga kolonisadong at magiliw ang pag-uugali. . . at ang mga kapatid
Indio/Pilipino upang patuloy itong maglingkod at mo ay naniwala at sumamba sa kanya . . . at ako
sumunod sa kanilang naisin sa lipunan. ay nilimot nila at halos kasuklaman.

Unti-unting nakita ng mga Pilipino na ang Sa puntong ito, tinangka ng Kalayaan na lumisan.
pormasyong kolonyal, na nakasandig sa Subalit nagsumamo ang kabataan na pangalagaan
soberanyang monastiko, ay sistemang niya ito. Huminto ang Kalayaan at nagwika sa
ipinagdiriwang ang kapangyarihan at yaman sa kanya:
pamamagitan ng pagsasamantala sa paggawa,
paggugol ng buhay at pagsupil sa kalayaan ng “Walang taong karapat-dapat sa aking
mayorya upang mabuhay ng maalwan ang iilang pangangalaga at pagtataguyod na di mairugin sa
namamayani sa halaga ng dangal ng mga Pilipino. akin at di ako minamahal, at di magbubuwis ng
buhay para sa aking layon. Ipahayag mo ito sa
iyong mga kababayan.” Bagong Komunidad (pambansa at Pilipino ang
karakter)
Naglaho ang Kalayaan.
Ang pamamayani ng diskurso ng ehemonyang
Pagbukang-liwayway, lumantad sa mga mata ng Espanyol ay nakasandig sa kanyang
kabataan ang tila nagbabagang bagay: Ang kapangyarihang pang-estado, istrukturang pang-
mabalasik at apokaliptikal na Katipunan. ekonomiya at institusyong panrelihiyon. Ginawang
pwersang material ang kulturang monastiko sa
pagmamantini ng reproduksyon ng pormasyong
panlipunang kolonyal. Itinuro ng mga prayle na
Di kasindali ng alegoryang ito ang pagsilang ng walang hangganan ang di pantay na relasyong ito
Katipunan, na susi sa mga katangian ng dahil atas ng Langit. Ngunit lumabas na kataliwas
Rebolusyon at pagtatatag ng bangsang Pilipino. ito ng katotohanan dahil unti-unting nakita ng mga
nasasakupan na walang permanente sa daigdig,
I.Bansang Pilipino: Konsepto at Realisasyon kasama na ang pormasyong kolonyal at ang
Konsepto ng Bansa: ehemonya ng may hawak nito. Ang ehemonyal
monarkikal-monastiko ay buhay na sistema ng mga
*kamalayan ng sariling identidad kahulugan at pagpapahalaga na binuo ng
*malinaw na teritoryo namamayaning relasyon ng kapangyarihan. Di
*nagkakaisang kasaysayan basta pasibong porma ng pangingibabaw ang
*magkahawig na kultura ehemonya sapagkat upang manatili ay kailangan
nito ang patuloy na pagbabago, reproduksyon at
Ang bansang ito, na pinangarap nina Bonifacio ay pagtatanggol.
di komunidad na larawang-diwa lamang kundi
isang katunayang sumibol sa lumalawak na Subalit sa mga huling dekada ng ika-19 na dantaon,
pambansang integrasyon ng produksyon, kalakal, sa pag-unlad ng pagkakahati ng paggawa sa
komersyo at pamilihang panloob at panlabas. daigdig at sa Pilipinas, ng relasyon ng mga
Umusbong ang konsepto ng bansa bilang tugon kolonisador sa bawat isa sa loob ng kanilang
dito ng mga palaisip; nagkaroon sila ng kamalayan kampo, at ng relasyon ng mga kolonisador sa
ng sariling identidad nang sumibol ang damdamin kanilang mga kolonisado, ay unti-unting namulat
ng lomunidad sanhi ng lahi, malinaw na teritoryo, ang mga Pilipino sa pangangailangang dapat was
nagkakaisang kasaysayan at magkakahawig na akin ang gayong di-pantay na relasyon at bumuo
kultura. ng isang bagong pormasyong panlipunan sa
pamamagitan ng ibang kaparaanan. Nang di na
nila mabata ang paghahari ng kasamaan nito “sa
Sa pagdaraan ng panahon, nalirip na bahagi sila loob at labas ng bayan kong sawi”, at makita ang
ng isang malaking kabuuan, ang bansa, habang maaaring ipamalit dito, nagkampanya ang mga
ang bansang ito ay unti-unting naging bahagi rin ng repormista sa Espanya upang magkaroon ng higit
pang-araw-araw nilang pamumuhay. na mahusay na alternatibo para sa mga
mamamayang Pilipino. Ang kilusang ito‟y nagluwal,
Ito‟y di bunga nang biglaang silakbo ng pag-iisip mula sa sinapupunan ng namamayaning
kundi isang mahabang proseso ng pag-unlad – ng pormasyong panlipunan, ng bagong kontra-
pagbabago ng nabago ng mga Kastila sa loob ng ehemonya.
300 taon.
Ang mga ideyal ng Rebolusyong Pranses tungkol
sa Kalayaan-Pagkakapantay-pantay-at-
Pagkakapatiran ay ibinandila ng organong
repormista, ang La Solidaridad, sa paghingi nila ng
A. Isinilang ng Reporma ang La Liga mga pagbabago sa pamahalaang Espanyol. Ang
Filipina pinakamataas na

