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4G Features and Challenges

The document discusses the evolution of mobile wireless technologies from 1G to 4G, outlining key aspects like standards, data bandwidth, implementation years, and services for each generation. It also provides details on the architecture and components of LTE networks, including the user equipment, eNodeB, EPC elements like MME, HSS, S-GW and P-GW. The document compares LTE's control and user plane protocol stacks to previous 3G architectures.

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163 views23 pages

4G Features and Challenges

The document discusses the evolution of mobile wireless technologies from 1G to 4G, outlining key aspects like standards, data bandwidth, implementation years, and services for each generation. It also provides details on the architecture and components of LTE networks, including the user equipment, eNodeB, EPC elements like MME, HSS, S-GW and P-GW. The document compares LTE's control and user plane protocol stacks to previous 3G architectures.

Uploaded by

SHINY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ms.J.

Shiny Christobel
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
First design 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000

Implementation 1982 1991 1999 2002 2010

Service Analog Digital voice, Packaged Broadband IP-oriented


voice SMS data data up to 2 unlimited
mb/s multimedia
data
Standards AMPS TDMA, GPRS, EDGE EV-DO, WiMAX,
CDMA, GSM W-CDMA, LTE
HSDPA
Data bandwidth 1.9 kbps 14.4 kbps 384 kbps 2 mbps 200 mbps
Functional changes compared to the current UMTS architecture
The User Equipment (UE)

UE – Mobile equipment

USIM :

1.This is also known as the SIM card for LTE equipments

2.Stores user-specific data very similar to 3G SIM card.


1.user's phone number,
2.home network identity and
3.security keys etc.
E-UTRAN Node B (eNodeB)
 Each eNB is a base station that controls the mobiles in one or more
cells.

 The base station that is communicating with a mobile is known as


its serving eNB.

 The eBN sends and receives radio transmissions to all the mobiles
using the analogue and digital signal processing functions of the
LTE air interface.

 The eNB controls the low-level operation of all its mobiles, by


sending them signalling messages such as handover commands.

 eBN connects with the EPC by - S1 interface


eBN connects with nearby base stations - X2 interface
(mainly used for signalling and packet forwarding during
handover)
The Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
-central database that contains information
about all the network operator's subscribers.

The serving gateway (S-GW)


- acts as a router, and forwards data between
the base station and the PDN gateway.

Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW)


-communicates with the outside world ie.
packet data networks PDN, using SGi interface.

The mobility management entity (MME)


controls the high-level operation of the
mobile by means of signalling messages
USER PLANE - data packets that are processed by protocols
CONTROL PLANE - signalling messages that are exchanged between the
base station and the mobile
The user plane protocol stack consists of the following sub-layers:
 PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
 RLC (radio Link Control)
 Medium Access Control (MAC).

Packets received by a layer - Service Data Unit (SDU)


Packet output of a layer - Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
The control plane includes additionally the Radio Resource Control
layer (RRC) which is responsible for configuring the lower layers.

The grey region of the stack indicates the access stratum (AS)
protocols
OFDM – DOWNLINK

SC-FDMA – UPLINK

Why SC-FDMA for UPLINK???

1.large dynamic range required for OFDM


2.High PAPR
3.to achieve high efficiency in low power
OFDM

 OFDM divides the bandwidth into multiple


frequency sub-carriers.

 In OFDM sub-carriers are orthogonal to each


other.

 OFDM also uses multiple sub-carriers but the sub-


carriers are closely spaced to each other without
causing interference, usingguard bands between
adjacent sub-carriers.
How does a SC-FDMA signal look like?
Similar to OFDM signal, but…

-in OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries information related to one specific
symbol

-in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of ALL transmitted


symbols.
WI-MAX
WHY WIMAX?????
 Wi-Fi signals can not cover more than a
hundred meters.
 Both LOS and NLOS support.
 Higher data rate than former
technologies.
 WIMAX refers to interoperable
implementations of the IEEE 802.16
family of wireless-networks standards
ratified by the WiMAX Forum.

 There were some earlier version of Wimax


that were used for testing purposes:
802.16a ,802.16b ,802.16c .

 The current versions are


802.16d (FIXED)
802.16e (MOBILE).
 It provides connectivity to the consumer equipments
 Base station consist of wireless electronic tower.
 Coverage area theoretically up to 50km but practically
10 km

ASN: ACEESS SERVING NETWORK

 802.16 interface network entry and handover


 Radio Resource Management & Admission ctrl.
 L2 Session/mobility management
 Forwarding to selected CSN
ASN-GW:

 network optimization
 forwarding of all subscriber traffic
 routing to the selected CSN

CSN:

 IP & traffic management


 QoS & Policy
 Billing control
 support for roaming between different NSPs

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