LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

GE MATH
MODULE 6
Propositions

Organized by:
JIMBO JUANITO B. VILLAMOR
MARIA FE C. GUERRA
FLORIA C. DIALDE
RICKY T. OSORIO
RHEA MAE C. BABAS
GINA C. BOTOY
EDILMAR P. MASUHAY
JHOAN G. ANDUYAN
JONATHAN C. MACABODBOD
JULIUS G. CAADAN
ROSEMARIE C. ARCAYA

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 1

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Learning Module 6 in
Mathematics in the Modern World
Topic 6.1: Propositions

Time Frame: 1hr

Introduction:

Propositional calculus is a branch of logic. It is also called propositional logic, statement

logic, sentential calculus, sentential logic, or
sometimes zeroth-order logic. It deals
with propositions (which can be true or false) and argument
flow. Compound propositions are formed by connecting
propositions by logical connectives. The propositions without
logical connectives are called atomic propositions.
Unlike first-order logic, propositional logic does not deal with
non-logical objects, predicates about them, or quantifiers.
However, all the machinery of propositional logic is included
in first-order logic and higher-order logics. In this sense,
propositional logic is the foundation of first-order logic and higher-order logic.

Objectives: At the end of the lesson students are expected to:

 Performs operations on mathematical expression correctly.

 Explain the nature of mathematics as a language;
 Define proposition. Give examples and non-examples ;
 Describes simple and compound propositions;
 Differentiates simple and compound propositions;
Pretest:
Name:___________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section:_______________________ Date:___________________

I. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a proposition, determine

its truth value if possible.

1. Is the traffic heavy along Katipunan Avenue today?

Ans:___________________________________

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 2

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

2. Please close the door.

Ans:___________________________________

3. x + 2 = 11
Ans:___________________________________

4. 144 is a perfect square.

Ans:___________________________________

5. Keep right while passing through the corridor.

Ans:___________________________________

II. For each of the following compound propositions, identify the simple components and the
logical connectors used.
1. You went to the rock concert and your ears hurt.
Simple component 1:___________________________________
Simple component 2:___________________________________
Connector:___________________________________

2. It is not the case that it is Monday today.

Simple component 1:___________________________________
Connector:___________________________________

3. Either today is a rainy day or today is a sunny day.

Simple component 1:___________________________________
Simple component 2:___________________________________
Connector:___________________________________

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 3

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Learning Activities:
Let‟s Try these:
Underline the declarative sentences given below that are either true or false.
 The sun is the center of the universe.
 What a great day it is!
 The wedding was a symbol of their love.
 What time is it?
 You have to be fit to climb a mountain.
 Where do I begin?
 When your temperature rises to 380 then you have a fever.
 Ouch! It hurts so much.

What you were doing was identifying propositions already.

Logic (Propositions)
A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false,
but not both. If a proposition is true, then its truth value is true
which is denoted by T; otherwise, its truth value is false and is
denoted by F.
A declarative sentence is a sentence in the form of a statement (in
contrast to a command, a question, or an exclamation). In a
declarative sentence, the subject normally precedes the verb.

EXAMPLE 1. Determine whether each of the following

statements is a proposition or not. If a proposition, give its
truth value.
p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
q: Find a number which divides your age.
r: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the Logic exam.
s: Welcome to the Philippines!
t: 3 + 2 = 5

p2: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.

p3: If you are a college student, then you are a Filipino.

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 4

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

p4: If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a Senior Citizen's card, and if you
are entitled to a Senior Citizen's card, then you are more than 60 years old.
Solutions. Recall that for a statement to be a proposition it has to be a declarative sentence,
and it should have a truth value of either true or false, but not both true and false at the same
time.

p. This is a declarative sentence, and Mindanao is an island in the Philippines. Hence, p is a

true proposition.

q. This is an imperative sentence, and so it is not a proposition.

r. The statement is a declarative sentence. Although the truth value will only be known after the
Logic exam, we know that it can only be either true (my seatmate gets a perfect score) or false
(she has some mistakes), but not both. Hence, r is a proposition.
Remark that for a declarative sentence to be a proposition, it is not necessary that its true value
is immediately known.

s. Statement s is an exclamatory sentence, and so it is not a proposition.

t. Obviously, 3 + 2 = 5 is a true mathematical sentence. But, is it a declarative sentence? Yes!