Ehemonyang monarkiyal-monastiko ng mga


Espanyol ekspresyong pang-organisasyong ng kilusan ay
ang La Liga Filipina na itinatag noong Hulyo 3,
La Liga Filipina 1892 ni Jose Rizal.

Pamahalaang Espanyol Mahalaga ang ibig sabihin ng mga layunin ng La


Liga Filipina lalo na ang implikasyong di isinulat na
Simbahan siyang talang punto ng Liga. Sa pag-aaral ni Cesar
Majul, ipinakita niyang ang mga layuning ito ay Istratehiya ng pagbabagong-internal na mapalakas
batay sa ebolusyon ng diskurso ng kabansaan ng ang pagkakapatiran at mausig at makamit ng
panahong iyon. Paano? Ang kolonya kasi‟y nasa Katipunan ang layong kasarinlan.
ilalim ng dalawang namamayaning kapangyarihan
na bagamat magkasama ay magkahiwalay rin sa Ang balangkas ng KKK mula sa taluktok ng
ibang pagkakataon. Binunuo ito, una ng Kataastaasang Sanggunian hanggang sa
pamahalaang Espanyol at pangalawa na kalakip Sangguniang Bayan at Sangguniang Balangay ay
nito, ng Simbahan na simbolo ng mga ideyal at hawig sa La Liga. Ang mga ritwal ay itinulad naman
istilo ng pamumuhay ng komunidad na Katoliko. sa nakuha sa Masoneriya.

Sa loob ng pormasyong kolonyal, kung gayon,


dalawa nga namamayaning komunidad. Nilayon ng Lumaganap ang kasapian ng Katipunan sa
Liga, ayon kay Majul, na magkaroon ng pangatlong maraming pook ng kapuluan. Napipintong
komunidad, isang bagong lipunan na nabubuhay matuklasan ito kahit na di pa handa upang mag-
na kaalinsabay ng dalawa. Ito‟y lumalabas na alsa. Kaya noong Mayo 1, 1896 sa
karibal na komunidad na di sakop ng Espanya o Pangkalahatang Asemblea, bilang paghahanda sa
nakapailalim sa Simbahan. Ang layon ng Liga, napipintong pagsabog ng rebolusyon ay pinagtibay
samakatwid, ay magtatag sa pamamagitan ng ng mga kapulungan ang sumusunod na mga
reporma ng isang bagong komunidad na resolusyon:
pambansa at Pilipino ang karakter.
1.Akitin sa Katipunan ang marurunong at
Ang Liga ay mapagtuwid at mapagturo dahil sa mayayamang Pilipino;
kunteksto ng kolonyal na relasyon ay magbibigay
ito ng proteksyon sa mga kasapi at pasisiglahin 2.Mangolekta ng pondo para ipamili ng mga armas
ang instruksyon, agrikultura at komersyo. Sa at lahat ng kakailanganin sa rebolusyon;
malalim na pagtingin, lumilinaw na ang Liga ay
pamalit ng mga Pilipino sa dalawang banyagang 3.Magpadala ng kumisyon ng marurunong na
komunidad. Kasapi si Bonifacio at ilang naging Pilipino sa Hapon na mamahala ng pagbili ng mga
Katipunero nang itatag ang Liga, na ititnuring na armas at munisyon at hihingi ng tulong at
subersibo ng mga Kastila. Dahil sinarhan ng mga proteksyon ng gobyernong Hapon para sa mga
maykapangyarihan ang ligal at publikong rebolusyonistang Pilipino;
pamamaraan tungo sa pagbabago – ipinatapon
nila si Rizal sa Dapitan – itinatag ni Bonifacio ang 4.Isagawa ang paghihiwalay ng Pilipinas mula sa
lihim at alternatibong samahan, ang Katipunan. Espanya sa pamamagitan ng dahas, ang tanging
nalalabing paraan upang makamit ang kasarinlan
B. Pinamumunuan ng Katipunan ang ng Pilipinas sa proteksyon at tulong ng Hapon;
Himagsikan
5.Iharap ang mga resolusyong ito para sa
pagsang-ayon ni Dr. Jose Rizal sa pagpapadala
Liga Katipunan roon kay Dr. Pio Valenzuela, at hintayin ang
kasagutan;

