Meaning, Sources, Criticism of History, and Voyage

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RPH 100

P3.1 MEANING, SOURCES, CRITICISM OF HISTORY, AND VOYAGE


Ma’am Leah Apsay | August 27, 2022

Rizal as Historian
- Rizal’s research studies in the British Museum
TOPIC OUTLINE (London) and in Bibliotheque National (Paris)
enriched his historical knowledge.
I. THE MEANING OF HISTORY - His annotations to Morga’s book showed his
II. SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA familiarity with historiography
III. HISTORICAL CRITICISMS - He told isabelo de los Reyes “ A historian ought
IV. VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD to be rigorously imparted…. I never assert
anything on my own authority. I cite text and
when I do, I have them before me.”

Historians
I. THE MEANING OF HISTORY - Individuals who write about history, they seek
to understand the present by examining what
History went before.
➔ History is derived from Greek word historia
which means learning by inquiry. The Greek Historiography
philosopher, Aristotle, looked upon historyas - The practice of historical writing
The systematic accounting of a set of natural - The traditional method in doing historical
phenomena, that is, taking into consideration research that focus on gathering of documents
the chronological arrangement of the account. from different libraries and archives from a pool
● Historia in Spanish of evidence needed in making a descriptive or
● Histoire in French analytical narrative.
● Kasaysayan in Filipino - The study, comparison and evaluation of
○ Derived into two words sanaysay which historians’ interpretations of the people and
means narrative and saysay which events of past.
means importance, as Filipino we are - The modern historical writing does not only
giving importance to our history. include examination of documents but also use
of research methods from related areas of
Historical Method study such as archaeology and geography.
➔ 5 Step process historians used to write history - The imaginative reconstruction of the past from
➔ This explained that knowledge is derived the data derived by that process.
through conducting a process of scientific
investigations of past events. The Limitation of Historical Knowledge
1. Preliminary Research - The incompleteness of records has limited
2. Formulate a working hypothesis man’s knowledge of history. Most human affairs
3. Gather evidence to support/reject happen without leaving and evidence or
hypothesis records of any kind, no artifacts, and if there
4. Formulate a thesis statement are, no further evidence of the human setting in
5. Write a Historical account which place took surviving artifacts.

Theories constructed by historians in investigating History as Actuality


history - The whole history of the past
1. Factual History
- Presents readers the plain and basic History as Record
information vis-à-vis, the events that - Historian only through surviving records, is only
took place (what), the time and date a tiny part of the whole phenomena.
with which the events happened
(when), the place with which the History as the Subjective Process of Recreation
events took place and the people who - From the incomplete evidence, historians strive
are involved (who). to restore the total past of mankind.

2. Speculative History Historical Method


- Goes beyond facts because it is - The process of critically examining and
concerned about the reasons for analyzing the records and survivals of the past.
which events happened (why), and
the way they happened (how). It tries Historical Analysis
to speculate on the cause and effect - Is also an important element of historical
of an event. method, In historical analysis Historians (1)
select the subject to investigate (2) collect
probable sources of information on the subject.

Trans Maker: Garrigues M.M. & Barte,


Editor: *Last Name, F.I.* | 1
RPH 100
P3.1 MEANING, SOURCES, CRITICISM OF HISTORY, AND VOYAGE
Ma’am Leah Apsay | August 27, 2022

II. SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA Non-Written Sources of History


- Unwritten sources are as essential as written
Historical Data sources.
➔ Are sourced from artifacts that have been left
by the past. These artifacts can either be relics There are two types:
or remains, or the testimonies of witness to the 1. Material Evidence – a.k.a as archaeological
past. evidence is one of the most important unwritten
➔ Historical sources are those materials from evidences. This include artistic creations such
which the historians construct meaning. to as pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches,
rearticulate, a source is an object from the past roads, and others that tell a story about the
or a testimony concerning the past on which past.
historians depend to create their own depiction 2. Oral Evidence - is a method of conducting
of the past. historical research through recorded interviews
● Artifact between a narrator with personal experience of
○ An object made by human being historically significant events and a
typically an item of cultural or historical well-informed interviewer, with the goal of
interest. adding to the historical record.
○ Something observed in scientific - Primary Sources – are original,
investigation or experiment that is not first-hand account of an event or period
naturally present but occurs as a result that are usually written or made during
of the preparative or investigative close the event or period.
procedure. - Secondary Sources – are materials
made by people long after the events
Testimonies of witnesses being described had taken place to
- Whether they are oral or written, may have provide valuable interpretations of
been created to serve as records or the might historical events.
have been created for some purposes, All - A secondary source analyses
these describe an events, such as the record of interprets primary source. It
property exchange, speeches and is an interpretation of second
commentaries hand account of historical
events.
Written Sources of History - Ex: biographies, literary
1. Narrative or Literary – are chronicles or tracts
criticism, theater reviews,
presented in narrative form, written to impart a
newspaper or journal
message whose motives for their composition
reviews.
vary widely.
- A newspaper article might be intended
to shape opinion, the so called ego
document or personal narrative such
as diary or memoir might be
composed in order to persuade
readers of the justice of the author’s
action.
- A novel or film might be made to
entertain, to deliver a moral teaching,
or to further religious cause
- A biography might be written in praise
of the subject’s worth of achievements

2. Diplomatic or Juridical – are understood to


be those which document/record an existing
legal situation or create a new one, and it is
these kinds of sources that professional
historians once treated as the purest, the “best”
source.
3. Social Documents – are information
pertaining to economic, social, political or
judicial significance, they are records keep by
bureaucracies.
Ex: government reports, municipal reports,
research findings and parliamentary
procedures.

Trans Maker: Garrigues M.M. & Barte,


Editor: *Last Name, F.I.* | 2
RPH 100
P3.1 MEANING, SOURCES, CRITICISM OF HISTORY, AND VOYAGE
Ma’am Leah Apsay | August 27, 2022

III. HISTORICAL CRITICISM Content Analysis


Historical Criticisms - Is a systematic evaluation of the primary
➔ Examines the origins of earliest text to source, be it a text, painting, caricature, and/or
appreciate underlying circumstances upon speech that in the process students could
which the text came to be. develop and present an argument based on
➔ It has two important goals their own understanding of the evidences from
1. To discover the original meaning of its text the readings.
in tis primitive or historical context and its
literal sense or sensus literalis historicus. Contextual Analysis
2. To establish reconstruction of the historical - Considers specifically the time, place, and
situation of the author and recipient of the situation when the primary source was written
text. - The analysis as well includes the author’s
background authority on the subject and intent
Historical criticism has 2 types perceptible, and its relevance and meaning to
1. External Criticisms – sometimes called lower people and society today.
criticism – The genuineness of the document –
form and appearance and more particularly to
question of authorship and textual IV. VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
circumstances such as time, place and
purpose. Antonio Pigafetta
2. Internal Criticisms – Higher criticism – The - The author of the journal which recorded the
meaning and trustworthiness of the contents of voyage of Ferdinand Magellan to the
the documents – Value and worth of its Philippines.
contents, its literal meaning and reliability of the - One of the 18 men that returned to Spain out of
statements themselves. – Maybe carried the roughly 240 men who set out with
positively negatively, first being the approach of Magellan.
discovering the real meaning of the text and the - The document of the expedition was named
second that approach with a view to find “The First Voyage Around The World” and the
reasons disbelieving what the document says chapters that discussed the Philippine
thus putting question the author’s good faith, expedition was titled “NAVIGATION AND
motive, competence, accuracy, and even his VOYAGE WHICH FERNANDO DE
knowledge on the subject covered. MAGALHĀES MADE FROM SEVILLE TO
MALUCO IN THE YEAR 1519 (BY A
Historical Investigation GENOESE PILOT)”.
- The absence of Historical investigation paved - Pigafetta’s account is the longest and most
the way for historical criticism to rest on comprehensive in describing their encounters
philosophical and theological interpretation. during the Magallanes-Elcano expedition.
- “The First Voyage Around The World” was
The passing of time has advance historical criticism written in one of the 5 ships of the
into various methodologies used today. Magallanes-Elcano expedition.
1. Source Criticism – is the process of - King Charles V provided the Spanish fleet
evaluating an information source, ex: named Armada de Molucca which was led by
document, person, speech, fingerprint, photo Magellan.
observation or anything used in order to obtain
knowledge. In relation to a given purpose, a What is the impact of Pigafetta’s document in the
given information source may be more or less understanding of the 16th century Filipinos?
valid, reliable or relevant. - Pigafetta’s document was the earliest evidence
of any European contact with the Philippines. It
2. Form Criticism – which seeks to determine a was one of the earliest forms of narrative
unit’s original form and historical context of sources of history of the Philippines. It gave us
literary tradition. a glimpse of what 16th century Philippines was
and how the people lived before the
3. Redaction Criticism – which regards the colonization.
author of the text as editor of the source
materials Some of its contributions are:
● Contributed to geography, navigation, and
4. Tradition Criticism- which attempts to trace history.
the development stages of the oral tradition ● Earliest proof that the earth is not flat and one
from its historical emergence to its literary can go east by sailing west.
presentation. ● Earliest discovery of the Pacific Ocean
● Described the barter trade during the colonial
Test of Authenticity period
- To distinguish hoax or as misinterpretation from ● Proof that Christianity was brought by the
a genuine document, the historian must use colonizers
test common in police and legal detection,

