A Technical Seminar Report

on

ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY IN HOME AUTOMATION

(Submitted In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of Degree)

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

By

Potharaju
Mahesh
(197R1A0598)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CMR TECHNICAL CAMPUS

UGC-AUTONOMOUS, Accredited by NBA, NAAC.
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Kandlakoya (V), Medchal Road, Hyderabad-501401.
2019-2023
 CMR TECHNICAL CAMPUS
UGC-AUTONOMOUS, Accredited by NBA,NAAC.
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Kandlakoya (V), Medchal Road, Hyderabad-501401.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled with "ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY IN HOME
AUTOMATION" is a record of bonafide work carried out by the POTHARAJU MAHESH with bearing hall
ticket number (197R1A0598) during the academic year 2019-23 in partial fulfillment of the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering.

Seminar Coordinator Head of The Department

Dr.K.Maheswari Dr.K.Srujan Raju

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I wish to express our deep and sincere feeling of gratitude towards our great institution, CMR
Technical Campus for providing us with opportunity of fulfillment of our long cherished goal of becoming
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. I am very much
thankful to our Director Dr. A. Rajireddy, HOD Dr.K.SrujanRaju having provided me an excellent academic
atmosphere in the institution. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Chairman Shri.Ch.Gopal
Reddy for his encouragement throughout the course of this seminar.

I also thank all the staff members and friends who assisted me.

P.MAHESH

(197R1A0598)
 ABSTRACT
In recent years, the home environment has seen a rapid introduction of network enabled digital technology. This
technology offers new and exciting opportunities to increase the connectivity of devices within the home for the
purpose of home automation. Moreover, with the rapid expansion of the Internet, there is the added potential for
the remote control and monitoring of such network enabled devices. However, the adoption of home automation
systems has been slow. This paper identifies the reasons for this slow adoption and evaluates the potential of
ZigBee for addressing these problems through the design and implementation of a flexible home automation
architecture. A ZigBee based home automation system and Wi-Fi network are integrated through a common home
gateway. The home gateway provides network interoperability, a simple and flexible user interface, and remote
access to the system. A dedicated virtual home is implemented to cater for the system’s security and safety needs.
To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, four devices, a light switch, radiator
valve, safety sensor and ZigBee remote control have been developed and evaluated with the home automation
system.
 CONTENTS

PageNo.
LIST OF FIGURES ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY? 2

CHAPTER 3 FEATURES OF ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY 5

HEATING VENTILATION AND AC’S 5

LIGHTING CONTROL 5

SECURITY SYSTEMS 5

ENERGY SAVING 6

INTEROPERABILITY 6

CHAPTER 4 ZIGBEE ARCHITECTURE 7

CHAPTER 5 ZIGBEE SPECIFICATIONS 11

CHAPTER 6 TYPES OF ZIGBEE DEVICES 12

ZIGBEE COORDINATOR 12

ZIGBEE ROUTER 13

ZIGBEE END DEVICE 14

CHAPTER 7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 15

7.1 ADVANTAGES 15
7.2 DISADVANTAGES 16

CHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 17

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION 18

CHAPTER 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 19
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO.

Figure 1 Zigbee technology 2

Figure 2 Zigbee Energy Saving 4
Figure 3 Zigbee Technology Architecture 5
Figure 4 Zigbee control 14
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

There are many definitions of home automation available in the literature. [1] describes home
automation as the introduction of technology within the home to enhance the quality of life of its
occupants, through the provision of different services such as telehealth, multimedia
entertainment and energy conservation. There has been significant research into the field of home
automation. The X10 industry standard, developed in 1975 for communication between
electronic devices, is the oldest standard identified from the author’s review, providing limited
control over household devices through the home’s power lines. Recently, research into the field
of home automation has continued to receive much attention in academia. developed a Java
based home automation system. An embedded board physically connected all the home
automation devices and, through integration with a personal computer (PC) based web server,
provided remote access to the system. The use of Java technology, which incorporates built-in
network security features, produces a secure solution. However, the system requires an intrusive
and expensive wired installation and the use of a High end PC. ZigBee is a radio frequency (RF)
communications standard based on IEEE 802.15.4. Figure 2 depicts the general architecture of a
Zigbee based home automation network. The Zigbee coordinator is responsible for creating and
maintaining the network. Each electronic device (i.e. Washing Machine, Television, Lamp etc) in
the system is a Zigbee device managed by the coordinator. All communication between devices
propagates through the coordinator to the destination device.