armadong pakikibaka 6.Kapag ang mayayamang Pilipino ay di nagbigay


ng kooperasyon sa dakilang gawaing ito, bawat
kasapi ng Katipunan ay mag-aambag ng lahat ng
kanyang makakayanan.
kasarinlan
Isinagawa man ng Katipunan ang apropriyasyon ng
maraming ideya at patakaran ng Liga, malinaw na
kaiba ang istratehiya ng Katipunan, ayon sa
Naging higit na malinaw ang pinakamataas na kunteskto at kakayahang pang-intelektwal at
layunin ng Liga pagsilang ng Katipunan. pangmateryal ng panahong yaon, sa pagtatag ng
Pangunahing layunin nito sa larangan ng pulitika isang bansang Pilipino na malaya at nagsasarili.
ay patalsikin ang pamahalaang Espanyol sa
pamamagitan ng armadong pakikibaka upang Anong mga kaisipan ang naging gabay nito?
makamit ang pambansang kasarinlan. Sa panig ng
komunidad ay idiniin ang pagtutulungan. At sa pag-
uugali at ang pagbabagong-isip upang maituwid AI.Ang Batayang Kaisipan ng Katipunan A. Mga
ang maling pagsampalataya, maging malinis at Pundamental ng Paniniwala
maayos ang pamumuhay ng mga kasapi. 1.Ang Katotohanan
Ang isang bansang Malaya ay dapat masandig “Upang magkaroon ng rebolusyong external,
sa itinuturing nilang ideyal na mga kailangan munang magkaroon ng

katangian ng tao, paggawa, lipunan at bayan, rebolusyong internal – upang ang mga alipin
edukasyon at kultura, pinuno at pamahalaan at ngayon ay huwag maging pinunong malulupit sa
kalayaan. kinabukasan.” – J.P. Rizal

Walang katapusan ang katotohanan Turo ng Katipunan: “pagliliwanag ng isip ng


Bayan at ang bagong pag-uugali”
Kung ang ilaw ay nagpapaliwanag,
magpahanggang kalian man ay magpapaliwanag
Ito 6. Ang Pinuno at Pamahalaan

2. Ang Tao Pinuno at Pamahalaan

Ang katutubong katangian ng tao ay naka Pagkakapantay-pantay ng lahat ng tao


sandigan sa pagkakapantay-pantay ng lahat.

“Ang lahat ng tawo‟y magkakapantay sapagkat “Ang kagalingan at kaginhawaan ay siyang dapat
iisa ang pagkatawo ng lahat.” tunguhin ng lahat ng gawa at kautusan ng mga
pinuno…” – E. Jacinto
“ang lahat ng tawo ay magkakapatid.”
“Ang mga Pinuno ay hindi panginoon ng Bayan”

3. Ang Paggawa Ang kapangyarihan ng pinuno ay mula sa


kapangyarihan ng bawat isa
Ang paggawa ang pinagmulan ng sibilisasyon at
lipunan. Pamahalaang representantibo

Ang lahat ng pinakikinabangan, ang balang Ang buwis o ambag ng Bayan ay sa tangi at
ikinabubuhay at ikinaiiba sa hayup ay lubos na kapakinabangan ng lahat dapat gamitin

siyang kinakatawan at ibinubunga ng paggawa na 7. Ang Kalayaan


nararapat ng kapagalang hindi nasisinsay na
matuid. “Ang kalayaan ng tao ay ang katwirang
tinataglay na talaga ng pagkatao na umisip
Ang gumagawa ay nalalayu sa buhalhal na
kasalanan, maruruming gawi at kayamutan; at gumawa ng ano mang ibigin kung ito‟y di
nalalabanan sa katwiran ng iba…” -E. Jacinto
nagtatamo ng aliw, tibay, ginhawa at kasayahan.
Makatarungan ang mag-alsa at magtayo ng
bagong kaayusan ng lipunan

4. Ang Lipunan at ang Bayan C.Ang Kasunduang Historikal: Pagbuo, Pagsira


at Pagtatakwil
Ang pagsasama sama ng mga tao, na may pag-
ibig sa isa‟t isa, ang bumubuo ng lipunan. Ang pagbuo ng SANDUGO sa pagitan ng
dalawang bayan Ang pagsira sa kasunduan
Ang tanging sanhi ng pagibig ay ang katwiran, SANDUGO
katotohanan, kabutihan, kagandahan, Maykapal,
kapwa tao. Ang pagtakwil sa pamahalaan Espanyol

