PLPGA Safety Code 2000

PLPGA
SAFETY CODE Revised 2000
PHILIPPINE LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS ASSOCIATION, INC.

SECRETARIAT: 218 SAN VICENTE STREET, BINONDO, 1006 MANILA
MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX 1524 MANILA CPO
PLPGA Safety Code 2000

1
Domestic Installation
1. DOMESTIC INSTALLATION
1.1.SCOPE
This section covers the requirements for the use of LPG cylinders within residential premises.
1.1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
All cylinders used shall comply with minimum requirements stated in PNS 03:2000.
a) Only cylinders with capacity of 11.0 kg or less shall be allowed to be used inside residential
premises. A maximum of 2 cylinders shall be allowed.
b) Only trained and licensed LPG technicians are allowed to installed cylinders in domestic
dwellings.
c) Cylinders should only be used with appliances specifically designed for LPG.
d) Cylinders must be installed in upright position with the pressure relief valve in contact with the
vapor space.
1.1. LOCATION
The location of cylinder(s) shall comply with the following:

a) Cylinders may be located indoors or outdoors.
b) Cylinders must be located on firm, clean and dry site.
c) Cylinders shall not be used or stored in basements or below ground level.
d) Cylinders must be located to facilitate changing and/or quick removal in case of emergency.
e) Cylinders must be located at least 1.0 m away from drains or culverts and entrances or
openings leading to basement.
f) Cylinders must be located so as not to obstruct ingress and egress of people.
g) Cylinders must be located so as to avoid damage from impact from vehicles.
h) Cylinders must be located so as to avoid being heated i.e. beside boilers or heaters.
i) Cylinders shall preferably not be used or stored above the ground floors.
j) Cylinders should preferably not be used in high rise buildings of more than 5 stories.
1.1. MATERIALS
1.1.1. Hoses
a) All hoses used shall conform to PNS 252:1991 and should be marked accordingly.
b) Hose diameter shall be compatible with the regulator outlet size.
c) Hoses used shall not exceed 1.5 m in length per connection.
d) Hose shall be securely fastened at both ends with appropriate clips.
e) Hoses must always be checked for signs of leak or deterioration.
f) Hoses must not be located in concealed areas such as ceilings, in-between walls, etc.
where they might be inadvertently damaged.
1.1.1. Regulators
Regulators used shall comply with UL 144 or other equivalent code. All domestic low pressure
regulators shall have nominal outlet pressure of not more than 28 mbar and must not be
equipped with relief devices. Regulator inlet connection must be compatible with the
cylinder valve installed and outlet connection compatible with size of hose used.
1.1. INSTALLATION
1.1.1. Appliances must be positioned so that adequate ventilation is available for combustion.
It must not be placed in confined spaces.
1.1.1. Regulators must be installed in such a way as to prevent its vent from being blocked by
dirt or grease.

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Domestic Installation
1.1.1. If more than one appliance is in use, the gas may be supplied via suitable metal piping and
the feed to this piping from a cylinder regulator shall be by flexible hose not longer than
1.5 meter. Steel pipes used shall be Schedule 40 minimum. Copper tubing may be used
for connections less than 2.0 m in length.
1.1.1. Each appliance connected to the LPG piping must be provided with a suitable shut-off
valve.
1.1.1. Rigid pipings must be sized and installed to ensure adequate flow of gas to all connected
appliances.
1.1.1. All pipings must be adequately supported.
1.1.1. Concealed pipings must be protected against inadvertent damage from nails, screws, etc.
by appropriate sleeves or other means.
1.1.1. Suitable jointing compounds or sealing tapes must be used on threaded joints to ensure a
gas-tight connection.
1.1. COSTING AND COMMISSIONING
1.1.1. Before the LPG installation is put into service, it must be leak-tested to ensure that it is
gas-tight.
1.1.1. Leak-testing can be done by applying soap solution along the joints and piping.
1.1.1. Naked flames must never be use for leak-testing.
1.1.1. LPG piping must be pressurized up to 1.5 times its maximum working pressure during
leak testing.
1.1.1. Defective pipes or fittings must be replaced and not repaired.
1.1.1. After the piping has been determined to be leak-free, the installation must be tested for
adequacy of supply and line pressure. This is done by operating all connected appliances
simultaneously. The gas pressure must not be less than that recommended for each
appliance.
1.1. HAND OVER OF INSTALLATION
Customers must be thoroughly instructed on the operation of the system before the installation is
handed over. The following must be advised to customers:
a) How to recognize gas leaks and the action to take in case of leaks
b) Action to take in case of fire
c) How to operate gas appliance properly
d) When to reorder and how to replace cylinder
e) The need to isolate appliances from cylinder by means of isolating valves.
f) Precautions to take when appliance is not in used for extended period of time.
g) Recommended frequency of cleaning maintenance for appliance and servicing of LPG
installation.

