MODULE 1

1.1 Nature of Language

Together with the creation of man is the capacity to produce language which is the
tool in communication.
Derived from Latin Lingua which means tongue and the French term langue,
language is the "entire complex of phenomena associated with human vocal and
auditory communication of emotions and ideas."
Language is called a social phenomenon, because it has relevance only in a social
setting. Language undergoes a continuous, though unnoticed, process of growth and
change. It becomes sharp, crisp, refined and versatile with the passage of time.
Picking up the historical background of any language; you will be astonished to
notice the major changes in spellings, meaning, pronunciation and its connotation
and denotation. Hence, language is a living phenomenon.
In its broadest and most general sense, "language may be said to be any means of
expression or mental concepts by any living beings whatsoever and of
communicating them to, or receiving them from, other living beings."
According to Linguists, the language will be called a language if there is a:

1. System of rules (grammar)

2. Sound System (phonology)
3. Vocabulary (lexicon)

In order to remember how language is learned, think of these terms:

 Speech Community is the kind of group that sociolinguistics attempt to study

or group of people who share similar ideas, and uses norms of language.
 Language Acquisition is the process wherein people acquire the languages
used by those in the community.
 Language Learning is the process wherein people learn second languages by
studying formally in school or informally on their own.
 Language Contact is the process wherein people try to understand each other
or to communicate as one learns from each other's languages.
 Language Change is the process wherein individuals constantly interact and
communicate with each other.

Summary

 Language is indeed a human complex and it is important to be aware of its

feature and behavior. The basic function of language structure is to help people
communicate with one another through speech, whether verbal, written or
through sign language. Although there are many different languages, they share
 the same basic attributes of sounds, word and sentence formation and meaning
and cadence of speech.

1.2 Communication Perspectives: Communication Processes

Communication is generally defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts,

and views between or among two or more people, various contexts come into play.
Context is the circumstance or environment in which communication takes place.
There are Types of Communication according to:

 Mode (2)
 Context (4)
 Purpose and Style (2)

There are several Communication Models

The art of communication is the language of leadership. -James Humes
Communication Models
According to Mortensen, communication model is a systematic representation of an
object or event in idealized and abstract form.
Why is it important to know the process of communication?
To help you understand how the process works and knowing the flow of
communication will make the communication effective.

Four Communication Models

1. Aristotle’s Communication Model

2. Laswell’s Model
3. Shannon – Weaver’s Model
4. David Berlo’s Model
Aristotle’s Communication Model
In this model, the speaker is the center of the communication process. The speaker
delivers the message to the audience. He uses a well-prepared message to influence
the audience. It is expected that the audience will be influenced by this message.
Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication process:
speaker, speech, and audience.
Laswell's Model (1948)
Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being focused on the following
W's Who says What in Which channel to Whom and with What effect. The whole
process of communication begins with the communicator/sender (who) sending out
a message(what) using a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to whom)
experiencing an effect (with what effect) afterward.

Shannon – Weaver’s Model (1949)

Claude Elwood Shannon's communication model introduces the concept of noise in

communication. This model states that information is encoded and goes through a
channel or transmitter. The information then is decoded by the receiver and goes to
the destination. In the middle, the noise interferes with the process.

David Berlo's Model (1960)

This model is most probably the most well - known among the communication
models. Initially, this model was called SMCR which stands for the sender of the
message sent through a channel or medium to a receiver. The major variables
involved in the communication process are (1) source (2) message (3) channel and
(4) receiver
Types of Communication According to Mode
1. Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
VERBAL : is the use of sounds and words to express yourself, especially in
contrast to using gestures or mannerisms.
NON - VERBAL : is the transmission of messages or signals through a non-verbal
platform such as eye contact, facial expression, gestures, posture, and the distance
between two individuals.

2. Visual Communication

is the conveyance of ideas and information in forms that can be seen

Types of Communication according to Context

1. Intrapersonal Communication
2. Interpersonal communication
3. Extended Communication
4. Organizational Communication

Intrapersonal Communication

 Latin prefix " intra" means within or inside. It is the act of having an internal
dialogue with yourself. The message consists of our thoughts; the channel is our
brain that processes what we are thinking of. The feedback is present in the
sense that we can talk to ourselves.

Interpersonal Communication

 Latin prefix "inter" means between among and together. Happens mostly
between two people. This type of communication occurs for the following
reasons: to solve a problem, to share information, and to fulfill social needs.

Extended Communication

 Involves the use of social media

Organizational Communication

1. Formal structure –allows communication to take place via designated channels of

message consist of 4 approaches:
- Downward, Upward, Horizontal, Crosswise
2. Informal structure

Intercultural Communication

 A communication between or among people having different linguistic,

religious, ethnic, social and professional backgrounds.

Types of Communication According to Purpose and Style:

1. Formal Communication - employs formal language delivered orally or in

written form. Moreover, it also refers to the interchange of information officially
and the flow of communication is controlled and is a deliberate effort. This
makes it possible for the information to reach the desired place without any
hindrance, at a little cost, and in a proper way. Such as meetings, legal and
commercial notices, reports, and documents.

2. Informal Communication does not employ formal language. Moreover, it is

also casual communication between co-workers in the workplace. It is
unofficial in nature and is based in the informal, social relationships that are
formed in a workplace outside of the normal hierarchy of business structure.
Such as casual discussions, sharing of feelings, gossips, and others.
Summary
Communication models are systematic representations of the process, which helps
in understanding how communication works can be done. Models show the process
metaphorically and in symbols. They form general perspectives on communication
by breaking communication from complex to simple and keep the components in
order.

1.3 Communication Principles

General Principles of Effective Communication

In oral and written communication, the following principles should be considered:

1. Know your purpose in communication

2. Know your audience
3. Know your topic
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation
5. Work on the feedback given to you

The Principles of Effective Oral Communication are the following:

1. Be clear with your purpose

2. Be complete with the message you deliver
3. Be concise
4. Be natural with your delivery
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback

The Principles of Effective Written Communication: The 7C’s

1. Be clear - message to be delivered must be clear in the mind of the sender

2. Be concise- the message should not include any unnecessary details. It should be
short and complete.
3. Be concrete - one should be specific, definite and vivid rather than vague and
general.
4. Be correct - correct language should be used and the sender must ensure that
there are no grammatical and spelling errors.
5. Be coherent - it refers to the written or spoken communication express clearly,
logically and intelligibly.
6. Be complete - one should include all the relevant information as required by the
intended audience.
7. Be courteous - it implies that the sender must take into consideration both the
feelings and viewpoints of the receiver such that the message is positive and
focus at the audience.

Summary
Principles refer to the proven guidelines that are followed in performing jobs so as
to attain predetermined objectives. Success of organizations largely depends
on effective communication. For the purpose of effective communication, some
principles or guidelines should be followed.
1.4 Communication and Globalization: Globalization Phenomenon

How does globalization work?

In simple terms, globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily
across borders. Principally, it's an economic concept – the integration of markets,
trade, and investments with few barriers to slow the flow of products and services
between nations. There is also a cultural element, as ideas and traditions are traded
and assimilated.
Globalization has brought many benefits to many people but not to everyone.
Storm in a coffee cup
To help explain the economic side of globalization, let's take a look at the well-
known coffee chain Starbucks.
The first Starbucks outlet opened its doors in 1971 in the city of Seattle. Today it has
15,000 stores in 50 countries. These days you can find a Starbucks anywhere,
whether Australia, Cambodia, Chile or Dubai. It's what you might call a truly
globalized company.
And for many suppliers and jobseekers, not to mention coffee-drinkers, this was a
good thing. The company was purchasing 247 million kilograms of unroasted coffee
from 29 countries. Through its stores and purchases, it provided jobs and income
for hundreds of thousands of people all over the world.
But then disaster struck. In 2012, Starbucks made headlines after a Reuters
investigation showed that the chain hadn't paid much tax to the UK government,
despite having almost a thousand coffee shops in the country and earning millions
of pounds in profit there.
As a multinational company, Starbucks was able to use complex accounting rules
that enabled it to have profit earned in one country taxed in another. Because the
latter country had a lower tax rate, Starbucks benefited. Ultimately, the British
public missed out, as the government was raising less tax to spend on improving
their well-being.
How did globalization happen?
We might think of globalization as a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s been
around for centuries.
One example is the Silk Road when trade spread rapidly between China and Europe
via an overland route. Merchants carried goods for a trade back and forth, trading
silk as well as gems and spices and, of course, coffee. (In fact, the habit of drinking
coffee in a social setting originates from a Turkish custom, an example of how
globalization can spread culture across borders.)
What drives it?
Globalization has speeded up enormously over the last half-century, thanks to great
leaps in technology.
The Internet has revolutionized connectivity and communication and helped people
share their ideas much more widely, just as the invention of the printing press did in
the 15th century. The advent of email made communication faster than ever.
The invention of enormous container ships helped too. In fact, improvements in
transport generally – faster ships, trains, and airplanes – have allowed us to move
around the globe much more easily.
What's good about it?
Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty.
For example, when a company like Starbucks buys coffee from farmers in Rwanda, it
is providing a livelihood and a benefit to the community as a whole. A multinational
company's presence overseas contributes to those local economies because the
company will invest in local resources, products and services. Socially responsible
corporations may even invest in medical and educational facilities.
Globalization has not only allowed nations to trade with each other, but also to
cooperate with each other as never before. Take the Paris Agreement on Climate
Change for instance, where 195 countries all agreed to work towards reducing their
carbon emissions for the greater global good.
This chart, however, shows that global attitudes towards globalizing forces aren't all
that good. It shows that, in fact, in all but a couple of countries polled, people believe
life was better in the old days.
What's bad about it?
While some areas have flourished, others have floundered as jobs and commerce
move elsewhere. Steel companies in the UK, for example, once thrived, providing
work for hundreds of thousands of people. But when China began producing
cheaper steel, steel plants in the UK closed down and thousands of jobs were lost.
Every step forward in technology brings with it new dangers. Computers have vastly
improved our lives, but cyber criminals steal millions of pounds a year. Global
wealth has skyrocketed, but so has global warming.
While many have been lifted out of poverty, not everybody has benefited. Many
argue that globalization operates mostly in the interests of the richest countries,
with most of the world's collective profits flowing back to them and into the pockets
of those who already own the most.
Although globalization is helping to create more wealth in developing countries, it is
not helping to close the gap between the world's poorest and richest nations.
Leading charity Oxfam says that when corporations such as Starbucks can legally
avoid paying tax, the global inequality crisis worsens.
Basically, done wisely (in the words of the International Monetary
Fund), globalization could lead to "unparalleled peace and prosperity". Done poorly,
"to disaster".
The Impact of Globalization of Communication
As more people cross borders because of Globalization, more language contact
happens, making communication more challenging. Your teacher will ask you to
view a video or listen to an audio recording tilted: the Effects of Globalization on
Global Communication by Nikolay Danev.
Module 2

2.1 Intercultural Communication

Science explains that each person is genetically unique. Except for identical twins,
each person has a unique genetic composition. This uniqueness becomes even more
heightened because of individual experiences. Humans are formed by forces other
than genetics. Family background, Religious Affiliations, Educational Achievements,
Socio-cultural forces, economic conditions, emotional states, and other factors shape
human identities. Because of this, no two people can ever be exactly the same.

People interacting with those coming from unfamiliar cultures may have difficulties
in communication. Most people tend to conclude that miscommunication results
from speakers' lack of proficiency in a language. What is realized is that fact that
even with excellent language skills, people may still experience miscommunication.