5. Ang Edukasyon at Kultura

“ningning” ng relihiyon at kaluwalhatian ng Ang diskurso ng Katipunan ay kailangan ng


monarkiya malupit na rehimen rasyonal upang tumibay ang batayan sa
pagtatakwil ng rehimeng Espanyol. Dito inilahad ni
“Ang bagong pamumuhay ay nangangailangan Bonifacio, sa sanaysay na “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng
ng bagong ugali.” mga Tagalog” ang kahulugan ng “Sandugo” na
isinagawa nina Haring Sikatuna at Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi noong nagdaang panahon na nag-uugnay Sariling wika
sa dalawang bayan. Ano ang nangyari sa
ugnayang iyan? “Hinahangad naming ang makamit ang
Kalayaan.na may isang pamahalaang
Sumama ang kalagayan ng mga katutubo dahil sa
ehemonya ng Espanya. Bago ang Sandugo, ani magpapakilala ng mga buhay na lakas ng isang
Bonifacio, ang mga katutubo ay “nabubuhay sa bayan…mayaman man o mahirap.”
lubos na kasaganaan at kaguinhawahan” –
kasundo ang mga kalapitbayan, malakas ang kita, (E. Jacinto)
at “mayaman ang kaasalan ng lahat – marunong
bumasa at sumulat”. Ano ang nangyari paglunsad Source: Vivencio Jose, “Ang Diskurso ng Kaisipan
dito ng mga Kastila? Sinabihan nila na “tayo‟y at Layunin ng Katipunan” in Pagbabalik sa bayan:
aakuin sa lalung kagalingan at lalong imumulat ang
ating Kaisipan” – at naniwala. Sumunod kunwa ang mga lektura sa kasaysayan ng historiograpiya at
mga Kastila sa kostumbre ng mga katutubo na ang pagkabansang Pilipino
napagkayarian ay pagtibayin ng pag-inom ng
dugong galing sa kanilang ugat, “tanda ng tunay at THE LIGHT OF LIBERTY:
lubos na pagtatapat na di magtataksil sa
pinagkayarian.” DOCUMENTS AND STUDIES ON THE
KATIPUNAN
Nang namayani ang estadong Espanyol, binuhay
natin sila sa kasaganaan kahit abutin natin ang
kasalatan at kadayukdukan. Tinulungan pa natin KxxxKxxxKxxx
sila na lumaban sa mga puwersa ng mga Intsik at
Olandes na ibig sumakop sa Pilipinas. Sa kabila ng Katungkulang gagawin ng mga
lahat na ito, ano ang iginanti ng mga Kastila?
Pawang kataksilan, pagpapahirap, at ZxxxLlxxxBxxx
pagsasamantala – lahat ng krimen ay nagawa nila
laban sa mga katutubo. Nawalang saysay ang
Sandugo.
1.Sumampalataya sa MayKapal ng taimtim sa puso.
“Tayo’y magkaisang-loob, magkaisang-isip at
akala upang makahanap ng lunas laban sa 2.Gunamgunamin sa sarili tuina, na ang matapat
naghaharing kasamaan sa ating Bayan” (Andres na pag sampalataya sa Kanya ay ang
Bonifacio)
pag ibig sa lupang tinubuan, sa pagkat ito ang
D. Ang Papel ng Katipunan sa Pagbabago tunay na pag ibig sa kapwa.

Ano ang paraan para matubos ang kalayaan ng 3.Ykintal sa puso ang pag asa na malabis na
Bayan? kapurihan at kapalaran na kung ikamamatay

Mag-aral, magbago, sumapi sa Katipunan, mag- ng tawoy mag bubuhat sa pagliligtas sa kaalipinan
organisa, palaganapin ang mapaghimasik na ng bayan.
layunin at paghandaan ang pag-aalsa
4.Sa kalamigan ng loob, katiagaan, katuiran at pag
“Ang kamatayan sa gitna ng digma, sa asa sa ano mang gagawin nagbubuhat ang
pagtatanggol ng kalayaan ng ating Bayan ay ikagaganap ng mabuting ninanais.
kapurihang maipamana sa ating Bayan, Lahi at sa
ating Angkan” 5.Paingat ingatang gaya ng puri ang mga bilin at
balak ng K... K... K....