To see this, note that you may read it as The sum of three and two is five," which is clearly a
declarative sentence. Therefore, t is a true proposition.

u. This is a declarative sentence. Since the numerator of the function is not a polynomial, the
function f is not rational and so the statement if false. Therefore, u is a false proposition.
You can remark that false mathematical sentences are still propositions.

v. It is an interrogative sentence. Hence, it is not a proposition.

w. Although w is a declarative sentence, it is not a proposition because it can neither be true nor
false. To see this, suppose one assumes that w is true that is, it is the case that I am lying.
Since I am lying, my statement is not true, and so w must also be false. Similarly, assuming that
w is false would also lead to the conclusion that it is true as well.

p1. This is a declarative sentence and it will be shown later that √ cannot be expressed as a
quotient of two integers. Thus, p1 is a proposition.

p2. It is a declarative sentence, which is true for anyone because each of us finds logic either
fun or boring. Hence, p2 is a true proposition.

p3. This is a declarative sentence, but it is not true. There are also college students of other
nationalities.

p4. We know that it is a true proposition. Furthermore, we can express the whole sentence as
_You are more than 60 years old if and only if you are entitled to a Senior Citizen's card." (You
may remark that this is an example of a biconditional statement, which will be discussed in the
next lesson.)

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 5

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Definition
A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler propositions using logical
connectors or some combination of logical connectors. Some logical connectors involving
propositions p and/or q may be expressed as follows:
not p
p and q
p or q
if p then q
where < > stands for some proposition. A proposition is
simple if it cannot be broken down any further into other
component propositions.

For each of the propositions in Example 1, determine

whether it is a simple or compound proposition. If it is a
compound proposition, identify the simple components.

Solution. The propositions p, r, t, and u are all simple

propositions. On the other hand, the following are
compound propositions.
p1: It is not the case that √ is a rational number.
p2: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
p3: If you study hard, then you will get good grades.
p4: If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a Senior Citizen's card, and if
you are entitled to a Senior Citizen's card, then you are more than 60 years old.
Proposition Simple Components
P1 r: √ is rational number
P2 f: Logic is Fun
i: Logic is interesting
b: Logic is boring
P3 h: You study hard
g: you get good grades
P4 a: You are more than 60 years old
s: You are entitled to a senior citizen‟s card

The compound propositions can thus be expressed as follows:

; not r
: f and i or b
: if h, then g
: (if a then s) and (if s then a)

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 6

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Self Evaluation:
Name:___________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section:_______________________ Date:___________________

Construct five propositions and then determine its truth value if possible.
1.__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Review of Concepts:

 A proposition is a statement that can be either true or

false; it must be one or the other, and it cannot be both.
EXAMPLES.
The following are propositions:

 the reactor is on;

 the wing-flaps are up; –
 John Major is prime minister.

Whereas the following are not:

 Are you going out somewhere?
 2+3

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 7

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

 Any two propositions can be combined to form a third proposition called the conjunction
of the original propositions.
 Any two propositions can be combined by the word „or‟ to form a third proposition called
the disjunction of the originals.
 Many statements, particularly in mathematics, are of the form:
o if p is true then q is true.
o Another way of saying the same thing is to write: p implies q.

Posttest:
Name:___________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section:_______________________ Date:___________________

I. Determine whether the following statements are propositions then identify its truth value if
possible.

1. 2 ≤ 1
Ans:___________________________________

2. The year 2016 is a leap year and the equation has no real solutions.
Ans:___________________________________

3. If a triangle has a right angle, then the triangle is called a right triangle.
Ans:___________________________________

4. Either a student takes mathematics elective next semester, or he takes a business elective
next year.
Ans:___________________________________

5. What is 5/10 in simplest form?

Ans:___________________________________

II. For each of the following compound propositions, identify the simple components and the
logical connectors used.
1. If fewer than 10 persons are in attendance, then the meeting will be cancelled.
Simple component 1:___________________________________
Simple component 2:___________________________________

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 8

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Connector:___________________________________

2. Carlos will not fail the course if his final exam score exceeds 50%
Simple component 1:___________________________________
Simple component 2:___________________________________
Connector:___________________________________

References:
Anfmann, R., et al., (2018), Mathematics in the Modern World. Phils. Ed., Rex Books Store, Inc.
Manila, Phils
Nocon, RC, Nocon, EG. (2018). Essestial Mathematics for the Modern World. First Ed. C&E Publishing,
Inc. Quezon City, Phils
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://sites.math.northwestern.edu/~mlerma/courses/cs310-04w/notes/dm-propositions.pdf
https://www.thoughtco.com/declarative-sentence-grammar
https://www.slideshare.net/Iyha14/logic-lesson-truth-table-negation-conjunction-dis-junction
http://proofsfromthebook.com/2016/09/11/compound-propositions/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions/
https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/people/michael.wooldridge/teaching/soft-eng/lect07.pdf

Appendix:
Underline the declarative sentences given below that are either true or false. (ANSWERS)

 The sun is the center of the universe.