Communicating Across Cultures

It requires use of appropriate terms, expressions, and images according to cultural

context.

Characteristics of Cultural Contextual Communication

 Communicating across cultures is challenging.

 Each culture has set rules that its members take for granted.
 Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases because cultural imprinting
begun at a very early age. And while some of a culture's knowledge, rules,
beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the
information is absorbed subconsciously.

 The challenge for multinational communication has never been greater.

 Worldwide business organizations have discovered that intercultural
communication is a subject of importance—not just because of increased
globalization, but also because their domestic workforce is growing more
and more diverse, ethnically and culturally.
 We are all individuals, and no two people belonging to the same culture are
guaranteed to respond in exactly the same way. However, generalizations are
valid to the extent that they provide clues on what you will most likely
encounter when dealing with members of a particular culture.
 Culture has several classifications. It can be High-Context, Low Context,
Sequential, Synchronic, Affective, and Neutral.
High-Context vs. Low-Context

All international communication is influenced by cultural differences. Even the

choice of communication medium can have cultural overtones. The determining
factor may not be the degree of industrialization, but rather whether the country
falls into a high-context or low-context culture.

High-context cultures (Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American,

African, Arab, Asian, American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified, to be
understood through context, nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation
of what is actually said. By contrast, low-context cultures (most Germanic and
English-speaking countries) expect messages to be explicit and specific.

Sequential vs. Synchronic

Some cultures think of time sequentially, as a linear commodity to "spend," "save,"

or "waste." Other cultures view time synchronically, as a constant flow to be
experienced in the moment, and as a force that cannot be contained or controlled.

In sequential cultures (like North American, English, German, Swedish, and Dutch),
business people give full attention to one agenda item after another.

In synchronic cultures (including South America, southern Europe and Asia) the flow
of time is viewed as a sort of circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated.
This viewpoint influences how organizations in those cultures approach deadlines,
strategic thinking, investments, developing talent from within, and the concept of
"long-term" planning.

Orientation to the past, present, and future is another aspect of time in which
cultures differ. Americans believe that the individual can influence the future by
personal effort, but since there are too many variables in the distant future, we favor
a short-term view. Synchronistic cultures’ context is to understand the present and
prepare for the future. Any important relationship is a durable bond that goes back
and forward in time, and it is often viewed as grossly disloyal not to favor friends
and relatives in business dealings.

Affective vs. Neutral

In international business practices, reason and emotion both play a role. Which of
these dominates depends upon whether we are affective (readily showing emotions)
or emotionally neutral in our approach. Members of neutral cultures do not
telegraph their feelings, but keep them carefully controlled and subdued. In cultures
with high affect, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing,
scowling, and sometimes crying, shouting, or walking out of the room.
This doesn't mean that people in neutral cultures are cold or unfeeling, but in the
course of normal business activities, neutral cultures are more careful to monitor
the amount of emotion they display. Emotional reactions were found to be least
acceptable in Japan, Indonesia, the U.K., Norway, and the Netherlands and most
accepted in Italy, France, the U.S., and Singapore.

Reason and emotion are part of all human communication. When expressing
ourselves, we look to others for confirmation of our ideas and feelings. If our
approach is highly emotional, we are seeking a direct emotional response: "I feel the
same way." If our approach is highly neutral, we want an indirect response: "I agree
with your thoughts on this."

It's easy for people from neutral cultures to sympathize with the Dutch manager and
his frustration over trying to reason with "that excitable Italian." After all, an idea
either works or it doesn't work, and the way to test the validity of an idea is through
trial and observation. That just makes sense—doesn't it? Well, not necessarily to the
Italian who felt the issue was deeply personal and who viewed any "rational
argument" as totally irrelevant!

When it comes to communication, what's proper and correct in one culture may be
ineffective or even offensive in another. In reality, no culture is right or wrong,
better or worse—just different. In today's global business community, there is no
single best approach to communicating with one another. The key to cross-cultural
success is to develop an understanding of, and a deep respect for, the differences.

2.2 Varieties of English Languages

Varieties of English

 World Englishes (WE) stands for the localized varieties of English as they are
used or spoken in certain areas.
 In the Asian Context, the concept was introduced by Braj Kachru. The famous
"Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes" attributed to Kachru presents
the three circles:

1. Inner Circle with ENL (English as a Native Language) member countries

2. Outer Circle with ESL (English as a Second Language) member countries
3. Expanding Circle with EFL (English as a Foreign Language) member
countries
The Three Concentric Circles of English

The inner circle

The English of the ‘inner circle’ is essentially that of native speakers, used by
members of the dominant culture: the English, that is, of countries such as the
United Kingdom, the USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. At the end of the
twentieth century there were about 400 million native speakers of English in the
world, or just over 5.5% of the world’s population.

The outer circle

The second or ‘outer’ circle consists of areas where English is widely learned and
used as a second language. This typically includes countries, such as India and
Nigeria, that were once under British rule, and in which English often acts as a
communicative bridge between communities that speak
different indigenous languages. Beyond this there is the so-called ‘expanding circle’,
encompassing all those who learn and use English, with varying degrees of
expertise, as a foreign language.

The expanding circle

This expanding circle has been the great growth area of English since the middle of
the twentieth century. It has become the world’s lingua franca for business and
technology, an essential tool for trading negotiations, academic interchange, and
electronic communication between those who do not have a native language in
common. So crucial has this role become that several attempts have been made to
develop an artificially simplified form of English that would be easier and quicker
for foreign learners to master. The most high-profile of these is probably ‘Globish’,
created in 2004 by Jean-Paul Nerriere, which uses a subset of English grammar and
has a vocabulary of 1,500 English words (not too different, in concept and form,
from the ‘Basic English’ devised in the 1920s by the linguist C.K. Ogden with the aim
of facilitating international communication). It is hard to give a precise figure for the
number of people who occupy the third and last circle of English, but it has been
estimated that at the beginning of the twenty-first century, English speakers and
users of all three categories account for between 20 and 25 per cent of the world’s
population.

It should not be imagined, though, that all across the globe other languages are in
retreat in the face of a rising tide of English. In some parts of the English-speaking
world the reverse is the case. In the USA, for example, 11.4 per cent of citizens now
have Spanish as their first language, and the proportion is growing. Melbourne,
Australia, now has the third-largest Greek-speaking population of any city in the
world, after Athens and Thessaloniki.

According to Bautista and Gonzalez (2006), the structural characteristic of these new
varieties differ.
In terms of social features, differences can also be highlighted through these following
varieties of English within the same Speech Community:

1. Acrolect –comes to the closest to the standard.

2. Basilect –digresses thoroughly from it and comes closest to the pidgin.
3. Mesolect –middle variety is midway between Acrolect and Basilect.
4. Edulects –these varieties resulting from certain types of education ascertained by
social class but are conveyed or transferred by the kind on instruction of the
school.

According to Kachru and Nelson (2006) claim that these varieties of English are
influenced by the local language/s in various areas of their grammars and exhibit specific
phonological, lexical, syntactic and discoursal characteristics.

Moreover, in terms of rhythm and stress, Outer and Expanding Circle varieties observe
syllable-timed rhythm than stress-timed rhythm.

Voiceless plosives such as p,t,k and often perceived by the Inner countries same as
with the b,d,g.

Expanding Countries like Japan do not properly distinguish between R and L.

2.3 Language Registers or Registers of English

David Crystal (2008), defines register as " a variety of language defined according to
its use in social situations e.g. a register of scientific, religious, formal English. (p.
409)."

Crystal (1964) discusses Style refers to the degree of formality attached to

particular interpersonal social situation which is reflected by differences in
Language. E.g. The way on how you talk to a friend is different on how you talk to
your superior.

Crystal (1964) discusses Register refers to a kind of language whose forms are of a
deniable social situation, legal language, liturgical language and so on.

The language register determines the vocabulary, structure, and some grammar in
your writing.

Genre of recipe

Field may be analyzed in terms of social setting and the communicative purpose in
which text is produced.
Tenor May be described in terms of the role/s required of the writers and readers
including the cultural values shared by both.

Mode could be explained in light of the knowledge of other texts required of

speakers/listeners and writers/readers as regards the genre including formal text
features.

According to Lee (2001), Genre is associated more with the organization of

culture, register is associated with the organization of situation.

 Register is associated with the organization of the situation. To this end, the
register is understood as the context-specific variety of language to which the
field -mode - tenor framework is important.
 Language register refers to the formality of language in which one speaks.
Different registers are used in different situations. It is through a register that
you are able to determine the kind of lexicon or vocabulary to use as well as
the kind of structure to be used. Even in writing, you may use a formal or
informal register. In some instances, even a neutral language register is
identified.
 Formal register then is used in formal speaking and writing situations. The
formal register is likewise appropriate, for use in professional writing like
project proposals, position papers, and business letters as in the case of
writing to a superior or to a head of a certain organization. It is more
impersonal, objective, and factual.
 Informal register, which is more casual in tone, is appropriate for people
with whom you have established a more personal relationship as in the case
of friends and relatives. This type of writing may sometimes be emotional as
an intimate relationship exists between the speaker and listener or writer
and reader.
 Legalese or Legal language is highly characterized by archaic expressions,
technical jargon intrinsic only to the community of legal professionals,
structures, nominalizations and passive voice.
  Textese or the language of text opposite use of abbreviations, acronyms,
slang words and expressions.
 However misinterpretation/miscommunication in text messaging may arise
if vocabulary and knowledge of context are limited

The three most common language registers in writing are:

1. The formal register is more appropriate for professional writing and letters
to a boss or a stranger.
2. The informal register (also called casual or intimate) is conversational and
appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well.
3. The neutral register is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is most
appropriate for technical writings.

We use different language registers for different types of writing, just as we speak
differently to different people. You would not speak to the President of the
Philippines the same way you would talk to your brothers.

To your brother: What's up? It's awesome that you came to visit!
To the President: Good morning, Mr. President. We appreciate your visit.

In articles such as these, we tend to mix the formal and informal registers to present
the information in an easy to understand and personal tone.

Let's look closely at the three most common language registers used in the English
language.

Formal Language Register

Formal writing is probably the most difficult type of writing. It is impersonal,

meaning it is not written for a specific person and is written without emotion. Some
kinds of writing are always written in formal English. Formal writing includes:

 Business Letters
 Letters of complaint
 Essays
 Reports
 Official speeches
 Announcements
 Professional emails

There are many rules for writing in formal writing. We will discuss some of the most
common rules here. When in doubt, check the rules in an APA style guide.
Rules of the formal language register:

1. Do not use contractions

Contractions are not usually used in formal writing, even though they are very
common in spoken English. In formal writing, you should spell out contractions.

Contractions CAN be used if you are quoting someone’s exact words in your writing.
Example: “Two-thirds of my eighth grade students can’t read at grade level,” the
professor stated.

Keep in mind that an apostrophe does not always make a contraction. Apostrophes
are also added to nouns to show ownership. These are used in all language registers,
including formal.

2. Spell out numbers less than one hundred

3. Write in third person point of view

Avoid using:

 I
 You
 We
 Us

4. Avoid using too much passive voice. In formal writing it is better to use
an active voice.
Passive sentences:

 The bone was eaten by the dog.

The research was completed by the students in 2009.

Active sentences:

 The dog ate the bone.

The students completed the research in 2009.
In 2009, the students completed the research.

For example, in a rule above I wrote, “Apostrophes are also added to nouns to show
ownership.” I wrote this sentence in a passive voice.
To make it active, I could write: “Additionally, add an apostrophe to a noun to show
ownership.” OR “Use apostrophes with nouns to show ownership.”
5. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration (hyperboles) and clichés

Slang is common in informal writing and spoken English. Slang is particular to a

certain region or area.