6.Sa isang na sa sapanganib sa pag tupat ng


E.Ang Kahulugan ng Rebolusyon kanyang tungkol, idadamay ng lahat, ang buhay at
yaman upang maligtas yaon.
Ano para sa Katipunan ang halaga ng Rebolusyon?
7.Hangarin na ang kalagayan ng isatisa, maging
Sariling Pamahalaan na nagsasarili fuaran ng kanyang kapwa sa mabuting
pagpapasunod at pag tupad ng kanyang tungkol.
Sariling Bayan
8.Bahaginan ng makakaya ang alin mang MGA ARAL NG KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG
nagdaralita. BAYAN

9.Ang kasipagan sa pag hahanap-buhay ay siyang ni Emilio Jacinto


tunay na pag ibig at pag mamahal sa sarili sa
asawa, anak at kapatid o kabayan.
1.Ang buhay na hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at
banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy (puno) na walang
10.Lubos na pag sampalataya sa parusang lilim, kundi (man) damong makamandag.
ilinalaang sa balang sowail at magtaksil, gayon din
sa pala na kakamtan ukol sa mabuting gawa. 2.Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa
Sampalatayanan din naman na ang mga layong paghahambog o papipita sa sarili
tinutungo ng K... K... K... ay kaloob ng Maykapal,
sa makatwid ang hangad ng bayan ay hangad din (paghahangad na makasarili), at hindi talagang
Nya. nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.

KxxxKxxxKxxx 3.Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang-


Duties of the Sons of the People gawa, ang pag-ibig sa kapwa at ang isukat ang
bawat kilos, gawa't pangungusap sa talagang
Katuwiran.
1.Believe with a fervent heart in the Creator.
4.Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng
2.Reflect always that a sincere faith in Him involves tao'y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa'y
love of one‟s native land, because this shows true hihigitan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda; ngunit di
love for one‟s fellows. mahihigitan sa pagkatao.

3.Engrave on the heart the conviction that to die for 5.Ang may mataas na kalooban, inuuna ang
the liberation of the country from enslavement is (dangal o) puri kaysa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may
the highest honor and fortune. hamak na kalooban, inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili
sa puri.
4.In any endeavor, the realization of good
aspirations depends on calmness, perseverance, 6.Sa taong may hiya, salita'y panunumpa.
reason and hope.
7.Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon; ang
5.Guard the instructions and plans of the K... K... yamang nawala'y mangyayaring magbalik; ngunit
K... as you would guard your own honor. panahong nagdaan nay di na muli pang
magdadaan.
6.Anyone who falls into danger whilst carrying out
their duties should be supported by all, and 8.Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi; kabakahin (labanan)
rescued even at the cost of life and riches. ang umaapi.

7.Let each of us strive in the performance of our 9.Ang taong matalino'y ang may pag-iingat sa
duty to set a good example for others to bawat sasabihin; matutong ipaglihim ang dapat
ipaglihim.
follow.
10.Sa daang matinik ng buhay, lalaki ang siyang
8.Share whatever you can with whoever is needy. patnugot ng asawa at mga anak; kung ang
umaakay ay tungo sa sama, patutunguhan ng
9.Diligence in earning a livelihood is a true inaakay ay kasamaan din. (Ang simula nito ay
expression of love and affection for self, spouse, obserbasyon sa ugnayan ng babae at lalaki sa
children and brothers or compatriots. panahon ng Katipunan; para sa kasalukuyan,
iminumungkahing ipalit ang sumusunod: "Sa daang
10.Believe absolutely that scoundrels and traitors matinik ng buhay, ang mga magulang ang patnugot
will be punished and good deeds will be rewarded. ng mag-anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa
Believe, likewise, that the aims of the K... K... K... sama, and patutunguhan ng inaakay ay kasamaan
are blessed by the Creator, for the will of the din.)
people is also His will.
11.Ang babae ay huwag mong tingnang isang
bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isnag katuwang
at karamay (ng lalaki) sa mga kahirapan nitong 8.Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
buhay; gamitin mo nang buong pagpipitagan ang
kanyang (pisikal na) kahinaan, alalahanin ang 9.The wise man is careful in all he has to say and
inang pinagbuhatan at nag-iwi sa iyong is discreet about things that need to be kept secret.
kasanggulan.
10.In the thorny path of life, the man leads the way
and his wife and children follow. If the leader goes
12.Ang di mo ibig gawin sa asawa mo, anak at the way of perdition, so do the followers.
kapatid, ay huwag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak
at kapatid ng iba. 11.Never regard a woman as an object for you to
trifle with; rather you should consider her as a
13.Ang kamahalan ng tao'y wala sa pagkahari, partner and helpmate. Give proper considerations
wala sa tangos ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa to a woman's frailty and never forget that your own
pagkaparing kahalili ng Diyos, wala sa mataas na mother, who brought you forth and nurtured you
kalagayan sa balat ng lupa: wagas at tunay na from infancy, is herself such a person.
mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang
nababatid kundi sariling wika, yaong may 12.Don't do to the wife, children and brothers and
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may sisters of others what you do not want done to your
dangal at puri, yaong di nagpaaapi't di nakikiapi; wife, children and brothers and sisters.
yaong marunong magdam-dam at marunong
lumingap sa bayang tinubuan. 13.A (person's) worth is not measured by his/her
station in life, neither by the height of his nose nor
14.Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito, at maningning the fairness of skin, and certainly not by whether he
na sisikat ang araw ng mahal na kalayaan dito sa is a priest claiming to be God's deputy. Even if he
kaaba-abang Sangkapuluan at sabungan ng is a tribesman/tribeswoman from the hills and
matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang speaks only his/her own tongue, a (person) is
magkakalahi't magkakapatid, ng liwanag ng walang honorable if he/she possesses a good character, is
katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagod, at true to his/her word, has fine perceptions and is
mga tiniis na kahirapa'y labis nang matutumbasan. loyal to his/her native land.