1
 CHAPTER-2
WHAT IS ZIGBEE

ZigBee is a radio frequency (RF) communications standard based on IEEE 802.15.4. Figure 2 depicts the
general architecture of a Zigbee based home automation network. The Zigbee coordinator is responsible for
creating and maintaining the network. Each electronic device (i.e. Washing Machine, Television, Lamp etc) in
the system is a Zigbee device managed by the coordinator. All communication between devices propagates
through the coordinator to the destination device.

Fig1: Zigbee technology

The wireless nature of ZigBee helps overcome the intrusive installation problem with the existing home
automation systems identified earlier. The ZigBee standard theoretically provides 250kbps data rate, and as
40kbps can meet the requirements of most control systems, it is sufficient for controlling most home
automation devices. The low installation and running cost offered by ZigBee helps tackle the expensive and
complex architecture problems with existing home automation systems.

2
In the proposed system architecture, Wi-Fi is used for two primary purposes. Firstly, it is the chosen
communication standard for multimedia applications in the home. Secondly, it is used to provide
access to the home automation system from Wi-Fi enabled devices, as an alternative to the Zigbee
based local controller. This approach was taken because homes increasingly have Wi-Fi networks
and Wi-Fi enabled devices such as PDA’s and mobile phones. The additional cost of a Zigbee based
controller in these situations is unwarranted. Moreover, the high data rate nature of Wi-Fi allows for
greater flexibility in interface design. Wi-Fi implements the IEEE 802.11 standard and offers
wireless networking through the use of radio frequency. There are different versions of this protocol.
The dominant protocol in use today is IEEE 802.11g, which operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz band
and provides a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbps
Heterogeneous and homogenous home networks may co exist with each other in the same
environment. The problem of interference between these networks increases as more and more
standards emerge which use the same communication mediums. The interference problems between
the possible standards have been investigated. [10] researched the co existence of Zigbee,
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The three protocols use the same 2.4 GHz ISM band. It was found that Zigbee
interference has an insignificant effect on Wi-Fi throughput. The effect of Wi-Fi on Zigbee
throughput is a 10% reduction in throughput, which provides an operational solution. The
experiment was repeated using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The results showed a significant reduction in
Wi-Fi throughput and Bluetooth throughput. It can be concluded that the use of the unlicensed part
of the wireless spectrum by Zigbee causes interference problems. Technologies such as Bluetooth,
microwave ovens and cordless telephones can cause interference with Zigbee [11]. However, Zigbee
and Wi-Fi can exist together with less interference problems than alternative technologies currently
available, hence offering the best combination available for use in our purposed architecture

3
This paper presents a novel, stand alone, low-cost and flexible ZigBee based home automation
system. The architecture is designed to reduce the system’s complexity and lower fiscal costs.
Hence, the system endeavours not to incorporate complex and expensive components, such as a high
end personal computer, where possible. The system is flexible and scalable, allowing additional
home appliances designed by multiple vendors, to be securely and safely added to the home network
with the minimum amount of effort. The system allows home owners to monitor and control
connected devices in the home, through a variety of controls, including a ZigBee based remote
control, and any Wi-Fi enabled device which supports Java. Additionally, users may remotely
monitor and control their home devices using any Internet enabled device with Java support. A home
gateway is implemented to facilitate interoperability between heterogeneous networks and provide a
consistent interface, regardless of the accessing device. A virtual home pre-processes all
communications before they are realised on the real home automation system. All communications
are checked for security and safety before being allowed to continue to their respective destinations.
This paper is organised as follows: Section 2 discusses the developed home automation architecture,
including a review of the technology used. Section 3 describes the implementation of the proposed
system. Section 4 provides a discussion of the system evaluation and Section 5 provides a
conclusion.