Examples of slang:

 awesome/cool
 okay/ok
 check it out
 in a nutshell

A cliché is a phrase that is overused (said too often).

Common clichés:

 too much of a good thing

 moment of truth
 Time is money.
 Don’t push your luck.
 Beauty is only skin deep.

6. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms

If you use an acronym or abbreviation, write it out the first time

When using acronyms, write the entire name out the first time it appears, followed
by the acronym. From then on, you can use the acronym by itself.

For abbreviations, write the complete word the first time, then use the abbreviation.

Examples:

 influenza => flu

 tablespoon => tbsp.

7. Do not start sentences with words like and, so, but, also

8. Always write in complete sentences.

9. Write longer, more complex sentences.

Informal Language Register

Informal writing is written in the way we talk to our friends and family. We
use informal writing when we are writing to someone we know very
well. Some kinds of writing can be written in an informal style.

Informal writing includes:

 Personal e-mails
 Phone texts
 Short notes
 Friendly letters
 Most blogs
 Diaries and journals

There are no major rules to informal writing.

With informal writing, you can include things such as:

 Slang and clichés

 Figurative language
 Symbols and abbreviations
 Acronyms
 Incomplete sentences
 Short sentences
 First person, second person, and third person
 Paragraphs or no paragraphs
 Jokes
 Personal opinions
 Extra punctuation (Hi DjLoonyo!!!!!!!)
 Passive and active voice

Neutral Language Register

We use the neutral language register with non-emotional topics and information.
Neutral writing is not necessarily formal or informal. It is not usually positive or
negative. A neutral register is used to deliver facts.
Some writings are written in a neutral register. This means they are not specifically
formal or informal.
Writing in the natural language register includes:

 Reviews
 Articles
 Some letters
 Some essays
 Technical writing
2.4 Explanation Essay

What is an Explanation Essay

An explanation essay describes your opinion on something, the ideas of another

person, a process to follow, or an event that has taken place. Rather than criticizing
the information or debating its validity, you simply explain it and make it easier for
your reader to understand.

Why – means providing explanations for phenomena

One example of a written piece of work that addresses WHY questions is written by
Danton Remoto (2017) entitled " A Mansion of Many Languages". It explains a
particular topic to its readers. It is mended to inform or educate the readers, the
Essay should present convincing and adequate support for the explanations.

" A Mansion of Many Languages" by Danton Remoto (2017)

In 1977, my mentor, the National Artist for Literature and Theater Rolando S. Tinio,
said:

“It is too simple-minded to suppose that enthusiasm for Filipino as lingua -franca
and national language of the country necessarily involves the elimination of English
usage or training for it in schools. Proficiency in English provides us with all the
advantages that champions of English say it does – access to the vast fund of culture
expressed in it, mobility in various spheres of the international scene, especially
those dominated by the English-speaking Americans, participation in quality of
modern life of which some features may be assimilated by us with great advantage.
Linguistic nationalism does not imply cultural chauvinism. Nobody wants to go back
to the mountains. The essential Filipino is not the center of an onion one gets at by
peeling off layer after layer of vegetable skin. One’s experience with onions is quite
telling: peel off everything and you end up with a pinch of air.”

Written 31 years ago, these words still echo especially now, when some misguided
congressmen are pushing for English as the sole medium of instruction in schools.
Afraid that we might lose our competitive edge in English, they themselves are proof
positive that we might have lost it. Their bills, and their illogical defense of these
bills, show that the problem is not lack of language skills, but of brain cells.

Decades of teaching English to students (together with four years of teaching

Filipino) have shown me that the best students in English are also the best students
in Filipino. And how did they master the two languages?

One, they had very good teachers in both languages. Two, they inhabited the worlds
of both languages. Three, they have gone beyond the false either-or mentality that
hobbled their parents.
No Guilt

Let me explain.

My best students in English and Filipino were tutored by crème de la crème, many of
them teaching in private schools. At the Ateneo de Manila University, we have
classes in Remedial English, since renamed Basic English or English 1. These are six
units of non-credit subjects. The enrollees are mostly intelligent students from
public schools and the provinces. Lack of books and untrained teachers prevent
them from having a level playing field with the other freshmen. A year of catching up
is necessary for them to have the skills to have a mano-a-mano with the other
students.

Moreover, I introduce them to the worlds of the language they are studying – be it in
the formal realm of the textbook or the popular ones of film, graphic novel, or anime.
I encourage them to keep a journal as well, which is not a diary where you write
what time you woke up and why. A journal, or its postmodern cousin, the weblog or
blog, aims to capture impressions or moods on the wing. If at the same time it
sharpens the students’ knowledge of English, then that is already hallelujah for the
English teacher.

And the third is that today’s generation of students is no longer burdened by the
guilt of learning English – and mastering it. I still remember those writing
workshops I took in the 1980s, when I was asked why I wrote bourgeois stories in
the colonizer’s language. The panelists said I should write about workers and
peasants – and that I should write in Filipino. Without batting a false eyelash, I
answered that I don’t know anything about workers and peasants, and to write
about something I don’t know would be to misrepresent them. To the charge that I
write only in English, I showed them my poems in Filipino, because the modern
Filipino writer is not only a writer in either English or Filipino, but a writer in both
languages, like colorful balls that he juggles with the dexterity of a seasoned circus
performer.

Not Either Or Choice

So it’s not a choice between English or Filipino, but rather, English and Filipino, plus
the language of one’s grandmother, be it Bicolano, Waray, or Tausug. And in college,
another language of one’s choice, be it Bahasa Indonesia, German, or French – the
better to view the world from many windows since to learn a new language is to see
the world from another angle of vision. In short, one no longer has to live between
two languages but to live in a mansion of many languages.

To end in a full circle, we must return to Rolando S. Tinio, who said: “Only the
mastery of a first language enables one to master a second and a third. For one can
think and feel only in one’s first language, then encode those thoughts and feelings
into a second and a third.”
In short, as a friend and fellow professor has put it, “The Philippines is a multi-
lingual paradise.” The earlier we know we live in a paradise of many languages, the
better we can savor its fruits ripened by the sun.

2.5 Blog/Vlog

Blog and Vlog are two powerful communication tools that always challenge each
other. A blog is a website where the content is presented in the form of text or
images. Whereas vlog contains video content instead of textual content.

What is Blog

 The term "blog" was first used in the 1990s. It is a short version of "Web
Blog" or an individualized piece of written work found on the web.
 Blogs, like diary entries, are individual accounts of a writer's experiences and
emotions. Thus, the viewpoint is usually personal and subjective. Blogs are
uploaded to online platforms that make it easier for bloggers to include
visual features, as well as links to other sites on the net.
 Unlike diary entries, Blogs are public in nature, this means that bloggers,
even if they write about personal issues, must present these issues in a way
that would interest the general public.
 For example: A passionate traveler who has a traveling blog can share his
stories and experiences through words and photographs he captured
throughout his journey.

What is Vlog?

 The term “vlog” originally comes from a blog. It is short for video blogs where
information is shared in the form of video. It explains everything through
video.
 For some people, reading seems boring. So, they use vlogs to perceive the
information just by watching and listening.
 The most popular platform for vlogging is Youtube.
 People create youtube channels where they upload motivational videos,
educational videos, memes, funny videos, or anything which is interesting for
your targeted audience. etc.

What are blogs and vlogs for?

Businesses and individuals always look for new ways of communication to engage
audiences effectively.
Vlogging and Blogging are two key methods followed by the brands or individuals
that help them to generate maximum traffic on the websites and especially for
individuals it is a primary and secondary source of money.

Various vloggers and bloggers make huge amounts of income from various
monetization methods like Google AdSense, sponsored Ads, referral ads, etc.

Be it fashion gurus on YouTube, traveling experts or home chefs, everyone is using

these two powerful strategies to promote their brands or themselves in a digital
space.

Many prominent vloggers are making huge money from their channels by attracting
millions of viewers and subscribers to it. You just need to follow some ways to build
your subscribers list.

Choosing the right method of communication is important for you or your business.
So, before sharing your thoughts and knowledge with the viewers, you need to learn
the difference between both.

Module 1 Summary
Language is a human capacity that consists of (a) a system of rules (also known as
grammar), (b) a sound system (phonology), and (c) a vocabulary (lexicon). While
growing up in a community, people acquire the language used by those in the
community. This is the process of language acquisition. The languages acquired while
growing up are known as mother tongues, which may also be referred to as first
languages. Other than the first languages, there are other languages that are referred
to as second languages. People learn their second languages in school or on their own.
This is the process of language learning. In our interaction with other people, our
languages come into contact with their languages, resulting in language change.
Language change is a natural behavior of all languages.
There are various types of communication. These types can be divided according to
mode, context, and purpose, and style. In terms of communication mode, the types of
communication are verbal, non-verbal, and visual. In terms of context, communication
types are interpersonal, intrapersonal, extended, organizational, and intercultural. In
terms of purpose and style, the types of communication are formal and informal.
Verbal and non-verbal codes should complement each other. With visual
communication, the interpretation of signs and symbols is crucial since people have
different ways of interpreting them. In any organization, a system of communication
should be put in place. Transmission of the message and message flow also plays an
important role in effective organizational communication.
 People have different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional
backgrounds. It is then necessary to pay attention to intercultural communication
breakdown. Formal communication and informal communication have different uses
depending on the situation. Both types may be in the oral or written mode. The
communication models explain how the communication process works. Some of the
well-known conceptual models are Aristotle, Shannon-Weaver, Laswell, and Berlo's
models.
For oral communication to be effective there is a need to be clear with the purpose,
complete and concise with the message, natural with the delivery, and specific and
timely with the feedback. For written communication to be effective, the 7 Cs, namely
clarity, conciseness, correctness, coherence, completeness, and courtesy should be
observed.
The various modes of communication are face-to-face, video, audio, and text-based.
The video is used to connect two or more people who cannot interact face-to-face. It is
the second most convenient communication mode next to face-to-face interaction.
Whereas the audio mode of communication is limited to hearing only the speaker's
voice, most types of the text-based communication are limited only to what is printed.
However, the latter has a wider reach and is able to disseminate information to a larger
group of audience.

Module 2 Summary
We live in a globalized world where we frequently interact with people from
different cultural backgrounds. Hence, intercultural communication is inevitable.
Communicating with people from different backgrounds is necessary for business, in
the classroom, and in the community. Globalization has made the world become
smaller as people from all over the world come together due to some common interest.
Intercultural communication is important in every career that is why the art of
communication with people with different cultures is one of the important skills in life.
Intercultural communication enables us not only to communicate effectively but also to
share information with people from other cultures.
English is the most widely-spoken language in the world, having the distinct status
of being the official language of multiple countries. While the English language is
uniform with major variations in spelling present between American English and British
English, the dialect or accent is usually the factor that enables one to distinguish the
various types of English out there. Like most languages, there are varieties of English
too, however, the difference is not as prominent as you may see in other languages.
English is spoken today on all five continents as a result of colonial expansion in the
last four centuries or so. The colonial era is now definitely over but its consequences are
only too clearly to be seen in the presence of English as an official and often native
language in many of the former colonies along with more or less strongly diverging
varieties which arose in particular socio-political conditions, so-called pidgins which in
some cases later developed into creoles. Another legacy of colonialism is where English
fulfills the function of a lingua franca.
Explanatory essays are also referred to as expository essays. They are the same
thing and serve the same purpose. As such, explanatory essays are types of
communication that require one to investigate an idea, evaluate the evidence, explain
the idea, and come up with an argument that revolves around the idea in a manner that
is clear, concise, and coherent.