14.When these teachings shall have been


CARTILLA (ENGLISH VERSION by Paula propagated and the glorious sun of freedom begins
Carolina Malay to shine on these poor islands to enlighten a united
race and people, then all the loves lost, all the
1. A life that is not dedicated to a noble cause is struggle and sacrifices shall not have been in vain.
like a tree without a shade or a
ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG
poisonous weed.
Andres Bonifacio
2.A deed lacks nobility if it is motivated by self-
interest and not be a sincere desire to help. Itong Katagalugan, na pinamamahalaan nang
unang panahon ng ating tunay na mga kababayan
3.True piety consists of being charitable, loving niyaong hindi pa tumutulong sa mga lupaing ito
one's fellowmen, and being judicious in behavior, ang mga Kastila, ay nabubuhay sa lubos na
speech and deed. kasaganaan, at kaginhawaaan. Kasundo niya ang
mga kapit-bayan at lalung-lalo na ang mga taga-
4.All persons are equal, regardless of the color of Hapon, sila‟y kabilihan at kapalitan ng mga kalakal,
their skin. While one could have more schooling, malabis ang pagyabong ng lahat ng
wealth or beauty than another, all that does not pinagkakakitaan, kaya‟t dahil dito‟y mayaman ang
make one more human than anybody else. kaasalan ng lahat, bata‟t matanda at sampung
mga babae ay marunong bumasa at sumulat ng
5.A person with a noble character values honor talagang pagsulat nating mga Tagalog.
above self-interest, while a person with a base
character values self-interest above honor. Dumating ang mga Kastila at dumulog na
nakipagkaibigan. Sa mabuti nilang hikayat na
6.To a person of honor, his/her word is a pledge. diumano, tayo‟y aakayin sa lalong kagalingan at
lalong imumulat ang ating kaisipan, ang nasabing
7.Don't waste time; lost wealth can be retrieved, nagsisipamahala ay nangyaring nalamuyot sa
but time lost is lost forever. tamis ng kanilang dila sa paghibo. Gayon man
sila‟y ipinailalim sa talagang kaugaliang
pinagkayarian sa pamamagitan ng isang Ang araw ng katuwiran na sumisikat sa Silanganan,
panunumpa na kumuha ng kaunting dugo sa kani- ay malinaw na itinuturo sa ating mga matang
kanilang mga ugat, at yao‟y inihalo‟t ininom nila malaong nabulagan, ang landas na dapat nating
kapwa tanda ng tunay at lubos na pagtatapat na di tunguhin, ang liwanag niya‟y tanaw sa ting mga
magtataksil sa pinagkayarian. Ito‟y siyang mata, ang kukong nag-akma ng kamatayang alay
tinatawag na "Pacto de Sangre" ng haring Sikatuna sa atin ng mga ganid na asal. Itinuturo ng
at ni Legaspi na pinakakatawanan ng hari sa katuwiran, na wala tayong iba pang maaantay
Espana. Buhat nang ito‟y mangyari ay bumubilang kundi lalo‟t lalong kaalipinan. Itinuturo ng katuwiran,
na ngayon sa tatlong daang taon mahigit na ang lalo‟t lalong kaalipustaan at lalo‟t lalong kaalipinan.
lahi ni Legaspi ay ating binubuhay sa lubos na Itinuturo ng katuwiran, na huwag nating sayangin
kasaganaan, ating pinagtatamasa at binubusog, ang panahon sa pag-asa sa ipinangakong
kahit abutin natin ang kasalatan at kadayukdukan; kaginhawahan na hindi darating at hindi
iginugugol natin ang yaman, dugo at sampu ng mangyayari. Itinuturo ng katuwiran ang tayo‟y
tunay na mga kababayan na aayaw pumayag na umasa sa ating at huwag antayin sa iba ang ating
sa kanila‟y pasakop, at gayon din naman kabuhayan. Itinuturo na katuwiran ang tayo’y
nakipagbaka tayo sa mga Insik at taga-Holandang magkaisang-loob, magkaisang isip at akala at nang
nagbalang umagaw sa kanila nitong Katagalugan. tayo‟y magkaisa na maihanap ng lunas ang
naghaharing kasamaan sa ating Bayan.
Ngayon sa lahat ng ito‟y ano ang sa mga ginawa
nating paggugugol ang nakikitang kaginhawahang Panahon na ngayong dapat na lumitaw ang