Trans Maker: Garrigues M.M. & Barte,


Editor: *Last Name, F.I.* | 3
RPH 100
P3.1 MEANING, SOURCES, CRITICISM OF HISTORY, AND VOYAGE
Ma’am Leah Apsay | August 27, 2022

● Proof that the Philippines already had a ● Tension between the king of Zubu and the
complex system of politics and governance in voyagers and Magellan threatened them to
the form of sultanate. rage war.
● Proof of pre-colonial religions and beliefs in the
Philippines April 14, 1521: Image of Child Jesus
● Proof of physical appearance of our ancestors ● Held mass with Raja Humabon and baptized
and what they wear such as gold earrings and 800 souls
gold armlets ● Pifagetta showed the image of Child Jesus and
a cross to the queen and asked to keep in
What was discussed in Pigafetta’s journal? place of her idols
● The fate of the five ships throughout the ● The Child Jesus is known today as Santo
expedition. Niño,which is celebrated every January in
● The challenges and unforeseen problems Cebu
along the way of the expedition such as
hostility of the people they met, shortage of April 27, 1521: Battle of Mactan
food, misunderstandings between the crew, ● Datu Zula, chief of the island Matan (Mactan)
types of diseases, maps, glossaries of native welcomed them. But Cilapulapu, the other
words, geographic information and descriptions chief, refused to obey the king of Spain.
of the flora and fauna of the place they visited. ● Datu Zula requested the captain to defeat
Cilapulapu, which started the battle
Key notes in Pigafetta’s journal: ● Natives outsmarted them, used ‘patibongs’ to
● Out of the 5 ships, only 3 ships reached the defeat them. The voyagers were losing in this
Philippines. After the Battle of Mactan, their battle
manpower is enough to man two ships:
Trinidad and Victoria. Until they returned to April 28, 1521: Death of Magellan
Spain, only one ship survived, which was the ● Captain told them to give up this losing battle,
Victoria. One of the survivors was Antonio but his men insisted.
Pigafetta, who kept the journal about their ● Magellan was shot in the leg with a poisoned
expedition. arrow.He died, their ‘mirror’, ‘comfort’, and ‘true
● The original journal of Pigafetta did not survive guide’ as what Pigafetta described.
throughout history. What was handed to us was ● They retreated leaving their captain dead
just the manuscript that never came out of the
press during his lifetime.
● They never meant to visit the Philippines, they
only got lost and landed in our country.
● Pigafetta described the inhabitants of the
Philippines to be savages: eating meat that are
nearly raw, uses animal skin and fur as clothing
and tying it with a belt on the waist, hunting
animals using arrows, and they travel in flocks

The timeline during their stay in the Philippines

March 16, 1521: Arrival in Samar


● Arrived in Zamal (now Samar), the island was
called Humunu (now Homonhon)
● Locals welcomed them by giving them their
nativeproducts such as fish, figs, coconuts, and
palm wines.

March 31, 1521: First Mass in the Philippines


● Sunday Morning
● Held at Mazaua (Limasawa)
● Attended by local islanders, Spanish
voyagers,the two Rajas, and Magellan

April 7, 1521: Arrival in Zubu


● Arrived at the port of Zubu (Cebu), the largest
and the most trade island
● Pigafetta described the houses of the
inhabitants to be made of log
● Fired mortars as a “sign of peace and
friendship”

Trans Maker: Garrigues M.M. & Barte,


Editor: *Last Name, F.I.* | 4

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