Explanatory essays provide analysis and information to the reader. It sets the points
for view for the topics for explanatory essays, but they might not have an overt central
idea. An explanatory essay does not major on in-depth research on the topic of your
assignment. It is different from a persuasive research paper in terms of and argument it
uses.
One of the causes of miscommunication or misinterpretation is differing
pronunciation. Speakers have different ways of pronouncing the words because of
differences in phonology. It is important to be exposed to the ways other speakers of
English use the language to reduce the degree of difficulty that may be experienced.
Aside from pronunciation, non-verbal communication plays an important role in
effective communication. Bodily gestures should be properly interpreted as their
meanings vary from culture to culture.
It is always challenging to deal with people from different cultures. The challenge lies
in the way of understanding not only the verbal code but also the non-verbal code.
Misunderstandings between people of different cultures can be caused by the
following: ambiguity, performance-related misunderstanding, language-related
misunderstanding, gaps in work knowledge, and local context.
A blog is the online equivalent of a journal or diary entry. And because of its public
nature, a blog has more visual material and makes use of topics that are of general
interest to the public.
3.1 Communication Modes
What is Communication Mode?

 It refers to the channel through which one expresses his/her communicative

intent
 It conveys person's thoughts, views, or feelings that can be communicated
through face to face interaction, audio, video, and text-based.
 Views or feelings can be communicated through face to face interaction,
video, audio and text based.

What are the different communication modes?

1. Face to face interaction

2. Video
3. Audio
4. Text-Based Communication

1. Face to face interaction

“All social change begins with a conversation.” ~ Margaret J. Wheatle

How do you initiate a conversation?

It is the mutual influence of an individual's direct physical presence with his/her

body language.

2. Video

It refers to the transmission of information via live video streaming or through

video sharing. With this form of communication information senders and recipients
are able to interact using both audio and video.

3. Audio

It pertains to any form of transmission that is based on hearing as it emulates the

natural voice.

4. Text-based communication
It means using handheld wireless telecommunications device to manually
communicate with any person or business
3.2 Communication Strategies

What Are Communication Strategies?

Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver. It

used to be that you only had to worry about the way you communicated face-to-face
or on paper. Technology has changed this completely. It is important for people to
take into account every aspect of how they are relaying information. This is where
communication strategies come into play.

Communication strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be
exchanged.it may include paraphrasing, substitution, coining new words, switching
to the first language and asking for clarification.

What are the types of Communication Strategies?

Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all the

strategies together will allow you to see the most success. This allows a business to
meet employee needs and increase workplace knowledge.

1. Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories
of written and oral communication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-
mail, text, and chat. Examples that fall into the oral category are phone calls, video
chats, and face-to-face conversations.
2. Non-verbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as
body language, facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the
tone of your voice. These cues are typically not intended. However, it is important to
realize the message you are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying one thing, yet
the receiver is hearing another. There are many different forms of nonverbal
communication. The main categories of nonverbal cues include:

a. Kinesics (or body movements): These include deliberate hand gestures and
head movements like a thumbs-up or affirmative head shake. This is one of the most
easily controllable of the nonverbal forms of communication.
b. Proxemics (or closeness/personal space): This is the measure of physical
distance between people when they communicate. The standard amount of personal
space expected by someone varies depending on setting and is somewhat culture-
specific.

c. Posture: The way that you sit or stand and how open your body is to others
around you communicates a lot about your attitude and emotional state.

d. Oculesics: This is one of the primary ways that human beings gauge interest or
disinterest. Wavering eyes tend to communicate unease or even dishonesty.

e. Haptics: Many interactions begin with an exchange of physical touch like a hug or
a handshake.

f. Paralanguage: This category covers vocal qualities like loudness or tone of voice.
Paralinguistic signals are any aspect of the sound of a voice outside a direct verbal
translation of words being spoken.

g. Facial expressions: Facial expressions are one of the main indicators of

someone’s attitude. An emotional expression like a frown or smile can be hard to
consciously control.

h. Physiology: This category includes changes in body physiology like an increase in

sweat or blinking rapidly. These are nearly impossible to deliberately control.

3. Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, webpages, and

illustrations. These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and
provide documentation. Human resources are required to post certain visuals
throughout the workplace to comply with safety laws.

3.3 Communication Media

Communication Media

There are two types of communication media; physical and mechanical media

1. Physical media

 These are channels where the person who is talking can be seen and heard
by the audience.
 The whole point here is to be able to not only hear the messages but also to
see the body language and feel the climate in the room. This does not need to
be two-way channels.
  In certain situations, the receiver expects physical communication. This is the
case, especially when dealing with high concern messages, e.g. organizational
change or downsizing.
 If a message is perceived as important to the receiver they expect to hear it
live from their manager.
 There are several types of physical media

a. Large meetings (town hall meetings)

- This channel works very well when you need to get across strategic and important
messages to a large group of people at the same time, creating a wide attention, get
engagement or communicate a sense of belonging.

b. Department meetings (weekly meetings)

-Weekly meetings are also used to follow up on information from large meetings,
management team meetings etc from a “what’s-in-it-for-us-perspective”. This type
of smaller group meetings gives good opportunities for dialogue.

c. Up close and personal (exclusive meetings)

-This is a form of meetings where, often, a senior manager meets with a “random”
selection of employees to discuss and answer questions. Some managers use this as
a on going activities on a monthly basis. It can also be used in specific projects or
campaigns e.g. launching new strategies.

d. Viral communication (word of mouth or grapevine)

-Or viral marketing as it is also called works external as well as internal and refer to
marketing techniques that use pre-existing social networks to produce increases in
awareness or knowledge through self-replicating viral processes. It can be word-of-
mouth delivered or enhanced by the network effects of social media.

2. Mechanical Media

 These are written or electronic channels.

 These channels can be used as archives for messages or for giving the big
picture and a deeper knowledge.
 These can be very fast.
 It is always interpret by the reader based on his or her mental condition.
 Irony or humor rarely travels well.
 There are several types of mechanical media
 1. E-mail

-It is suitable mainly for up-to-date and “simple” messages and where there is no
risk of misunderstanding, E-mail is an important supplement to weekly meetings
and the Intranet. Invitation to and agenda for meetings can with advantage be sent
out with e-mail before the meeting, while background facts and minutes from
meetings is well suited to be stored on the Intranet.

2. Weekly letters or newsletters

-Managers that have large groups of employees and who has difficulties in meeting
all of them often choose to publish a personally weekly letter. It is sort of a short
summary of news with personally reflections. They can also contain summaries and
status in tasks, projects or issues –yesterday, today and tomorrow.

3. Personal letters

-At special occasions it can be justified to send a personal letter to employees in

order to get attention to a specific issue. E.g. pat on the back letter after extra
ordinary achievements. One other example is a letter that summarizes the past year
and wishes all the best for the holidays.

4. Billboard

-But the good thing with the billboard is that you can use billboards to inform people
who does not have computers and/or access to the Intranet or to reach people that
work part time and does not attend weekly meetings.
•News summary, Weekly letters, Minutes from meetings, Schedules, Holiday lists

5. Intranet

-The Intranet is of course one of the most used types of communication medium and
a very important communication channel and work tool for you as a manager, but it
is also your job to help your employees prioritize and pick out the information on
the Intranet, as well as translating messages into local consequences.

6. Employee magazine or papers

-A Magazine offers the opportunity to deepen a specific issue, explain context,

describing consequences or tell a story. It also has the opportunity to reach many
employees. As were the case with the Intranet you also have to “translate” the
information in the magazine to your employees.
 7. Sms

-Or text messaging to the mobile phone is one of the new types of communication
medium and not a very widely used channel but where it is used it is proven very
effective. The advantage with Sms is that it is fast. But it should be used rarely as an
exclusive channel.

8. Social media

-Wikipedia describe social media as “Media designed to be disseminated through

social interaction, created using highly accessible and scalable publishing
techniques. Social media supports the human need for social interaction, using
Internet-and web-based technologies to transform broadcast media monologues
(one to many) into social media dialogues (many to many).

Push or Pull
It is divided in the different types of communication medium in Push or Pull channels.
Push channels are channels where the sender are pushing the message to the receiver.
Meaning it is up to the sender to control the communication.
•E-mail

•News letters and letters (if sent out)

•Magazines (if sent out)

•Meetings

•Telephone

• SMS

Pull channels on the other hand is when the receiver is pulling the message from the
sender. It is up to the receiver when he or she wants to take in the message.
•Intranet

•Billboards

•New letters and letters (if not sent out)

•Magazines (if not sent out)

•Social media

Push channels are often regarded as having higher reliability than pull channels
because of the fact that it is more active in the communication.
The ambition Stairway
Choosing the right types of communication medium is first and most about
understanding your ambition with the communication. What effect is you looking
for after you have communicated? Increased knowledge, better understanding more
motivation or involvement, or do you want it to lead to some sort of action or
changed behavior?

The Ambition Stairway is a useful tool for you to use when deciding what channels
to use for your level of ambition. Witch gives you control of the different types of
communication medium. Also, it is important to realize that just publishing
something on the Intranet will not get employees motivated and involved.

3.4 Communication Technology

What is communication technology?

Communication technology influences business and society by making the exchange

of ideas and information more efficient. Communication technologies usually
include several subsystems.