4
 CHAPTER-3

FEATURES OF ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY

This paper presents a novel, stand alone, low-cost and flexible ZigBee based home automation
system. The architecture is designed to reduce the system’s complexity and lower fiscal costs.
Hence, the system endeavours not to incorporate complex and expensive components, such as a
high end personal computer, where possible

HEATING ,VENTILATION AND AC’S:

HVAC systems can be implemented with the following functionality:

Control heating and/or air-conditioning from various points, including wall-mounted control units,
thermostats, occupancy sensors, remote control units,smartphones, tablets and computers
Definition of heating/cooling settings (e.g. temperatures) for one or more rooms, forming a ‘scene’

SECURITY SYSTEMS:

Control the security system from various points, including wall-mounted control units, remote
control units, smartphones, tablets and computer Control a pre-defined group of security
sensors or door-locks by a single action Definition of security settings for one or more sensors or
door-locks, forming a scene.

LIGHTING:

Control lights from various points, including wall-switches, occupancy sensors,

remote control units, smartphones, tablets and computers
Control lights in terms of brightness and colour (for colour lamps) Control a pre-defined group of lights by
asingle action

5
ENERGY SAVING:

A ZigBee Home Automation system can result in energy saving and associated cost savings for
a household.

Scenes and timers:

Energy savings can be achieved through the careful configuration of ‘scenes’ and
timers to ensure that no more energy is consumed than is actually needed.
Occupancy sensors:

Figure.2: Energy saving.

INTEOPERABLILITY:

ZigBee Home Automation provides a framework of interoperability between products

from different manufacturers. This is formalised through an HA certification and
compliance programme, in which completed products are tested for compliance to the
HA profile and, if successful, are HA certified.
.

6
 CHAPTER-4
ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY
ARCHITECTURE
A home gateway is implemented to provide interoperability between the heterogeneous Zigbee and
Wi-Fi networks, and facilitate local and remote control and monitoring over the home’s devices. A
virtual home is implemented for the provision of real time security and safety for the home and its
inhabitants. As depicted in Figure 1, the proposed system consists primarily of four steps. Remote
user can access the system using the Internet. The remote user’s communications traverse the
internet until they reach the home network.

Figure.3: Zigbee architecture

The wireless nature of ZigBee helps overcome the intrusive installation problem with the existing
home automation systems identified earlier. The ZigBee standard theoretically provides 250kbps
data rate, and as 40kbps can meet the requirements of most control systems, it is sufficient for
controlling most home automation devices. The low installation and running cost offered by ZigBee
helps tackle the expensive and complex architecture problems with existing home automation
systems, as identified earlier..
A home gateway is implemented to provide interoperability between the heterogeneous Zigbee and
7
Wi-Fi networks, and facilitate local and remote control and monitoring over the home’s devices. A
virtual home is implemented for the provision of real time security and safety for the home and its
inhabitants. As depicted in Figure 1, the proposed system consists primarily of four steps. Remote
user can access the system using the Internet. The remote user’s communications traverse the
internet until they reach the home network. They are then wirelessly transmitted to the Home
Gateway using the homes Wi-Fi network. The Home Gateway is integrated with a virtual home.
These communications are checked and processed by the home gateway and virtual home, as
discussed in greater detail later. This checking process involves communication with the home
networks coordinator, which is integrated with the home’s device database and contains the status of
all connected devices. Once checked the communications are sent to the real home automation
system and the respective device. Additionally, a local ZigBee based remote control can be used to

directly control connected devices.

Firstly, it is the chosen communication standard for multimedia applications in the home. Secondly,
it is used to provide access to the home automation system from Wi-Fi enabled devices, as an
alternative to the Zigbee based local controller. This approach was taken because homes increasingly
have Wi-Fi networks and Wi-Fi enabled devices such as PDA’s and mobile phones. The additional
cost of a Zigbee based controller in these situations is unwarranted. Moreover, the high data rate
nature of Wi-Fi allows for greater flexibility in interface design. Wi-Fi implements the IEEE 802.11
standard and offers wireless networking through the use of radio frequency. There are different
versions of this protocol. The dominant protocol in use today is IEEE 802.11g, which operates in the
unlicensed 2.4 GHz band and provides a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbps. The use of Wi-Fi offers
several advantages over alternative technologies. The Wi-Fi standard is more established in homes in the UK
than alternatives such as Bluetooth as a wireless home networking technology. The result is less equipment
expense for the consumer, and the use of a technology users are familiar with regardless of the access
device and network used. The home gateway is implemented in the system architecture to overcome the
problem of insufficient network interoperability, identified in existing home automation approaches.
Moreover, the proposed approach looks at the existing network structure within the home environment and
integrates networks which are predominantly established in the existing home environment. Additionally, the
home gateway reduces the inflexibility in the control modes of existing home automation systems; this is
undertaken through the prevision of manual, local and remote control.