ibinigay sa ating Bayan? Ano ang nakikita nating liwanag ng katotohanan; panahon nang dapat
pagtupad sa kanilang kapangakuan na siyang nating ipakilala n tayo‟y may sariling pagdaramdam,
naging dahil ng ating paggugugol! Wala kudi may puri, may hiya at pagdadamayan. Ngayon
pawang kataksilan ang ganti sa ating mga panahon nang dapat simulan ang pagsisiwalat ng
pagpapala at mga pagtupad sa kanilang mga mahal at dakilang ani na magwawasak sa
ipinangakong tayo‟y lalong gigisingin sa kagalingan masinsing tabing na bumubulag sa ating kaisipan;
ay bagkus tayong binulag, inihawa tayo sa kanilang panahon na ngayong dapat makilala ng mga
hamak na asal, pinilt na sinira ang mahal at Tagalog ang pinagbuhatan ng kanilang mga
magandang ugali ng ating Bayan; iminulat tayo sa kahirapan. Araw na itong dapat kilalanin na sa
isang maling pagsampalataya at isinadlak sa lubak bawat isang hakbang natin y tumutuntong tayo at
ng kasamaan ang kapurihan ng ating Bayan; at nabibingit sa malalim na hukay ng kamatayan na
kung tayo‟y mangahas humingi ng kahit gabahid sa ati‟y inuumang ng mga kaaway.
na lingap, ang nagiging kasagutan ay ang tayo‟y
itapon at ilayo sa piling ng ating minamahal ng Kaya, O mga kababayan, ating idilat ang bulag na
anak, asawa at matandang magulang. Ang bawat kaisipan at kusang igugol sa kagalingan ang ating
isang himutok na pumulas sa ating dibdib ay lakas sa tunay at lubos na pag-asa na
itinuturing na isang malaking magtagumpay sa nilalayong kaginhawahan ng
bayan tinubuan.
pagkakasala at karakarakang nilalapatan ng sa
hayop na kabangisan. Ngayon wala nang
maituturing na kapanatagan sa ating pamamayan; Source: http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/ang-
ngayon lagi nang gingambala ang ating dapat-mabatid-ng-
katahimikan ng umaalingawngaw na daing at mgatagalog/12791881588022/1/0
pananambitan, buntong-hininga at hinagpis ng
makapal na ulila, bao‟t mga magulang ng mga
kababayang ipinanganyaya ng mga manlulupig na ANDRES BONIFACIO
Kastila; ngayon tayo‟y nalulunod na sa
nagbabahang luha ng Ina sa nakitil na buhay ng The efforts of a determined few to honor the
anak, sa pananangis ng sanggol na pinangulila ng memory of Andres Bonifacio at a way that befits his
kalupitan na ang bawat patak ay katulad ng isang true stature have been deterred somewhat by the
kumukulong tinga, na sumasalang sa mahapding supercilious conviction which prevails in the upper
sugat ng ating pusong nagdaramdam; ngayon classes that Rizal cannot be replaced as the hero
lalo‟t lalo tayong nabibiliran ng tanikalang of the Filipinos.
nakalalait sa bawat lalaking may iniingatang
kapurihan. This conviction has even acquired the nature of an
official one, a fact that can easily be seen in the
Ano ang nararapat nating gawin? almost complete indifference of the national
government to the City of Manila's determination to
impart a more substantial meaning to the
celebration of Bonifacio's centenary.
Bonifacio saw the situation steadily and he saw the
And yet, nothing could be more harmful than the whole, and he acted on what he saw. he acted, not
cultivation of an artificial rivalry between Rizal and by propounding more theories or indulging in more
Bonifacio. Nothing could be more revealing of the philosophical vacillations, but in laying the
ignorance of social and revolutionary action on the foundation of the Katipunan the one and only
part of the so-called Filipino educated class than purpose of which was to fight a necessary and
the insidious campaign it is waging that the man timely revolution. (12-01-1963)
from Calamba and the man from Tondo were poles
apart in their aims and purposes.
Elaborate
The simple truth, we believe, is that like the famous
bow and arrow of longfellow, Bonifacio and Rizal
were useless each without the other. They BONIFACIO AND RIZAL