 Print media
 Broadcast media
 Mechanical media
 Interactive media
 Electronic media
 New Age media
1. Print media is one of the oldest and basic forms of communication. It
includes newspapers, weeklies, magazines, monthlies, banners & graphics,
posters, and other forms of printed material. The contribution of print
media in providing information and the transfer of knowledge is remarkable.
2. Broadcast Media refers to primarily television and radio,
although broadcasting companies have expanded to offer digital offerings
including media streaming applications and other robust web-based
offerings.
3. Mechanical Media means written or electronic channels. These channels
can be used as archives for messages or for giving the big picture and a
deeper knowledge. They can also be very fast. Typically though, because it is
written, it is always interpret by the reader based on his or her mental
condition. It can be in the form of e-mail, eeekly letters or newsletters,
personal letters, billboard, intranet, employee magazine or papers, sms,
or social media.
4. Interactive Media / Digital Media refers to products and services
on digital computer-based systems that respond to the user's actions by
presenting content such as text, moving image, animation, video, audio, and
video games. Video games, DVDs, cell phones, and the Internet are an
integral part of the modern-day world. All of these technologies employ
interactive media. Advertising and marketing agencies are looking for new
ways to use interactive media to connect with customers. Educational
institutions are expanding their reach by providing online degrees. In this
article, you can explore interactive media education and career options.
Schools offering Animation degrees can also be found in these
popular choices.
5. Electronic Media refers to any type of device that stores and allows
distribution or use of electronic information. This includes television, radio,
Internet, fax, CDROMs, DVDs, and any other electronic medium except print
media.
6. New Age Media is used to describe content made available using different
forms of electronic communication made possible through the use of
computer technology. Generally, the phrase new media describes content
available on-demand through the Internet. This content can be viewed on
any device and provides way for people to interact with the content in real-
time with the inclusion of user comments and making it easy for people to
share the content online and in social with friends and co-workers. New Age
media includes websites and blogs, streaming audio and video, chat rooms,
email, online communities, social media and sharing platforms, mobile apps,
web advertising, DVD and CD-ROM media, virtual reality environments,
integration of digital data with the telephone, such as Internet telephony, and
digital cameras
4.1 Business Communication
Business Communication
Business communication is the process of sharing information between people within
and outside a company. Effective business communication is how employees and
management interact to reach organizational goals. Its purpose is to improve
organizational practices and reduce errors. A business letter is a formal tool in business
communication
There are four types of communication flow in business organizations. The types are
1. Downward Communication 2. Upward Communication 3. Managing
Communications 4. Crosswise Communication.
1. Downward Communication
Most decisions in an organization flow through the organization’s structure level by
level. Communication flow from people at higher levels to those at lower levels in the
organizational hierarchy is referred to as downward communication. Generally, the
communication flow in organizations with authoritarian leadership is predominantly
downward.
2. Upward Communication
Upward communication originates from subordinates and continues up the
organizational hierarchy to superiors. In other words, it is an upward flow of
information from employees at the operational level to the top executive along the
chain of command. Upward communication can also take place through suggestion
systems, appeal and grievance procedures, complaint systems, counseling sessions, the
joint setting of objectives, the grapevine, group meetings, the practice of an open-door
policy, morale questionnaires, and exit interviews.
3. Managing Communications
The responsibility for creating a free flow of upward communication rests to a great
extent with superiors. In order to facilitate effective upward communication, the upper
level of management must create an environment in which subordinates feel free to
communicate.
4. Crosswise Communication
Crosswise communication consists of two types of information flows, horizontal flow,
and diagonal flow. Horizontal flow refers to the flow of information among people at
the same or similar organizational levels, whereas diagonal flow refers to the flow of
information among persons at different levels, who have no direct reporting
relationships. It can take place orally during informal meetings of the company’s fund-
raising team or over lunch. It can also take place during formal conferences, board
meetings, and meetings of task teams and/ or project organizations. The company
newspaper, magazine, and bulletin board notices are the usual mediums for the written
form of crosswise communication.
The purpose of the communication can be summed up into the following:
1. The flow of Information:
The relevant information must flow continuously from top to bottom and vice versa.
The staff at all levels must be kept informed about the organizational objectives and
other developments taking place in the organization. Care should be taken that no one
should be misinformed. The information should reach the incumbent in the language
he or she can understand better. The use of difficult words should be avoided. The right
information should reach the right person, at right time through the right person.
2. Coordination:
It is through communication the efforts of all the staff working in the organization can
be coordinated for the accomplishment of the organizational goals. The coordination of
all personnel and their efforts is the essence of management which can be attained
through effective communication.
3. Learning Management Skills:
The communication facilitates the flow of information, ideas, beliefs, perception,
advice, opinion, orders, and instructions, etc. both ways which enable the managers
and other supervisory staff to learn managerial skills through the experience of others.
The experience of the sender of the message gets reflected in it which the person at the
receiving end can learn by analyzing and understanding it.
4. Preparing People to Accept Change:
Proper and effective communication is an important tool in the hands of management
of any organization to bring about an overall change in the organizational policies,
procedures, and work style and make the staff accept and respond positively.
5. Developing Good Human Relations:
Managers and workers and other staff exchange their ideas, thoughts, and perceptions
with each other through communication. This helps them to understand each other
better. They realize the difficulties faced by their colleagues at the workplace. This
leads to the promotion of good human relations in the organization.
6. Ideas of Subordinates Encouraged:
The communication facilitates inviting and encouraging the ideas from subordinates on
certain occasions on any task. This will develop creative thinking. Honoring
subordinates’ ideas will further motivate them for hard work and a sense of belonging
to the organization will be developed. It will provide them with the encouragement to
share information with their superiors without hesitation. The managers must know the
ideas, thoughts, comments, reactions, and attitudes of their subordinates and
subordinates should know the same from the lowest level staff of their respective
departments.
The following points can illustrate the importance of communication in human
resource management:
1. Base for Action:
Communication acts as a base for any action. Starting of any activity begins with
communication which brings information necessary to begin with.
2. Planning Becomes Easy:
Communication facilitates planning. Planning is made easy by communication. Any
type of information regarding the human resource requirement of each department of
the organization with their qualifications, the type and kinds of job, etc. can be
collected through communication which helps in human resource planning. Policies and
programs for their acquisition can be prepared and implemented. In the entire process,
communication plays a vital role, it also facilitates managerial planning of the
organization.
3. Means of Coordination:
Communication is an important tool for coordinating the efforts of various people at
work in the organization.
4. Aids in Decision-Making:
The information collected through communication aids in decision-making.
Communication facilitates access to the vital information required to make decisions.
5. Provides Effective Leadership:
A communication skill brings a manager near to his subordinates and exchange ideas
and submits appropriate proposals, knows their opinions, seeks advice, and make
decisions. This enables a manager to win the confidence of his subordinates through
constantly communicating with them and removing probable misunderstandings. In
this way, he leads his people to accomplish the organizational goal.
6. Boosts Morale and Motivation:
An effective communication system instills confidence among subordinates and
workers ensuring change in their attitude and behavior. The main cause of conflict and
dissatisfaction is a misunderstanding that can be removed through communication
skills. The removal of misunderstanding makes the manager and his subordinates
understand each other and create good industrial relations. This boosts up the morale
of the people and motivates them to work harder.
Principles of Communication:
Lack of effective communication renders an organization handicapped. So to have
effective communication certain principles are to be followed.
They are as follows:
1. Clarity:
The principle of clarity means the communicator should use such a language which is
easy to understand. The message must be understood by the receiver. The words used
should be simple and unambiguous. The language should not create any confusion or
misunderstanding. Language is the medium of communication; hence it should be clear
and understandable.
2. Adequacy and Consistency:
The communicator must carefully take into account that the information to be
communicated should be complete and adequate in all respect. The inadequate and
incomplete message creates confusion and delays the action to be taken. Adequate
information must be consistent with the organizational objectives, plans, policies, and
procedures. The message which is inconsistent may play havoc and distort corporate
interests.
3. Integration:
The principle of integration portrays that through communication the efforts of human
resources of the organization should be integrated towards the achievement of
corporate objectives. The very aim of communication is to achieve the set target. The
communication should aim at coordinating the activities of the people at work to attain
corporate goals.
4. Economy:
The unnecessary use of the communication system will add to cost. The system of
communication must be used efficiently, timely i.e. at the appropriate time and when it
is necessary. The economy in the use of the communication system can be achieved in
this way.
5. Feedback:
The purpose of communication will be defeated if the feedback is not taken from the
receiver. The confirmation of the receipt of the message in its right perspective from its
receiver fulfills the object of communication. The feedback is essential only in the case
of written communication and messages sent through messengers. In the case of an
oral type of communication, the feedback is immediately known.
6. Need for Communication Network:
The route through which the communication passes from the sender or communicator
to its receiver or communicate refers to the communication network. For effective
communication this network is essential. The managerial effectiveness will also depend
upon the availability of an adequate network.
7. Attention:
The message communicated must draw the attention of the receiver staff and ensure
action from him in the right perspective. The efficient, sincere, and prompt manager
succeeds in drawing the attention of his subordinates to what he is conveying.
1. Business Letter
A business letter is a formal document often sent from one company to another or from
a company to its clients, employees, and stakeholders, for example. Business letters are
used for professional correspondence between individuals, as well.
A communication letter between a sender and a receiver wherein it is used for
transaction and can’t be easily relayed orally.
a. Heading
b. Inside Address
c. Salutation
d. Body (2 paragraphs)
e. Complimentary close
f. Signature
Parts of a Business Letter
Each section of your letter should adhere to the appropriate format, starting with your
contact information and that of your recipient’s; salutation; the body of the letter;
closing; and finally, your signature.
Your Contact Information

 Your Name
 Your Job Title
 Your Company
 Your Address
 City, State Zip Code
 Your Phone Number
 Your Email Address

The Date

 The date you're penning the correspondence

Inside Address

 Their Name
 Their Title
 Their Company
 The Company’s Address

The Salutation

 Use "To Whom It May Concern," if you’re unsure specifically whom you’re
addressing.
 Use the formal salutation “Dear Mr./Ms./Dr. [Last Name],” if you do not know the
recipient.
 Use “Dear [First Name],” only if you have an informal relationship with the
recipient.
 Madam not ma’am

The Body

 Use single-spaced lines with an added space between each paragraph, after the
salutation, and above the closing.
 Left justify your letter (against the left margin).

Complimentary Closing
Keep your closing paragraph into two sentences. Simply reiterate your reason for
writing and thank the reader for considering your request. Some good options for
your closing include:

 Respectfully yours
 Yours sincerely
 Cordially
 Respectfully

If your letter is less formal, consider using:

 All the best

 Best
 Thank you
 Regards
Signature Line
Write your signature just beneath your closing and leave four single spaces between
your closing and your typed full name, title, phone number, email address, and any
other contact information you want to include.
Types of Business Letters

1. Order Letter

An order letter, also known as a purchase order or PO, begins the paper trail of a
specific purchase. The objective is to provide the vendor with detailed instructions for
fulfilling an order. It also serves as a legal record of the transaction and, consequently,
should be written with care.

2. Inquiry Letter

Inquiry letters are written for the purpose of asking for something from the
recipient. Inquiries can be sent as a formal business letter (outside of your company) or
as an e-mail. Before sending your inquiry, you should be certain that the information is
not available through other means, such as the company website.

3. Claim Letter

A claim letter is a persuasive letter sent by a customer to a business or agency to

identify a problem with a product or service and can also be referred to as a letter of
complaint

4. Adjustment Letter

An adjustment letter is a response to a written complaint. The objective is to inform the

reader that their complaint has been received. It is also a legal document recording
what decisions were made and what actions have or will be taken.

5. Reply Letter

A reply letter provides the answers or information requested in a letter of inquiry. The
objective is to satisfy the reader with an action that fulfills their request. If you have
neither the information requested nor the authority to reply, forward the inquiry on to the
correct person.
2. Memorandum came from a Latin term means “it must be remembered”. It is usually
used is disseminating message by those occupying mid-level positions and up in an
organization A reminder to one’s constituents who need to act about something.
Effective memo should be written in a Powerful manner.

3. Minutes of Meeting Offices hold meetings from time to time. In this event one should
discuss important matters and issues.

4. Business Proposal it is to attract clients or secure support from possible investors or

organizations. Your goal is to approve by the prospective client. 3 major parts:

a. Problem Statement

b. Proposed solution

c. Costing or pricing

5. Job Interview All a job interview does is give employers the chance to meet you and
see if they like you enough to give you a job.

Summary
Effective communication is vital for efficient management and to improve industrial
relations. In the modern world, the growth of telecommunication, information
technology, and the growing competition and complexity in production have increased
the importance of communication in organizations large and small irrespective of their
type and kind. A corporate executive must be in a position to communicate effectively
with his superiors, colleagues in other departments, and subordinates. This will make him
perform well and enable him to give his hundred percent to the organization.
A business letter is a letter that is used by organizations to communicate in a professional
way with customers, other companies, clients, shareholders, investors, etc. The
business letter uses formal language and a specific format. Companies use it to convey
important information and messages.