8
The ZigBee home automation network consists of a coordinator, routers and several end devices.
The coordinator is responsible for starting the ZigBee network. During the network initialisation
phase, the coordinator scans the available radio channels to find the most suitable. Normally this will
be the channel with the least activity, in order to reduce the level of interference. It is possible to
limit the channels scanned, for example excluding those frequencies ranges used by the Wi-Fi
network included in the proposed architecture. However, our experiments have shown that the
average time taken to scan all the available channels is 9 seconds (to the nearest second). This scan
time is relatively small and as the home coordinator is initialised infrequently this is an acceptable
delay when contrasted with the performance increase possible through the use of a channel with less
interference. The coordinator is pre programmed with the PAN ID (Personal Area Network
Identifier), although it is possible for the coordinator to dynamically scan for existing network PAN
IDs in the same frequency and generate a PAN ID that does not conflict. All home devices
connected to the ZigBee home automation network are assigned a fixed 64 bit MAC address.
Additionally, each device is assigned a dynamic 16 bit short address that is fixed for the lifetime of
the network. At this stage of the network initialisation, the coordinator assigns itself the short
address 0x0000. After the coordinator’s initialisation phase the coordinator enters “coordinator
mode”, during this phase it awaits requests from ZigBee devices to join the network. The ZigBee
devices developed for the home network, as mentioned, includes a light switch, radiator valve, safety
sensor and ZigBee remote control. A ZigBee end node has been integrated with these devices. As the
devices are started, during their respective initialisation stage, the node scans for available channels
to identify the network it wishes to join. There may be multiple networks in the same channel, these
networks are normally distinguished by their PAN ID. The node selects

9
The virtual home is a software construct developed in C. The virtual home is implemented on the
home gateway. All communication and instructions are checked, as illustrated in Figure 5, for
security and safety, in the virtual environment, before implementation in the real home environment.
The virtual home waits for input from an external source. All devices on the ZigBee network
incorporate the ZigBee microcontroller and a dedicated AES Coprocessor. Sensitive
communications on the home network are encrypted. Hence, the message payload of sensitive
communications received by the virtual home from legitimate sources will be encrypted with a valid
symmetric key. Once the security of messages has been established, the virtual home checks the
safety implications of the messages. After decryption the destination device address is extracted
from the message and checked in the device database for its existence. Once the device’s existence
on the network has been established, the command and parameters included in the message are
extracted. The existence of the command for the respective device is checked to ensure the real
device offers the requested functionality. The extracted parameters are compared against predefined
safe ranges for the respective device and command. Only after the message has been processed by
the virtual home algorithm for security and safety and declared safe is the message is re-encrypted
and forwarded to the real home network device
ZigBee Remote Control: A low cost, simple-to-use remote controller, for the local monitoring and
control of devices was developed. The controller board includes a ZigBee microcontroller, LCD
display, four push button switches, and is powered by four AA batteries. Instructions from the
remote control traverse the home network until received by the destination device.
Remote Access Device and Wi-Fi Remote Control: A standard mobile phone with built in support
for Wi-Fi and J2ME was used to access and control the system. While locally accessing the system
the mobile used Wi-Fi to freely access and control the system. When a Wi-Fi connection was not
available the mobile established an Internet connection to access and control the system. In both
scenarios the instructions sent from the mobile phone are received by the home gateway, which
translates the communication and forwards it to the virtual home, as discussed, before being sent to
the destination device

10
 CHAPTER-5

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Device to device communication is the technique used in modern wireless transmission technology
like Internet of Things and 5G. In D2D communication, devices can interact each other without a
central transceiver node.