complemented each other, although they identified Bonifacio Day and Rizal Day are separated by
themselves with the use of apparently divergent barely a month, and yet no two days in Philippine
means. There was, to be sure, a difference in view hisotry could be more apt, more distinct from each
asto the future of the Philippines, but this difference other in ideological content and significance.
was dictated by the difference in their character
and in their basic orientation.
The difference has not been sufficiently
All this may sound paradoxical, even contradictory. appreciated by a vast majority of the Filipinos, but
But not when it is considered that in the Philippine by celebrating the birth of the revolutionist and the
revolution, as well as in all the classic revolutions death of the reformer, they display something like
which have shaped human institutions, there was fortuitous wisdom which does them more credit
always a division of labor instinctively arrived at. than they usually deserve.

Rizal and his group in the Propaganda Movement A number of them who feel the tragedy of being
were the men who laid down the theoretical grooved have realized the terrible blunder of
foundations, the justifications and the morality of acceding to the systematic propaganda of
the Filipino grievance against Spain. It was they relegating Andres Bonifacio to the status of a
who, by the power of the written word or by the second-class hero. And some of them, with a
urgency of vocal appeal, opened the eyes of their prescience that comes along with time, are
countrymen to their own plight and who inspired beginning to understand the meaning of the fact
them to aspire for dignity. Rizal then was that when Rizal was hard at work laying the
essentially a man of thought. He was the foundation of La Liga Filipina and preaching the
encyclopedist, the pamphleteer, the philosopher, notion that the Philippines should not separate from
the poet who wrote and sang of love of country. He Spain and that the Filipino should be contented
was the theorist, immersed in thought and with reforms, Bonifacio was organizing a secret
rendered incapable of action, not only by the society aimed at the overthrow of Spanish
corrosive effects of "thinking too precisely on the domination.
events," but also by his implacably safe and
middle-class background. While the intellectual middle class awaited
confidently the reforms asked for and promised,"
But after he has achieved his assigned task --after, Teodoro M. Kalaw, one of the nation's real
in other words, the man of thought had reached the historians, wrote 28 years ago in the Philippine free
end of the tether -- the man of action had to take Fress, "Bonifacio, with the instinct and discernment
over and give reality to what had been said and of the masses, had already lost faith in Spain, and
discussed before. while many of his countrymen were satisfied to
lead a life of ease in the Oriental fashion, without
giving a thought to their position as slaves or to the
The man of action in Philippine history was Andres future of their country, he prepared the masses for
Bonifacio. here was a man who could not boast of a moral revolution by describing to them their sad
the profundity of learning and of the eloquence of plight and speaking to them of a new day which, he
the men of the propaganda Movement. But here, said, would come only through union, discipline
also, was a man who had been endowed with the and sacrifice."
gift of action.
But the tremedous truth in these phrases and
clauses have fallen on the ears of Filipinos who
have been subjected from birth to senility to the
propaganda about the greatness, courage and
wisodm of Rizal.

The Rizal cult has grown to such proportions that


an execrable word -- Rizalist-- had been coined to
describe thae fatuous boobs who are still shouting
at the international conferences that the Martyr of
Bagungbayan "spoke 19 languages," as if
proficiency in languages had any relevance to the
grim business of changing society.

But it has become the truism to say that Rizal is a


safe hero, particularly in those places in the
suburbs where time does not seem to move. And
the inhabitants of suburbia have not stopped
thanking the Americans for their choice of Rizal as
the national hero, for even today, despite a heresy
here and a heresy there, Rizal fulfills the need for
permanence.

The almost secure position of Rizal in the national


pantheon, however, is more a reflection of the
deterrirating character of the Filipinos than a tribute
to his greatness. For there was a time, not so long
after the coming of the Americans in 1898, when
the Filipino intellectuals --the professionals mostly -
-looked up to Bonifacio rather than Rizal for the
inspiration of their nationalism.

One of them and perhaps one of the most eloquent


of them was Fernando Ma. Guerrero. He came
from Ermita, not Tondo, but he knew what
Bonifacio stood for, and for what it was worth, he
sang the man's praises. Teodoro Kalaw was
another, and the whole membership of Philippine
masonry during the era when being a mason
meant something, worshipped at the shrine of
Bonifacio.

But the replacement of these people by a race of


middle men, by a race of jaycees and Rotarians
seem to have doomed the Founder of the
Katipunan to an inferior category.

The relegation, it is becoming increasingly clear,


will not last forever. Already the rising generation of
Filipinos has begun to see more than the
symbolism of Bonifacio Day and Rizal Day, and
seeing, they might learn that the choice of heroes
is their exclusive prerogative.

You might also like