 What a great day it is!
 The wedding was a symbol of their love.
 What time is it?
 You have to be fit to climb a mountain.
 Where do I begin?
 When your temperature rises to 380 then you have a fever.
 Ouch! It hurts so much.

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 9

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Topic 6.2: Logical Operators

Time Frame: 2hrs.

Introduction:
Logical operators can build compound conditions into a formula, such as two or more
conditions that must be met before you choose a particular
method of calculation. With logical operators, you can describe
such combinations of conditions.

Mathematicians often develop ways to construct new

mathematical objects from existing mathematical objects. It is
possible to form new statements from existing statements by
connecting the statements with words such as “and” and “or” or by
negating the statement.

A logical operator (or connective) on mathematical statements

is a word or combination of words that combines one or more mathematical statements to make
a new mathematical statement. A compound statement is a statement that contains one or
more operators. Because some operators are used so frequently in logic and mathematics, we
give them names and use special symbols to represent them.

Objectives: At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

 Perform operations on mathematical expression correctly;

 Constructs a truth table;
 Define the logical operators: negation, conjunction, disjunction,
conditional and biconditional.

Pretest:
Name:___________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section:_______________________ Date:___________________

State the negation of the following propositions.

1. Mary received a text message from her friend.
Answer:_______________________________________________________

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 10

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

2.
Answer:_______________________________________________________

3. Eden teaches high-level mathematics to college students.

Answer:_______________________________________________________

4. James was not able to fetch his sister from school today.
Answer:_______________________________________________________

5. The student brings at most two bags with him every school day.

Answer:_______________________________________________________

Learning Activities:
Let‟s do this;
Underline the correct connector for each set of sentences;
1. I accidentally step on my friend‟s foot.
I said sorry to him. (not, then, or)
2. Shylo is good in reading.
She excels in her classes. (and, then, or)
3. Lino have to study hard.
Lino will pass his exams. (and, then, or)
4. I will do the Laundry.
I will go to bed. (not, then, or)
5. My mom have forgotten to pay the water bill.
We do not have water supply at home. (and, then, or)
By answering the short activity above, you have already used some of the logical operators.

Logical Operators and Truth Tables

Definition: Given a proposition, its truth table show all its possible truth
values.
Example 1. Since a proposition has two possible truth values, a
proposition would have the following truth table.

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 11

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

~n2: “It is not true that 2 is an odd number”, or “2 is an even number.”

~n3: “The tinikling is not the most difficult dance.”
~n4: “Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.”

Definition. The conjunction of the propositions p and q is denoted by

Example 3:
Express the following conjunctions as English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
(a) p ^ q
(b) p ^ (~q)
(c) 'Angels do not exist and 3.'
(d) 'While angels do not exist, 3.'

Solution. The corresponding English sentences are given below.

(a) p ^ q: 'Angels exist and _ 3.'
(b) p ^ (~q): 'Angels exist and 3', or 'Angels exist, yet 3.'
(c) In symbols, we have (~ p) ^ (~q)

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 12

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(d) In logic, the statement is a conjunction and so, in symbols, (~p) ^ (q)

Definition. The disjunction of two propositions and is denoted by

and is defined through its truth table

The propositions and are called disjuncts.

The above truth table shows us that the disjunction is false only when both disjuncts p and q are
false.

Example 4: Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:

p:Victor has a date with Liza.
q: Janree is sleeping.
r: Eumir is eating.

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 13

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Example 5: Let p, q and r be propositions as in the:

p: Victor has a date with Liza.
q: Janree is sleeping.
r: Eumir is eating.
Consider the following scenario.
One Friday night, Victor and Janree are busy studying for their Logic exam. Meanwhile, Eumir
just tweeted a picture of himself eating crispy pata and sisig!
What is the truth value of the proposition (~ p) v (q ^ r)?

Solution. From Eumir's tweet, we can conclude that he is eating and so proposition r is true.
Since
Janree is studying, proposition q is false. This implies that conjunction q ^ r is false, since one of
the conjuncts is false. The proposition p is also false because Victor is studying, which means
that
(~ p) is true. Hence, the disjunction (~ p) v (q ^ r) is true as one of the disjuncts is true.

This discussion may be summarized in a table as in the following:

Suppose that Geebee is a 1st year college student. Consider the following conditionals:
p1: If Geebee is taking up engineering course, then she is a college student.

p2: If Geebee is a 1st year college student, then she is working as a lawyer.

p3: If Geebee has a degree in Computer Science, then she believes in true love.

