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Lecture3 Directional Couplers

The document discusses optical directional couplers, which are fiber optic devices that combine or split an optical signal between two fiber ports. It describes how directional couplers work using the principles of two-mode interference and reciprocity. Applications of directional couplers mentioned include using them as wavelength multiplexers/demultiplexers, power taps, and fabrication techniques include fused biconical tapers. Key parameters discussed are coupling length, coupling coefficient, and insertion loss.

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348 views15 pages

Lecture3 Directional Couplers

The document discusses optical directional couplers, which are fiber optic devices that combine or split an optical signal between two fiber ports. It describes how directional couplers work using the principles of two-mode interference and reciprocity. Applications of directional couplers mentioned include using them as wavelength multiplexers/demultiplexers, power taps, and fabrication techniques include fused biconical tapers. Key parameters discussed are coupling length, coupling coefficient, and insertion loss.

Uploaded by

mariam hany
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Optical Fiber Communications

Directional Coupler

Yasser M. Sabry, Ph.D.


Associate Professor
Ain Shams University
Cairo, Egypt
Fall 2022-2023
Optical directional coupler

Recall the reciprocity property


14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (2)
BPM simulation of DC
Definition of the coupling length Lc

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (3)


Two-mode interference

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (4)


DC theory based on 2-mode interf.

𝜋
=
2𝜅
Coupling length Coupling coefficient Lc~ w for small w
14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (5)
DC as a circuit element (1)

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (6)


DC as a circuit element (2)

Coupler ratio can be controlled using the coupler


length (design) and coupling gap (design, technology)
14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (7)
DC wavelength dependence

Δ𝑛𝑒 ~𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

• For small wavelength range,


the coupling length is almost
proportional to the wavelength

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (8)


DC as Mux/Demux optical device

http://www.fiber-optic-equipment.com/category/fiber-optic-network/wdm-system

1 2

• DC can be used as 2x1


Mux/Demux making use
of the periodic output

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (9)


DC as power tap device

• Uses to tap a low fraction of the optical power (99/1,


90/10, …)

• Used in monitoring, providing taps for distributed


output, fiber lasers, fiber sensors…

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (10)


Datasheet parameters
https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=10137

• Losses, reflection back 2


from output to the input,
uniformity across the 1 4
operation spectral range

Optical Return Loss (ORL)


For certain o/p port

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (11)


Periodic power flow in the DC?
• For lossless guide, the length L
necessary for complete transfer of
power from one guide to the other

• In a real guide, with absorption


and scattering losses, β is
complex. Hence, the total power
contained in both guides
decreases by a factor exp(−αz).

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (12)


Fabrication of optical fiber coupler

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (13)


Optical fiber couplers

http://www.tpub.com/neets/tm/108-11.htm

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (14)


Fused Biconical Taper (FBT)

14 October 2022 Optical Communications Directional Coupler (15)

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