ZigBee is capable of device-to-device communication in a smart home application which uses mesh
network topology. Devices can find another active device within its vicinity, initiate communication
without interruptions and efficiency of the system improves using D2D communication.

Zigbee Technical Specifications:

Standard IEEE 802.15.4

Frequency 2.4 GHz (home automation), 784 MHz, 868

MHz and 915 MHz (country specific)

Range 10 to 100 meters (line of sight)

Data Rate 20 kbps to 250 kbps

Network type Mesh networking and device to device

communication

11
 CHAPTER-6

TYPES OF ZIGBEE DEVICES

Zigbee Coordinator:
A coordinator is a special router. In addition to all of the router capabilities, the coordinator is
responsible for forming the network. To do that, it must select the appropriate channel, PAN ID,
and extended network address. It is also responsible for selecting the security mode of the network.

Zigbee router:

Routers are responsible for routing traffic between different nodes. Routers may not sleep. As
such, routers are not a suitable choice for battery operated devices. Routers are also responsible for
receiving and storing messages intended for their children. In addition to this, routers are the gate
keepers to the network. They are responsible for allowing new nodes to join the network.

Zigbee End device:

End devices do not route traffic. They may also sleep, which makes end devices a suitable choice for
battery operated devices. An end device only has one parent, either the coordinator or a router,
generally the closest device when it was paired. All communications to and from the end device is
via their parent. If a parent router goes offline all traffic to its children will cease until those end
devices time out and attempt to find a new parent. Some models of end device, notably Xiaomi,
don't attempt to find a new parent so will remain isolated until re-paired with the network.

12
The home gateway, as depicted in Figure 1, is charged with providing interoperability between
different connecting networks. The home gateway provides two primary functions for the proposed
architecture. Firstly, the home gateway provides data translation services between the Internet, Wi-
Fi, and ZigBee networks. Secondly, the home gateway provides a standardised user interface for
devices connecting to the ZigBee home network, remotely using the Internet or locally using the Wi-
Fi network. The home gateway does not provide a standardised interface for the local ZigBee remote
control (See Figure 1). This decision was made to provide greater freedom for interface design and
avoid limitations that have to be taken into consideration in the design of the low data rate, low
power ZigBee remote control interface. Although, as depicted, the close cooperation between the
home gateway and device database allows for the real time control and

The virtual home, as depicted in Figure 1, is responsible for the administration of security and safety
for the home automation system. The virtual home, as the name suggests, is a virtual environment
where the actions requested by users are checked. For the purposes of security, all the messages
received by the virtual home are checked by authenticating the senders, checking the integrity of the
messages to ensure they have not been tampered with, and protecting the confidentiality of messages
through the use of encryption. The system’s safety is protected by ensuring the commands received
are appropriate for the respective home network and that all changes requested fall within the
specified safety limits. The primary objective of the virtual home is to prevent any event that may
pose a security or safety concern from implementation in the home networks. The virtual home is
included in the proposed architecture to tackle the security and safety problems.

The home automation system is designed to be flexible, allowing different devices designed by
multiple vendors to be connected. Each device incorporates a dedicated engine, responsible for
providing the necessary application functionality and ZigBee network connectivity. Moreover, each
device engine may contain dedicated security and safety measures. Critical devices should check all
requested operations to ensure that they will not result in an undesirable outcome. Furthermore,
collaboration with the virtual home should provide the necessary information to facilitate secure
communications.

13
Light Switch: A conventional light switch was integrated with a ZigBee microcontroller, as shown in
Figure 6 (a). In this prototype the user could access the light switch, detect the lights current state
(“On” or “Off”), and adjust the state accordingly.

Radiator Valve: A prototype automatic radiator valve was developed and integrated with a ZigBee
microcontroller, as shown in Figure 6 (b). The valve can be manually controlled as are conventional
valves, but also remotely monitored and controlled.