Analyze the truth values of these conditionals.

p1: The hypothesis and the conclusion are true. Thus, is true (from the first row
of the truth table for the conditional statement).

p2: While the hypothesis is true, the conclusion is not (a college student is not
qualified to be a lawyer). From the definition of the conditional (second row of its
truth table), the conditional statement is not true.

p3: The hypothesis is not true since Geebee is still in Grade 11. On the other hand, we cannot
determine the truth value of the conclusion “she believes in true love.” From the last two rows of
the truth table, regardless of the truth value of the conclusion, the conditional statement is true.

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 14

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

One day, Richard tweeted: “If I get promoted, then I will stop posting selfies on
Facebook.” Let be the statement “Richard gets promoted,” and let
be the statement, “Richard stops posting selfies on Facebook.”
Determine whether the conditional is true given the following
scenarios.

Scenario A: Richard got the promotion and promptly stopped posting

selfies on Facebook.

Scenario B: Richard got promoted, but then he realized that posting selfies has become a habit
he cannot break easily.

Scenario C: Richard stopped posting selfies, but he did not get the promotion.

.Scenario A: In this scenario both the hypothesis and the conclusion are true. This means that
Richard kept his promise. According to the first row of the truth table, the conditional p q is
true.

Scenario B: In this scenario, Richard broke his promise. According to the second row of the
truth table, the conditional p q is false.

Scenario C: In this scenario, did Richard break his promise? Of course not. He did not say that
his promotion is the only way to make him stop posting selfies. Perhaps Richard read an article
which claims that people who are fond of posting selfies have some psychological disorder! In
any case he did not break his promise, and according to the third and fourth rows of the truth
table, the conditional p q is true.

Self Evaluation:
Name:___________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section:_______________________ Date:___________________
State the negation of the following propositions.
1. Mathematics is easy to study.
Answer:_____________________________________________________________________

2. Nellie‟s favorite song is “Hero” by Mariah Carey.

Answer:_____________________________________________________________________

3. Logic is not taken up in junior high school.

Answer:_____________________________________________________________________

Let p, q, and r be the propositions p: “Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant.”,

q: “Rena orders the restaurant‟s special paella.”,

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 15

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

r: “Rena has dessert.”

Express the following statements in English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
1. “Rena orders the restaurant‟s special paella, but she does not have dessert.”
Answer:_____________________________________________________________

2. “Whenever Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, either she orders the restaurant‟s special
paella or she has dessert.”
Answer:_____________________________________________________________

3. “If Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, she orders the restaurant‟s special paella if and only
if she does not order dessert.”
Answer:_____________________________________________________________

Review of Concepts:
A logical operator is a symbol or word used to connect two or more
expression s such that the value of the compound expression
produced depends only on that of the original expressions and on
the meaning of the operator.
Common logical operators include AND, OR, and NOT.
A logical expression can only have the values .true. or .false.
Relational operators are used to form logical expressions to
determine choice and decision-making structures.

Posttest:
Name:___________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section:_______________________ Date:___________________

1. “Annie does not have a stomach ache, yet she misses the exam.”
Answer:_______________________________________________________

2. “If Annie has a stomach ache, then she misses the exam and does not receive a passing
grade for the subject.”
Answer:_______________________________________________________

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 16

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

3.
Answer:_____________________________________________________________________

4.
Answer:_____________________________________________________________________

Let u, v and w be the propositions u: “Bea drives over the speed limit along the highway.”, v :
“Bea is pulled over by the traffic enforcer.” and w: “Bea receives a speeding ticket.”

Express the following propositions in English sentences or in symbols, as the case may
be.
1. “Bea does not drive over the speed limit and does not receive a speeding ticket.”
Answer:_______________________________________________________

2. “Whenever Bea drives over the speed limit, she is pulled over by the traffic enforcer.”
Answer:_______________________________________________________

3. “Bea receives a speeding ticket only if she drives over the speed limit along the highway or if
she is pulled over by the traffic enforcer.”
Answer:_______________________________________________________

References:
Anfmann, R., et al., (2018), Mathematics in the Modern World. Phils. Ed., Rex Books Store, Inc.
Manila, Phils
Nocon, RC, Nocon, EG. (2018). Essestial Mathematics for the Modern World. First Ed. C&E Publishing,
Inc. Quezon City, Phils
https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~schrum2/cs301k/lec/topic01-propLogic.pdf
https://buenavistanhs.weebly.com/uploads/7/2/2/8/7228051/general_math_lm_for_shs.pdf
https://press.rebus.community/programmingfundamentals/chapter/logical-operators/
https://fmhelp.filemaker.com/help/18/fmp/en/index.html#page/FMP_Help/logical-operators.html

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 17

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Appendix:
Underline the correct connector to be used in the following given sets of sentences:
(ANSWERS)

1. I accidentally step on my friend‟s foot.

I said sorry to him. (not, then, or)
2. Shylo is good in reading.