4.2 Application Letter and Resume

Job Application Tips
When preparing a job application letter, follow these tips to make sure your letter
includes the information a hiring manager needs.
1. Emphasize your skills and abilities. An application letter is your opportunity to sell
yourself as an excellent candidate for the open position. Include specific examples
of situations in which you applied your experience, abilities and skills to benefit the
organization. It is also helpful to include data that supports your claims.
2. Stay concise. Although it may be tempting to include a lot of detailed information
about yourself, it is important to be concise. If a hiring manager receives a letter
that is multiple pages, they may not take the time to read it. A brief letter is more
manageable and appealing.
3. Proofread the letter. Since this letter is serving as your first impression, you want
to make sure It is as positive as possible. Make sure your letter does not have any
grammatical or spelling errors to avoid a potentially negative first impression.
4. Review the job listing keywords. Most job postings will include certain skills and
abilities that the hiring manager and supervisor want applicants to possess.
Including these keywords in your application letter helps to show the person
reviewing it you would be a good fit in that specific role.
5. Send a letter for every position to which you apply. Unless a job posting
specifically states not to send an application letter, it is smart to send one for each
job to which you apply. This letter offers the opportunity for a potential employer to
learn more about you and gives you the chance to set yourself apart from other
applicants.

Job Application Letter Template

Consider the following template when planning your job application letter:
Your name
Your address
Your email address
Your phone number
Date
Name of hiring manager or supervisor
Title of hiring manager or supervisor
Company name
Company address
Salutation [Dear Mr./Ms.],
Outline where you saw the job posting and express your interest in working in this role.
Discuss some of your qualifications that would make you a good fit for the job.
Describe your past experience in a way that emphasizes your personality and skills,
while also showcasing how you align with the goals of the company.
Express your appreciation to the hiring manager for reviewing your letter. Include any
follow-up information, if applicable.
Closing [Sincerely, Best]
Your signature
Your name (printed)
How to build your resume
You can follow these steps to build your resume:

1. Add your contact information

2. Include a summary and objective
3. Add your work experience
4. Include your education
5. List relevant skills
6. Explain your achievements and awards
7. Use a business format
8. Include keywords
9. Review samples
10. Select a template

1. Add your contact information

The first item on your resume should be your first and last name, a phone number and
an email address. Consider also including additional contact information so that
potential employers have multiple ways to reach you.

2. Include a summary and objective

These statements should succinctly illustrate the qualities that make you an attractive
candidate while also describing the engaging, yet professional, personality that you can
bring to the workplace.

3. Add your work experience

It should also effectively describe your work experience to enhance your candidacy.
Some of the information you will provide in this section is self-explanatory, such as job
title, company location and dates employed.
If you are seeking your first job, for example, you may not have any previous
professional experience to include, but you can include relevant internships or
volunteer work. If you are a mid-level applicant, you may have a mixture of experience
both related and unrelated to the open position.

4. Include your education

Most jobs require at least some education, and employers seek this information on your
resume. List your highest level of education completed first, then list subsequent
degrees and diplomas. You may also choose to include any active licenses or
certifications you hold in this section. When entering a degree or diploma that you are
currently completing, add the date you began pursuing it and leave the end date blank.

5. List relevant skills

When including your skills, choose both hard and soft skills that relate to the
role. Soft skills may be abilities such as communication or leadership, while hard skills
could be computer programs or technical knowledge you know in the industry. To
further enhance your image, you can add your aptitude to your description of a skill. For
example, if you add data analysis as a skill, you may be able to rate your level from
“proficient” to “intermediate.”

6. Explain your achievements and awards

Employers may be more impressed if you can prove that your abilities have been tested
and that you have found success despite challenges. You can emphasize your victories
by including a brief section in your resume that outlines your relevant achievements
and awards. Maybe you received “Employee of the Month” three times in your previous
job, or maybe you received an award for generating the most sales on your team in one
quarter..

7. Use a business format

Most employers will expect that your resume is one page. Remember that when
potential employers review your resume, they frequently scan through it as quickly as
possible, which means you should make important information stand out. Many
candidates accomplish this by using bold text for job positions and section headers.

8. Include keywords

Using keywords from the job posting can help you relate directly to the hiring manager,
making it more likely that they will go on to review the rest of your application
materials.

9. Review samples

First, look at samples to learn the general qualities that the majority of resumes share,
such as format and standard sections. Then, find samples of resumes in your specific
field. These examples may feature optional sections that other resumes omit, or they
may use certain language or include similar skills that you would like to include in your
own document.
10. Select a template

While you can certainly draft your own resume using a word processor, you can also
simplify the resume-building process by using a resume template. These templates
allow you to fill in blanks with relevant information, offering a complete, professionally-
formatted document. For example, Indeed provides a series of templates that you can
personalize to your industry and the expectations of your potential employer.

4.3 Job Interview

Prepare for the Interview
The best way to get ready for an interview is to take the time to review the most
common interview questions you will most likely be asked, along with examples of the
best answers. Knowing what you're going to say can eliminate a lot of interview stress.
You don't need to memorize an answer, but do take the time to consider how you'll
respond. The more you prepare, the more confident you'll feel during a job interview.
When you're not sure what to expect during an interview, also take time to review this
refresher on how job interviews work, and these tips on how to prepare to ace your job
interview.

Types of Interview
A. Types of Interview

1. One on One interview - The most common type… You are interviewed by just one
person (usually the boss!) and it’s a simple question and answer session.

2. Group Interview

3. Phone Interview

4. Panel Interview - A bit scarier… This is where you’re interviewed by more than
one person at a time – expect two or more interviewers to be in the room with you.

5. Competency interview – The most advanced interview type. You’ll be tested on

different situations e.g. ‘tell me about a time when you showed good teamwork’.

B. What Should I wear

C. Practice interview questions

D. Body language

E. Don’t forget to ask your own questions

F. Application letter and resume

A letter of application, also known as a cover letter, is a document sent with your
resume to provide additional information about your skills and experience. The
letter of application is intended to provide detailed information on why you are a
qualified candidate for the job.

A resume is a one- or two page formal document that job hopefuls submit to hiring
managers and employment recruiters as a means of itemizing their work
experience, educational background, and special skills. Successful resumes entice
potential employers to invite applicants to interview for the position.

Job Interview Questions and Suggested Answers

Here's a list of common job interview questions, with suggestions on how to answer.
Remember to center answer about you, your work history and experience, the job, your
goals, the new job, salary, and what you have to offer the employer.
These infographics will help you prepare in answering the questions.

1. Tell me something about yourself

2. What is your weakness?

3. How do you cope up with stress?

4. What motivates/inspires you?

5. What is your passion?

6. Why should I consider you for the position?

Module 3 Summary
1. With the rapid rise and spread of Internet connection, the old forms of
communication have given way to new ones(can still be verbal, nonverbal, and
visual) that make communication easier and faster.
2. Technology tools(physical push and pull, mechanical push and pull) in
communication such as social networking sites, for example, are used to connect to
distant family and relatives or old friends, to meet new ones, or to share the most trivial
to the most important information or ideas.
3. Each tool has its own strengths and weaknesses. Whatever tool is used(print,
broadcast interactive media, electronic media or new age media), it is important to
always be responsible for conveying ideas or delivering messages.

Module 4 Summary
1. There are many communication materials that cut across professions: business
letters, memoranda, and minutes of a meeting, among others. Other genres are
Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn which are found in social media channels.
2. While traditional genres now have their counterparts in social media, their structures
are essentially the same.
3. One of the important genres that cut across disciplines is the business proposal which
has three major parts: the problem statement, the proposed solution, and the costing
or pricing.
4. The job interview is a vital component of the job application process.
5. A job interview is conducted to determine whether or not the applicants possess the
qualities expected from employees.
5.1 Effective Communication and Oral Presentation in
Workplace
Workplace Communication
Workplace communication is the process of exchanging information, both verbal
and non-verbal, within an organization. There are many means of communication.
To be an effective and valuable member of your workplace it is important that you
become skilled in all the different methods of communication that are appropriate.
Effective workplace communication ensures that organizational objectives are
achieved. Workplace communication is tremendously important to organizations
because it increases productivity and efficiency. Ineffective workplace
communication leads to communication gaps between employees, which causes
confusion, wastes time, and reduces productivity.
Misunderstandings that cause friction between people can be avoided
by communicating effectively. For communication to occur it must pass from a
sender to a receiver. This must occur irrespective of the form of communication. For
communication to be effective it must be understood by the
receiver and can be responded to. This means that communication involves
speaking, reading, listening, and reasoning skills. As communications pass from the
source to the receiver there is plenty of opportunities for its original meaning to
change.
Therefore listening, reasoning and feedback is an important part of the process as it
is an opportunity for the sender to make sure the receiver has understood the
message. The other consideration is the “noise” associated with the
communication –what else is happening, what are the distractions, the baggage, etc.
Noise can have a big impact on the message the receiver decodes.
How to Communicate in the Workplace
Communication in the workplace should occur in a way that responds positively
to individual differences. Consider the following:

 Value all individuals and treat them with respect, courtesy, and sensitivity.
 Recognize cultural differences.
 Communicate in a way to develop and maintain positive relationships, trust,
and confidence.
 Make an effort to use basic strategies to overcome communication barriers.

The way that you communicate impacts your ability to get along with people and get
the things that you want/need to be done. Communication, whether verbal, written,
or visual can be expressed in positive and negative ways. Individuals need to take
feedback from how others interpret or perceive how they are communicating.
Sometimes we can be perceived as aggressive even though it is not intended.
When verbally communicating:

 Speak clearly and listen carefully to ensure information is understood.

 Ask questions and confirm the meaning of information to
avoid misunderstandings.
 Let others talk –a conversation is a two-way event at a minimum.
 Engage in difficult conversations when necessary –not saying something to
avoid a difficult conversation usually makes things worse.
 Ensure the tone you use is open and non-confrontational and encourage
feedback

When communicating through email (or other written communication):

 Always read, then re-read an email before sending it to check spelling, grammar,
and tone.
 Ensure that the content of the email is relevant and has an appropriate
subject heading.
 Ensure that contact details are appended to the email so that those reading it can
contact the sender if required.
 Be polite, concise, use valid points, and avoid lengthy ramblings.
 Don’t cc the email to anyone to whom it is not relevant.
 Avoid using email to discuss confidential information.

The workplace is always a professional environment. This means that each type
of written communication has an expected professional standard. Some of the
basic expectations are that all written communication:

 Is simple and easy to understand.

 Is to the point and avoids unnecessary repetition or sentence “sprawl”
(long rambling sentences).
 Avoids too many technical terms.
 Avoids slang, offensive language and discriminatory, racist or sexist language.

How to Communicate with Clients & Customers

A client or customer is someone you provide a service to, complete a task for, or sell
a product to the outside of your organization. It is important that you are polite and
use verbal and non-verbal communication to respond to the client or customer
requests in an appropriate manner. Miscommunication can occur in many ways and
create significant problems in the workplace. What your client or customer“hears”
as they listen to you can become a miscommunication based on:

 The words you are speaking being misinterpreted.

 Your body language sending a message that is different from your words.
 They are not listening to you properly or you are not listening to them properly.
Here are some tips to help you communicate effectively with clients
and customers:

 Speak clearly and accurately -speak at a rate your customer can understand
you and providecorrect information.
 Be open and non-judgmental-have an open posture; do not judge the way your
customer is dressed represents himself or herself.
 Be respectful of your customers’ feelings -be professional and be aware of
the words you use.
 Use the customer’s name -this makes them feel special and valued.
 Unlearn your own bad habits -be aware of your own behavior, always be self-
assessing.
 Be aware of non-verbal messages -make sure you are displaying positive
and appropriate body language at all times.
 Be interested in people -take a genuine interest in the customer’s needs.
This will build rapport and trust.
 Ask questions and be open to feedback –ask your customers open-
ended questions (not yes/no questions) to find out what they are looking for.