Safety Sensor: The safety sensor has special characteristics of interest. For instance, unlike most
devices, the safety sensor has to continuously monitor its environment and provide feedback. This
reduces the time the device can operate in sleep mode, hence considerably reducing the battery life.
A safety sensor was developed (see Figure 6 (c)) to investigate the potential viability of the system
with a mass market end device that places a large demand on system resources. The safety sensor
developed incorporated temperature, carbon monoxide, flame, and smoke sensors

This section has described in detail the individual elements that combine to implement the proposed
system architecture. A user can login to monitor and control the home automation systems end
devices, using one of three user interface devices (ZigBee remote control, Wi-Fi remote control, and
Remote access device). All messages from the devices using the Internet for communication are sent
to the home’s IP address. The messages are forwarded to the home gateway’s IP address on the local
Wi-Fi network, through a Wi-Fi enabled ADSL modem. Similarly, communications from the
devices using the Wi-Fi network for communications are forwarded to the home gateway’s IP
address. Once the home gateway has received the messages .

14
 CHAPTER-7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages of Zigbee technology:

 It consumes less power and less time.

 Zigbee home automation is comfortable and very safe.
 The range of Zigbee is approximate 100-300 feet.
 The limitation of the Zigbee home automation is If there any damage due to the breaking of the
cable the whole system get damaged
 In very rare cases, the reliability of home automated device is decreased

Disadvantages of Zigbee technology:

 Limited Range
 The sensors (or nodes) used in WHAS have limited resources.
 Internet Connectivity is must
 It is so highly risky to be used for official private information.
 As compared with WiFi, it is not secure.

15
The Zigbee 3.0 protocol is designed to communicate data through noisy RF environments that are
common in commercial and industrial market applications. Version 3.0 builds on the existing Zigbee
connectivity standard but unifies the market-specific application profiles to allow all devices to be
wirelessly connected in the same network, irrespective of their market designation and function.
Furthermore, a Zigbee 3.0 certification scheme ensures the interoperability of products from
different device manufacturers. Connecting Zigbee 3.0 networks to the IP domain opens up wireless
monitoring and control from radio devices such as smartphones and tablets on a LAN or WAN,
including the Internet, and brings the true Internet of Things to fruition.

Nodes adopt whichever security method is used by the hub network they join. Zigbee 3.0 supports
the increasing scale and complexity of wireless networks, and copes with large local networks of
greater than 250 nodes. Zigbee also handles the dynamic behavior of these networks (with nodes
appearing, disappearing and re-appearing in the network) and allows orphaned nodes, which result
from the loss of a parent, to re-join the network via a different parent. The self-healing nature of
Zigbee Mesh networks also allows nodes to drop out of the network without any disruption to
internal routing.

The backward compatibility of Zigbee 3.0 means that applications and smart home devices already
developed under the Zigbee Light Link 1.0 or Home Automation 1.2 profile are ready for Zigbee
3.0. The Zigbee Smart Energy profile is also compatible with Zigbee 3.0 at the functional level, but
Smart Energy has additional security requirements that are only addressed within the profile.

Zigbee’s Over-The-Air (OTA) upgrade feature for software updates during device operation ensures
that applications on devices already deployed in the field/market can be seamlessly migrated to
Zigbee 3.0. OTA upgrade is an optional functionality that manufacturers are encouraged to support
in their Zigbee products' application layer

16
 CHAPTER-8

APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

APPLICATIONS:

 It is used in Vital Monitoring for Heart-rate Monitoring, Body heat Monitoring and Personal
equipment control
 It is used in Consumer Electronics like Remote control, PC- peripheral, Dimmer/ switches
and electronic kits.
 It is used in alarm and security systems like Smoke detector and Water leakage alarm

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS:

 It include home security feature like capturing the photo of a person moving around the house
and storing it onto the cloud.
 Increasing the range of the network.

17
 CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION
 The complexity and expense of the architectures adopted by existing systems, the
intrusiveness of the system installations, the lack of interoperability between different home
automation technologies
 The complexity and expense of the architectures adopted by existing systems, the intrusiveness
of the system installations, the lack of interoperability between different Home Automation technologies
 Experimentation has highlighted the stability of the novel architecture adopted, including the minimal
impact of the inclusion of the virtual home on system’s performance

Figure4: Zigbee Control

18
 CHAPTER-10
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. www.google.com

2. www.wikipedia.org

3. www.studymafia.org

4. www.5gtechnologyworld.com/

5. www.inceptivemind.com/eyedrive-holographic-car-assistant/5830/

19