Chapter -1 Basic Computer Organizaton

Computer Organization : - It refers to logical structure of a computer describing how its components are connected
to one another. how they affect one another's functioning and contribute to overall performance of the computer.
Basic operation of any computer is Input->process->output (IPO) cycle. A computer runs on electricity power (on/off).

Input Unit:- An input unit takes the input and converts it into binary form so that it can be understand by the
computer. Example:- keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick, lighten, touch pad, microphone etc. Scanner is used to
scan our various documents. Scanner types are:- MICR (Magnetic ink character reader)-> used in bank, to scan DD &
cheque. OMR (Optical mark reader)-> used to scan OMR Exam sheet to check MCQ questions. OCR (optical character
reader)-> used to scan personal information and directly feed into the relevant software.

Output Unit:- The output coming from the CPU is in the form of electronic binary signals which needs conversion in
some form which can be easily understood by human beings i.e. characters, graphical or audio visual form.
Example:- Monitors, Printer, Speakers etc. Printer is used to print our documents. Two types of printer available
Impact printer & Non impact Printer. Impact printer during printing making noise example:- line printer, chain
printer, dot matrix printer but Non impact printer during printing does not generating any kind of noise. They
silently printing and printing quality is very high. example:- Laser Printer, Inkjet Printer etc.

Processing Unit (Central Processing Unit):- The CPU is the main control centre and processing unit. It is also called
brain of the computer as it guides, directs, controls and governs the performance of a computer. The CPU has sub
components are:- (i) ALU (Arithmetic Logic unit):- It performs arithmetic & logical operations. (ii) CU (control Unit):-
It acts as supervisor by controlling and guiding the operation taking place. (iii) Registers:- The CPU uses registers to
temporarily hold some important processing information during the time the processing its taking place.
CPU = ALU + CU.

Storing Unit:- Memory means to store data temporarily or permanent. The memory of computer is often called main
memory or primary memory. Memory units used bits, bytes, mega bytes etc.
Smallest to largest memory unit:- Bit -> Nibble -> Kilo byte -> Mega byte -> Giga byte -> Terra Bytes and so on.
1 bit -> 0 or 1 1KB-> 1024 Bytes
1 Nibble-> 4 bits 1MB-> 1024 Kbs
1 Byte-> 8 bits 1GB-> 1024 Mbs

Parts of Main memory (Primary memory):- (RAM & ROM)

RAM-> (Random Access Memory) also called volatile memory, that is, when the power goes off, the contents of RAM
get erased. It is used to store and access data randomly. Our Operation System & our data store in RAM for faster
accessing. Two types of RAM (i) DRAM (Dynamic RAM):-It is used to refresh memory contents as many as thousand
times a second, which is called memory refreshing. (ii) Static RAM (SRAM):- It is also volatile, faster than DRAM, used
in specialized applications & easier to use.

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ROM->(Read Only Memory): - It is read only memory. The content of this memory never need to changed. It is used,
when our computer is power on. A BIOS (Basic Input & output Services) program is required to transfer OS from
Hard disk to RAM. This process is called Booting Process. This BIOS program are stored in ROM. It is also called non-
volatile memory. The content of this memory always safe when power is off.
Various types of ROM are available: for example
PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)->Content of this memory cannot be changed.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read only memory)-> Content of this memory can be changed using ultraviolet light.
EEPROM(Electronic Erasable Programmable Read only memory)->Content of this memory can be changed using electrical signals.

Parts of Secondary Memory (Permanent Memory) also called auxiliary memory :-

This secondary memory is used to store large amount of data permanently in terms of Giga Byte & Terra Bytes. for
example Hard disks is magnetic media, CD ROM (Compact Disk-Read only memory), DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) &
Blue Ray Disk are optical media, Pen Drive is Flash memory.

System Bus:- It is an electronic pathway composed of connecting cables and that connects the major components of
a computer system. Through system bus data and instruction are passed among the computer system component.
Three types of Bus:- (i) Data bus:- It used to carry data. (ii) Control Bus:- It is used to give permission, data is transfer
or not, from one components to another components. (iii) Address Bus:- It is used to transfer the address of data.
A separate type of bus called I/O Bus connect the input, output and other external devices to the system.

Difference Between Hardware & Software:- Computer Hardware represents the physical and tangible (we can
touch) components of the computer. Input & output devices of computer are hardware. Whereas Software
represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run.
Software is a virtual or logical thing. we can only see & feel but we can not touch physically.