Preparing for Oral Presentation

Some students and professionals do not like the idea of speaking in public,
whether in front of small or large groups. Just the thought that they will be facing
people already makes them jittery. However, this is a normal part of life. When you
become professionals, there will always be a time that you will face an audience. It
may come as an unplanned activity in which you will be forced to speak impromptu
or it may be a previously planned event that has given you sufficient time to
prepare. Whatever the case may be, you need to exude some degree of confidence as
the presentation of oral reports or speeches can be very threatening.
Oral presentations are commonplace in the business world. Individuals who work
in small companies may be especially busy giving presentations as sharing
information is vital in a small company. There are fewer employees for each
department in a small company, which necessitates the frequent sharing of
information. Whatever the case, oral presentations at the workplace must achieve a
specific goal, include visual aids and be delivered to the right audience
The following are tips for you:

1. Recognize its Significance

An oral presentation in the workplace is an employee's chance to show off the work
she has been doing, and prove her value to the company. Whether an employee is
presenting to a department or company-wide, it is important to gear the
presentation toward the audience. For example, engineers that are presenting to
marketing and financial managers will need to share information that is relevant to
product features and the cost of production, respectively. In addition, the engineer
may need to explain more technical terms in his presentation.

2. Decide on Features

The employee or manager should first decide how to present the information. A
manager may be able to use slides or transparencies for a less formal presentation.
However, presentation software that includes Powerpoint and Keynote will usually
make a greater impact. Limit the number of slides, including those on a laptop, to
eight or 10. The average presentation should last about 10 minutes, allowing five
minutes for questions and answers. Slides should be easy to read and have plenty of
white space. Adding color and pictures to slides can also enhance an oral
presentation.

3. Plan for Identification

A presentation should have an opening, body and closing. The manager should open
with a comment or question that gets the audience's attention, according to the
article "Making Business Presentations Work" at businessknowhow.com. The
opening should comprise about 10 percent to 20 percent of the presentation,
including showing the first slide. Managers should get to the point in the body of
their presentation, allocating about 65 percent to 75 percent of their time to it.
Finally, the manager should rehash the key points, then close with a statement that
encapsulates the main goal of the presentation. Including questions, the closing
should be 10 percent to 20 percent of the overall presentation.

4. Preview your Function

Everyone gets nervous when giving presentations. The manager or employee should
relax and take a deep breath before commencing their presentation. It is also
important to maintain good posture, speak clearly and not to fast, focus on the
message, and maintain eye contact with the audience. Use a pointer to stress certain
points on the screen if you are using an overhead projector. However, it is important
to turn back toward the audience when talking.

5. Check Considerations

Individuals should rehearse before their presentation. Practicing will better help a
person memorize what they will say. While practicing, the manager should use a
stopwatch to get their exact timing down. The stopwatch will also help the manager
gauge the right tempo for his presentation. In addition, it always helps to anticipate
the types of questions people will ask. The manager should be an expert on the
material.
Summary
Remember do to these before, during, and after any formal presentation.
Before the presentation
1. Familiarize yourself with the mechanics of the presentation.
2. Prepare ahead of time.
3. Rehearse the presentation.
4. Select appropriate attire.
During the presentation
1. Relax. Stop being intimidated by the crowd.
2. Elaborate and improvise if the situation calls.
3. Establish eye contact and rapport with the audience.
4. Start strong and finish in the same manner.
After the presentation
1. Show gratitude to the audience.
2. If there are questions or queries from the audience, entertain them.

5.2 Project /Business Proposal

What is Proposal
Proposal is written to offer a solution to a problem or an action in answer to a need
such as a need for financial support for a special project. The following are some of
the types of proposal which is written everywhere.

1. Preliminary or Pre-proposal – This proposal is requested by a sponsor to

establish interest in a project.
2. Solicited Proposal – This proposal is written as response to Request for
Proposal (RFP) and should conform by the solicitation requirements issued by
the agency.
3. Unsolicited Proposal – This proposal is submitted anytime even though the
sponsor is not issued a specific solicitation.
4. Competitive Proposal – This proposal is a request for a new budget for the
expired project.
5. Supplemental Proposal – This serve as a request for additional budget for the
funded project such as equipment or program modifications.
6. New Proposal – This proposal is written for the first time to request for a
financial assistance for a project.
7. Competing or Renewal Proposal – This proposal request for continued
support for existing project.
8. Revised Proposal – This proposal is resubmitted that a project may be funded
but there is specific changes in the proposal should be made. It should follow the
sponsor instructions.
9. Renewal Proposal – This proposal is also a request for additional funding. It is
also subject to review criteria as new proposal.

Project Proposal
Project proposals are documents designed to present a plan of action, outline the
reasons why the action is necessary, and convince the reader to agree with and
approve the implementation of the actions recommended in the body of the
document. In many cases, the document is drafted as a response to a Request
for Proposal (RFP) that is issued by a current or prospective client. However, a
document of this type may also be prepared to serve an internal purpose, especially
when someone within the company has an idea of how to make the company more
profitable or efficient and needs authorization and backing to implement the action.
In any situation, a project proposal will be clearly arranged so that readers can
follow a logical progression of thought to the conclusion. Many sample proposals
offer a basic guideline that can help even novices get into the swing of effective
proposal writing. The guidelines usually identify five key components or sections of
any project proposal: the introduction, background, strategy, budgeting or financing,
and outcome.
Business Proposal
Why is it important to write a business proposal? There are so many reasons why
business proposals are important for businesses/organizations. This part focuses on
the importance of business proposals. But before we delve into that, let us take a
look at the question below.
What is a business proposal? A business proposal is defined as the written
document that a person or business writes to a prospective buyer/investor in order
to sell a product or services to them. The one sending the business proposal is a
seller/company looking for a buyer/investor.
The importance of business proposals

 Business proposals are written is in order to propose a product or service to a

prospective customer or investor.

 Business proposals are written in order to offer solutions to the problems faced
by prospective clients.
 Business proposals enable businesses to sell their products or services
 Business proposals help businesses to compete without even needing to send
marketers or representatives to physically go to the prospective customers to
pitch or to try and sell their products or services. T
 Business proposals help buyers to get the exact products or services that they
want.

The Key Components of a Formal Project or Business Proposal

A formal proposal is usually requested by companies when they are planning to
outsource projects. Structure of formal proposal includes project objectives, times
lines, job qualification, budget as well as cost breakdown. These structures are very
essential to your formal proposal in order for reader to decide whether your
proposal will be approved or not.
The following are structures of a formal proposal:
1. Title Page
It includes the title of the project, submission date, and the name of the institution
2. Project Summary or Abstract
It serves as a brief initial quick overview of the proposal and contains the project’s
main points and summary of the proposal
3. Table of Contents
Some brief proposal may not need to use a table of contents but of course the long
proposal should list all major parts and division.
4. Introduction
It begins with the statement of what is being proposed and briefly outlines the goals
and objectives of the project as well as the background of the study.
5 Project Goals and Objectives
It provides the goals and objectives of the project.
6. Review of Related Literature
It consists of the discussion of related works.
7. Description of Proposed Research
It considers the heart of the proposal. It should describe what is to be undertaken
and how it will be accomplished.
8. Methodology or Design
It provides the action of plans to accomplished the project such as the specific steps
and procedures how the research or project will take place.
9. Project Staffing
It specifies the staffs who will be participating in the project. It should also provide
the curriculum vitae of each staff as well as a description of the work to be
performed to be done by each staff.
10. Project Cost
It contains the detailed cost of the proposed project.
11. Facilities and Equipment
It provides the resources to be used in order to complete the project including the
facilities and equipment. These resources include the computer systems, library
resources and the like.
Important Note
When a Request for Proposal (RFP) is provided, it is essential to follow the
specifications of the document to the letter. Otherwise, the proposal will be set aside
and one of the other vendors who did follow the provisions closely will be awarded
the business.
A request for proposal is a document that solicits by an organization, company or
agency interested for services, products, potential supplier, assets to submit a
business proposal.

6.1 Research Based Journal

Major Sections of a Research Journal: Customary Parts of an Education Research
Paper:
There is no one right style or manner for writing an education paper. Content aside,
the writing style and presentation of papers in different educational fields vary
greatly. Nevertheless, certain parts are common to most papers, for example:
Title/Cover Page
Contains the paper's title, the author's name, address, phone number, e-mail, and
the day's date.

Abstract
Not every education paper requires an abstract. However, for longer, more complex
papers abstracts are particularly useful. Often only 100 to 300 words, the abstract
generally provides a broad overview and is never more than a page. It describes the
essence, the main theme of the paper. It includes the research question posed, its
significance, the methodology, and the main results or findings. Footnotes or cited
works are never listed in an abstract. Remember to take great care in composing the
abstract. It's the first part of the paper the instructor reads. It must impress with
strong content, good style, and general aesthetic appeal. Never write it hastily or
carelessly.

Introduction and Statement of the Problem

A good introduction states the main research problem and thesis argument. What
precisely are you studying and why is it important? How original is it? Will it fill a
gap in other studies? Never provide a lengthy justification for your topic before it
has been explicitly stated.
Limitations of the Study
Indicate as soon as possible what you intend to do, and what you are not going to
attempt. You may limit the scope of your paper by any number of factors, for
example, time, personnel, gender, age, geographic location, nationality, and so on.

Methodology
Discuss your research methodology. Did you employ qualitative or quantitative
research methods? Did you administer a questionnaire or interview people? Any
field research conducted? How did you collect data? Did you utilize other libraries
or archives? And so on.

Literature Review
The research process uncovers what other writers have written about your topic.
Your education paper should include a discussion or review of what is known about
the subject and how that knowledge was acquired. Once you provide the general
and specific context of the existing knowledge, then you yourself can build on
others' research.

Main Body of Paper/Argument

This is generally the longest part of the paper. It's where the author supports the
thesis and builds the argument. It contains most of the citations and analysis. This
section should focus on the rational development of the thesis with clear reasoning
and solid argumentation at all points. A clear focus, avoiding meaningless
digressions, provides the essential unity that characterizes a strong education
paper.
Conclusion
After spending a great deal of time and energy introducing and arguing the points in
the main body of the paper, the conclusion brings everything together and
underscores what it all means. A stimulating and informative conclusion leaves the
reader informed and well-satisfied. A conclusion that makes sense, when reading
independently from the rest of the paper, will win praise.
Appendices
Education research papers often contain one or more appendices. An appendix
contains material that is appropriate for enlarging the reader's understanding, but
that does not fit very well into the main body of the paper. Such material might
include tables, charts, summaries, questionnaires, interview questions, lengthy
statistics, maps, pictures, photographs, lists of terms, glossaries, survey instruments,
letters, copies of historical documents, and many other types of supplementary
material. A paper may have several appendices. They are usually placed after the
main body of the paper but before the bibliography or works cited section. They are
usually designated by such headings as Appendix A, Appendix B, and so on.
6.2 Independent Research
Presentation
What is Independent Research?