She excels in her classes. (and, then, or)

3. Lino have to study hard.
Lino will pass his exams. (and, then, or)
4. I will do the Laundry.
I will go to bed. (not, then, or)
5. My mom have forgotten to pay the water bill.
We do not have water supply at home. (and, then, or)

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 18

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Topic 6.3: Truth Tables

Time Frame: 1hr.

Introduction:

Mathematics normally uses a two-valued logic: every statement is either true or false. You
use truth tables to determine how the truth or falsity of a complicated statement depends on
the truth or falsity of its components.
Complex, compound statements can be
composed of simple statements linked together
with logical connectives (also known as "logical
operators") similarly to how algebraic operators
like addition and subtraction are used in
combination with numbers and variables in
algebra. Conjunction (AND), disjunction (OR), negation (NOT), implication (IF...THEN), and
biconditionals (IF AND ONLY IF), are all different types of connectives.

Objectives: At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

 Perform Operations on Mathematical Expression Correctly;

 Construct the truth tables;
 Differentiate a tautology from a contradiction.

Pretest:
Name:___________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section:_______________________ Date:___________________
Construct the truth table for the following compound propositions. Assume all variables denote
propositions.

p q (~p) (~q) q v (~p) (q v (~p)) ^ (~q) r

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 19

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Learning Activities:
Try this;
Given the sentences below, group them whether it is TRUE, FALSE or UNDETERMINED
The Philippines is compose of three main islands.
Filipinos are warm and friendly.
Everyone who goes to Church is Honest.
You are a rich person when you go abroad.
Faith Healers are considered the Best doctors
A loyal friend always smiles at you.
A Penguin is a bird.
Mammals don‟t lay eggs.
TRUE FALSE UNDETERMINED

What you have just answered are probable propositions and you have just discovered its truth
value.
Truth Tables
Example 1:

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 20

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Solution. There are three primitive propositions involved, and so the truth table for the
compound proposition has 8 rows.

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 21

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 22

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Self Evaluation:
Name:______________________________ Score:_______________
Course/year/section:__________________ Date:________________
Direction: Answer the following questions briefly and concise.
1. How will you relate the concept of Tautology in your daily life?

2. How will you relate the concept of Contradiction in your daily life?

3. Cite Sample Events in your life that shows the concepts of tautology and contradiction.

Review of Concepts:
A truth table shows how the truth or falsity of a compound
statement depends on the truth or falsity of the simple statements
from which it's constructed. So we'll start by looking at truth
tables for the five logical connectives. Here's the table for negation:
This table is easy to understand.
A tautology is a formula which is "always true" --- that is, it is true for
every assignment of truth values to its simple components. You can
think of a tautology as a rule of logic.

The opposite of a tautology is a contradiction, a formula which is

"always false". In other words, a contradiction is false for every
assignment of truth values to its simple components.

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 23

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Posttest:
Name:___________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section:_______________________ Date:___________________
Construct the truth table for the following compound propositions. Assume all variables denote
propositions.

p q r ~p ~q q ^ (~r) (~p) ^ (q^(~r))

References:
Anfmann, R., et al., (2018), Mathematics in the Modern World. Phils. Ed., Rex Books Store, Inc.
Manila, Phils
Nocon, RC, Nocon, EG. (2018). Essestial Mathematics for the Modern World. First Ed. C&E Publishing,
Inc. Quezon City, Phils
https://buenavistanhs.weebly.com/uploads/7/2/2/8/7228051/general_math_lm_for_shs.pdf
https://brilliant.org/wiki/truth-tables/
http://sites.millersville.edu/bikenaga/math-proof/truth-tables/truth-tables.html

Appendix:
Answer to the given Activity Above.

TRUE FALSE UNDETERMINED

Philippines is compose of Faith Healers are Filipinos are warm
three giant islands. considered the Best and friendly.
doctors
A Penguin is a bird. Mammals don‟t lay eggs. Everyone who goes
to Church is Honest.
You are a rich person
when you go abroad.
A loyal friend always
smiles at you.

G.E. Math (Mathematics in the Modern World) 24