Software:- Software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the
hardware run. Software is a virtual or logical thing. We can only see & feel but we can not touch physically. Software
can be classified broadly into two categories :- (i) System software (ii) Application Software

System Software:- The software that controls internal computer operations is called System Software. The system
software can further be classified into two categories: (i) Operating System (ii) Language Processor

Operating System:- It enable communication between machine & user. It controls all other components of
computer. It is used to execute a program, to allocate required resources as memory, CPU etc. Different types of OS
are available Single user OS (Windows, Android), Multiuser OS (Unix & Linux), Time Sharing OS, Real Time OS
(Railway Reservation System), Multiprocessing OS (Super Computers), Distributed OS etc. Example of OS:- Microsoft
Windows, Unix, Linux, Android etc.

Language Processor:- It translates the source code into an object code or machine code. (Source code-> it is
program code written by a programmer in a high level programming language (HLL) such as in C, JAVA, C++ etc.
Object Code-> It refers to a code usually in machine language or binary code.).
Three types of language processors:- (i) Assembler (ii) Interpreter (iii) Compiler
(i) Assembler:- to convert assembly language into machine language.
(ii) Interpreter:- to translate & execute high level language program into machine language line-by line or unit-by unit.
(iii) Compiler:- to translate & execute high level language program into machine language in one go.

Application Software: - An application software is the set of program necessary to carry out operations for a
specified application. Application software can further be subdivide into four categories:- 1. Package 2. Utilities 3.
Customized Software 4. Developer tools
 Package:- Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, DBMS, DTP (Desktop Publishing Software) etc.

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  Utilities:- text editing, backup utility , Compression utility, Disk defragmenter (to rearrange files so that files opens
quickly), Antivirus Software etc.
 Customized Software:- Payroll software, Financial Accounting, Hotel Management System etc
 Developer Tools:- A software library is a predefined and available to use, suite of data and programming
code in the form of prewritten code/functions/ scripts/classes etc. for example Panda Library for Python

Firmware:- Firmware is a software program permanently installed into a hardware device such as a keyboards, hard
drive, BIOS, or video cards. It is programmed to give permanent instructions to communicate with other devices and
perform functions like basic input/output tasks.

Troubleshooting Computer Operations:

General Tips: Regarding Operating System & Programs:- for Others Problems :-
 Always Check the cables.  for slow program running, you  for computer randomly
 Isolate the problem. should close and again reopen it. rebooting or crashing, to check
 Try restarting your computer.  for completely unresponsive overheating and make sure
 Takes notes about error program, press Ctrl+Alt+Delete and good air flow in cabinet and
messages. it open task manager, select the update antivirus software and
program and click End Task. call your maintenance engineer.
 for power button problem, to check  for computer monitor problem,
power cord plugged properly. to check brightness control and
 for laptop power problem, to check make sure surge protector is
and plug AC adapter into socket turned on and to check
wall. screensaver is enabled, move
 for system disk error message, to mouse.
remove disk from drive and restart  for no sound / speaker
computer. problem, to check sound card
driver is installed and check
volume control and check
speaker are turned on and
check speaker are connected to
correct audio port.
 for difficult problem: to consult
a professional if you think a
drastic solution is needed.

Comparing Calculator and Computer:

Calculator Computer
Calculator does not support internet, programs, Computer support internet, programs, exchange data,
exchange data, storing capacity, connectivity options, storing capacity, connectivity options, graphics & colors.
graphics & colors.
It screen size 96 X 64. It screen size 1920 X 1080.
Limited Processing Power. Unlimited Processing Power.
Limited Power (through battery or solar cell) Huge (electricity)
it use RAM but use few KBs. it use RAM in GBs storage capacity.

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 Comparing Computers and Smart Devices:

Computer Smart Devices (Mobile)

It can fit on a table. Fit on palms.
It can run continuously when connected as works with It can run as long as the battery has charge, need to be
electricity. recharged frequently.
computer can store bulk of data. smart devices have limited storage.
computer can connect to internet using internal/external smart devices have inbuilt model/routers for
modem/routers easily. connectivity.
It requires keyboard & mouse. It mainly get touch based input.

Evolution of computers:

First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation
(1940-1956) (1956-1963) (1964-1971) (1971- Present) (Present & Beyond)
Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits Microprocessors Artificial Intelligence
Big, slow, expensive, Smaller, lesser heat smaller, faster and LSI & VLSI robotics, parallel
very heat produce produce, lower more reliable technology, portable, processing,
power use cost reduce, PC supercomputers
machine language assembly language high level language high level language, AI language
4GLs
Examples:- Examples:- Examples:- Examples:- Example:-
ENIAC, IBM 1400 & 7000 IBM-360 series, Pentium(80286 Robots & Robotic
EDVAC, series ICL-1900 series series), Devices
EDSAC & UNIVAC-I AMD, Apple etc.