 According to the College Bulletin, an independent research course "should be

designed as original research and practice in presenting the results of an
investigation". This pursuit must culminate in the student's own contribution to
a discipline, whether in the form of fully-supported conclusions or in the form of
a creative effort.
 In other words, the goal of independent research is to answer a question, not
simply to gather information. Unlike independent study, independent research
projects must have the potential to yield new knowledge
 In the Environmental Studies Department, independent research projects
involve field, laboratory, and/or library research. Research questions may come
from the independent research student, the faculty research advisor, or both.
 The work may range from very independent activity by the student under the
guidance of a faculty member to collaborative work with one or more faculty
members and, perhaps, other students.
 How do I pursue Independent Research?
o Ideally, the process of conducting independent research begins early in a
student's career by talking with faculty about research and by generating
ideas for possible research topics.
o Environmental science and studies majors may work on research with
faculty from any department. As soon as the first year, and depending on
faculty members' schedules and funding, students may have the opportunity
to volunteer to participate in research projects or even work on these
projects as a paid assistant.
o At the latest, students should discuss their interest in research with faculty
by the midpoint of the semester before the independent research is to begin.
For example, students wishing to pursue independent research during the
senior year should begin discussions with faculty no later than the spring
break of their junior year.
o Students who are abroad can conduct these discussions with faculty by e-
mail. In developing possible topics for independent research, students
should keep in mind that they are more likely to find a faculty research
advisor for a project if the topic is related to a faculty member's research
interests. But it may also be possible for students to develop and pursue
projects that are not related to faculty research projects.
o Once a faculty member has agreed to advise a research project, work should
begin, usually with preliminary reading about the topic. The summer is an
excellent time for this initial work. Depending on the advising faculty
member's schedule and funding, a research student may be able to work
with the advising faculty member for a summer of research.
 o To enroll in the independent research course students must complete the
form available from the registrar and obtain the research advisor's signature
(it is not possible to register on line for independent research).
o In consultation with the faculty research advisor, the student will choose a
brief title for the course that will be included on the student's official
transcript.

6.3 Analysis Paper

What is an Analytical Essay?

 When you are required to write an analytical essay, it means in your essay you
should present some argument, and then to analyze it thoroughly.
 It is almost like an illustration essay in some way. This type of analytical work
could be written about a movie, an event, or even scientific research.
 You don't have to summarize facts and things in your analytical work but make
an analysis. For example, if you are writing an essay about a book, you should
analyze how the author wrote it, which methods they used, and how this book
impacts on its readers.
 An analytical paper is a type of academic paper assigned by the high
school/college teacher, which aims to analyze a specific topic. The student must
introduce both pros & cons on the given issue.
 The mission of analytical work is to explore points on a chosen topic/content as
a reply to a set of questions or a claim to discuss/offer analysis.
 If you want to make successful analytical writing to impress your audience, you
need to learn how to create the main parts of an analytical essay.
 The first part is the question which the writing would like to answer .
 The second part is the thesis statement which will be the main point or central
argument of the essay. The essay may work on supporting a position or remain
neutral in its presentation.
 The ouline part lists all factual support for each side.
 The conclusion part settles the writers stand or suggest action to the readers.

Remember:
An analytical essay means you will need to present some type of argument, or claim,
about what you are analyzing. Most often you will have to analyze another piece of
writing or a film, but you could also be asked to analyze an issue or an idea. To do
this, you must break the topic down into parts and provide evidence, either from the
text/film or from your own research, that supports your claim.
a. Come up with a thesis statement. The thesis statement is a sentence or two that
summarizes the claim you will make in your paper. It tells the reader what your
essay will be about.
b. Find supporting evidence. Depending on your assignment, you may need to
work only with your primary sources (the text or texts you're analyzing) or with
primary and secondary sources, such as other books or journal articles.
c. Strict with a plan. It refers to an outline or template of the document which may
look like this

Link from Internet

A. Prewriting your essay

1. Understand the objective of an analytical essay. An analytical essay means you

will need to present some type of argument, or claim, about what you are analyzing.
Most often you will have to analyze another piece of writing or a film, but you could
also be asked to analyze an issue, or an idea. To do this, you must break the topic
down into parts and provide evidence, either from the text/film or from your own
research, that supports your claim.

2. Decide what to write about. If you are writing this for a class, your teacher will
generally assign you a topic (or topics) to write about. Read the prompt carefully.
What is the prompt asking you to do? However, sometimes you will have to come up
with your own topic.
 If you're writing an analytical essay about a work of fiction, you could focus
your argument on what motivates a specific character or group of
characters. Or, you could argue why a certain line or paragraph is central to
the work as a whole. For example: Explore the concept of vengeance in the
epic poem Beowulf.
  If you're writing about a historical event, try focusing on the forces that
contributed to what happened.
 If you're writing about scientific research or findings, follow the scientific
method to analyze your results.

3. Brainstorm. You may not immediately know what your thesis statement should
be, even once you've chosen your topic. That's okay! Doing some brainstorming can
help you discover what you think about your topic. Consider it from as many angles
as you can.
 Look for repeated imagery, metaphors, phrases, or ideas. Things that repeat
are often important. See if you can decipher why these things are so crucial.
Do they repeat in the same way each time, or differently?
 How does the text work? If you're writing a rhetorical analysis, for example,
you might analyze how the author uses logical appeals to support her
argument and decide whether you think the argument is effective. If you're
analyzing a creative work, consider things like imagery, visuals in a film, etc.
If you're analyzing research, you may want to consider the methods and
results and analyze whether the experiment is a good design.
 A mind map can be helpful to some people. Start with your central topic, and
arrange smaller ideas around it in bubbles. Connect the bubbles to identify
patterns and how things are related.
 Good brainstorming can be all over the place. In fact, that can be a good way
to start off! Don't discount any ideas just yet. Write down any element or
fact that you think of as you examine your topic.
4. Come up with a thesis statement. The thesis statement is a sentence or two that
summarizes the claim you will make in your paper. It tells the reader what your
essay will be about.
Don't: write a vague or obvious thesis such as "Revenge is a central theme in
Beowulf."
Do: make a specific argument such as "Beowulf explores different styles of
vengeance in the Anglo-Saxon age, contrasting the dragon's honorable retribution
with the response of Grendel's mother."
 This is an analytical thesis because it examines a text and makes a particular
claim.
 The claim is "arguable," meaning it's not a statement of pure fact that nobody
could contest. An analytical essay takes a side and makes an argument.
 Unless instructed to write one, avoid the "three-prong" thesis that presents
three points to be discussed later. These thesis statements usually limit your
analysis too much and give your argument a formulaic feel. It's okay to state
generally what your argument will be.

5. Find supporting evidence. Depending on your assignment, you may need to

work only with your primary sources (the text or texts you're analyzing) or with
primary and secondary sources, such as other books or journal articles. The
assignment should tell you what types of sources are required. Good evidence
supports your claim and makes your argument more convincing. List out the
supporting evidence, noting where you found it, and how it supports your claim.
Don't: ignore or twist evidence to fit your thesis.
Do: adjust your thesis to a more nuanced position as you learn more about the topic.

6. Make an outline. An outline will help structure your essay and make writing it
easier. Be sure that you understand how long your essay needs to be. While some
teachers are fine with the standard "5 paragraph essay" (introduction, 3 body
paragraphs, conclusion), many teachers prefer essays to be longer and explore
topics more in-depth. Structure your outline accordingly.
 If you're not quite sure how all your evidence fits together, don't worry!
Making an outline can help you figure out how your argument should
progress.
 You can also make a more informal outline that groups your ideas together in
large groups. From there, you can decide what to talk about where.
 Your essay will be as long as it needs to be to adequately discuss your topic. A
common mistake students make is to choose a large topic and then allow
only 3 body paragraphs to discuss it. This makes essays feel shallow or
rushed. Don't be afraid to spend enough time discussing each detail!

B. Writing your essay

1. Write your introduction. Your introduction should give your reader background
information about your topic. Try to make your introduction engaging but not too
overzealous. Avoid summarizing the prompt--it’s best to simply state your
argument. Also avoid dramatic introductions (beginning an essay with a question or
exclamation is generally best to avoid). In general, do not use the first (I) or second
(you) person in your essay. State your thesis, generally as the last sentence in the
first paragraph.
Don't: include filler and fluff sentences beginning with "In modern society" or
"Throughout time."
Do: briefly mention the title, author, and publication date of the text you're
analyzing.

2. Write your body paragraphs. Each body paragraph should have 1) a topic
sentence, 2) an analysis of some part of the text and 3) evidence from the text that
supports your analysis and your thesis statement. A topic sentence tells the reader
what the body paragraph will be about. The analysis of the text is where you make
your argument. The evidence you provide supports your argument. Remember that
each claim you make should support your thesis.
 The formula "CEE" may help you remember: Claim-Evidence-Explanation.
Whenever you present a claim, make sure you present evidence to support
that claim and explain how the evidence relates to your claim.
3. Know when to quote or paraphrase. Quoting means that you take the exact text
and, placing it in quotation marks, insert it into your essay. Quoting is good when
you use the precise wording of something to support your claim. Make sure that
you use the correct form of quotation, depending on if you are using MLA, APA or
Chicago style. Paraphrasing, on the other hand, is when you summarize the text.
Paraphrasing can be used to give background or compress a lot of details into a
short space. It can be good if you have a lot of information or would need to quote a
huge portion of text to convey something.
Don't: quote from more than two passages per paragraph, as a rule of thumb.
Do: support all subtle or controversial claims with quotes or paraphrasing.

4. Write your conclusion. Your conclusion is where you remind your reader of
how you supported your argument. Some teachers also want you to make a broader
connection in your conclusion. This means that they want you to make a ‘bigger
world connection’. This could mean stating how your argument affects other claims
about the text, or how your claim could change the view of someone reading the text
you analyzed.
Don't: introduce a completely new argument in your conclusion.
Do: expand beyond your thesis statement by discussing its implications or wider
context.

C. Finalizing your Essay

1. Proofread your essay for spelling or grammar mistakes. A paper that contains
many mistakes generally gets a lower grade than one that has been proofread and
polished. Run a spell check, look for run-on sentences, and check for punctuation
errors.

2. Read your paper out loud. Reading out loud helps you to find places in the essay
that might sound awkward. This is also a great way to find run-on sentences that
you might not have noticed before.

3. Make sure that all characters, titles, places, etc. are spelled
correctly. Teachers will often mark you down if the name of a main character is
spelled incorrectly throughout your paper. Go back to the text or article and confirm
that your spelling is correct.

4. Read your paper as if you were your teacher. Do you get your point across
clearly? Is the structure of your essay easy to understand? Does your paper explain
why the topic matters?

5. Ask someone else to read your paper. Is there anything they think you should
add or remove? Do they understand the point you are trying to make?
Week 6 Conference: Course Summary
Module 5 Summary
For preparing a speech or oral report, we have learned about the different factors,
elements, and steps that we need to have and follow. The following principles
should be considered in rendering an effective speech and being a good public
speaker: Audience, logistics, and content of report/speech/lecture. We also
discussed the following tips in preparing for a big event: Read a lot; prepare your
oral presentation with an introduction, body, and a conclusion; rehearse by
practicing aloud and getting the feedback of those who will act as your audience
during the rehearsal stage; and use of technology.
For the business proposal, we tackled about its definition; the characteristics
of a good business proposal; the parts of a business proposal; purposes of writing a
business proposal; how to make a business proposal; and the importance of
business proposal in the world of commerce and the corporate world.
Module 6 Summary
A research-based journal is a systematic record, usually written, that is kept by a
researcher to observe and reflect on phenomena relevant to a particular research
study. The parts are the following: title/cover page, abstract, introduction, and
statement of the problem, limitation of the study, methodology, literature,
conclusion, bibliography, and appendices.
Independent research is original research and practice in the presentation of the
results of the investigation. It is sometimes denoted as a directed study and is an
educational activity started by an individual with minimal or no supervision.
An analytical essay is a written composition intended to give an in-depth inquiry
and exposition of a given topic, usually another written work. Tips for effective
homework making: don’t delay-start right away, productivity equals an optimized
environment, motivate yourself, take some breaks, time management is everything,
prioritize your homework assignments, do not hesitate to ask questions, and
proofread.