3
50 Kg Cylinder Installation
2. 50 KG CYLINDER INSTALLATION
2.1. SCOPE
This section covers the requirements for the design, installation, testing and safe use of 50.0 kg. cylinders in
vapor application for commercial and industrial users. It does not cover 50.0 kg liquid withdrawal
application.
2.2. GENERAL REQUIREMENT
2.2.1. The location of the cylinder(s) shall comply with the following:
a) outdoor and well-ventilated area
b) firm, clean, and dry
c) not be below ground level
d) accessible to changing and quick removal in case of emergency
e) 1.5 m from any source of heat i.e. steam pipes and boilers
f) 2.0m away from any openings i.e. drains, culverts, doors, etc.
g) 3.0m away from any open flames
h) away from entrance and exit of buildings
i) protected from vehicular collision or damage
2.2.2. Permanent 50.0 kg installations installed indoors must be located in an isolated section of
a building reserved exclusively for this purpose and ventilated at floor level directly to the
outside air. The separation walls must be made of concrete or other materials with at least
a fire rating of one hour.
2.2.3. Cylinder shall be installed in an upright position with the valve uppermost.
2.2.4. Cylinders should preferably not be located on floors above ground level unless suitable
lifting equipment is available to transport the cylinders.
2.2.5. Open flames, unprotected lights and smoking must be completely forbidden within 5m of
installations when cylinders are being connected and disconnected.
2.2.6. The pressure relief valves of the cylinders be positioned in such a way that any discharged
vapor does not cause unnecessary hazards, e.g. the prv must point away from windows,
cellar entrances, naked lights.
2.3. MATERIALS
2.3.1. Pipes, Tubings and Fittings

Metallic pipes and pipe fittings to an acceptable thickness suitable to withstand 2.5 times
the maximum operating pressure may be used for LPG piping. Pipes shall preferably be
wrought iron or steel, seamless and can be either BI or GI They may be threaded, flanged
or welded provided they comply with the following requirements:
a) Piping subjected to pressure 125 psig and above:
Threaded - BI or GI seamless pipe Schedule 80
Welded - BI or GI seamless pipe Schedule 40 or heavier
b) Piping subjected to less than 125 psi :
Threaded - BI or GI seamless or welded seam pipe Schedule 40 or heavier
Welded - BI or GI seamless or welded seam pipe Schedule 40
2.3.2. Pipe fittings and flanges used shall be suitable for the pipe thickness used. Threaded
fittings should only be used for joint sizes of 50mm or less although threaded joint up to
and including 80 mm are accepted for proprietary items such as valves, pumps, meters,
etc. Joints above these sizes should be made by welding or by welded flanges.

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2.3.3. Flanges must be machined and should preferably be provided with a raised face. Gaskets
used in flanged connections shall be resistant to action of LPG and preferably be 1.6 mm
(1/16”) in thickness.
2.3.4. Polyethylene pipes and fittings used shall comply with ASTM D2513 and shall be
recommended by manufacturer for use with LPG. Jointing shall be by heat-fusion,
compression-type mechanical fittings, or by factory-assembled transition fittings. Heat
fusion and factory-assembled fittings shall be permitted for use in all sizes of pipes used.
Mechanical compression-type fittings shall not be used for pipe sizes above 2 inched. All
fittings used shall be installed in accordance to the manufacturer’s written procedure.
2.3.5. Shut-off valves and similar equipment must be made of steel, ductile iron, malleable iron,
or brass and must be suitable for the operating pressure.
2.3.6. Copper tubing which is not subjected to full cylinder pressure must be such that it can
withstand a test pressure without bursting of 3.5 bars (50 psi) or 5 times the maximum
operating pressure to which it may be subjected in normal use, whichever is the greater.
2.3.7. Cast iron fittings shall not be used.
2.3.8. Flexible connectors used to join movable appliances must be of a type that resist
abrasion.
2.4. FLEXIBLE HOSES
2.4.1. Flexible hoses that are subjected to full cylinder pressure must be designed to a minimum
working pressure of 24 bars (350 psi) and /or a bursting pressure of 5 times the maximum
pressure they will normally carry, whichever is greater. The hose must be resistant to LPG
action and should be of the reinforced type preferably.
2.4.2. Flexible hoses for connecting cylinders to manifold header should not be longer 0.75 m
and should be adequately crimped at the ends.
2.5. PRESSURE REGULATORS
2.5.1. Pressure regulators used shall meet all the requirements of NFPA 58 section 2.5.8.
2.5.2. Pressure regulators must be located such that they are readily accessible for servicing and
inspection.
2.5.3. Pressure regulators must be adequately supported and protected against physical damage.
2.5.4. Pressure regulators fitted with relief valves must be installed in open air. If indoors, it
must be vented to the open air by means of a vent pipe. The regulator or its vent pipe
must be positioned in such a way as to avoid unnecessary hazards if the relief valve
functions e.g. away from windows, cellar entrances and naked flames.
2.5.5. Vent holes of pressure regulators installed outdoors must be positioned or protected
against possible ingress of water or substances that could cause blockage.
2.5.6. The maximum operating pressure entering a building shall not exceed 1.4 bars (20 psig).
2.5.7. Two stage pressure regulation system should be used to minimize the risk of regulator
freeze-ups and condensation in the pipes, and to limit the size of piping used.
2.5.8. Over pressure protection devices shall be provided to prevent the pressure in the piping
from exceeding that value that would cause unsafe operation of any connected appliance

5
or equipment. The requirements of 2.5.8 shall deemed to be satisfied if any of the

following pressure relieving or pressure limiting devices are used:
a) spring loaded relief device
b) two stage pressure regulation system
c) Pilot loaded back pressure regulator used as relief valve so designed that failure of
the pilot system or external control piping will cause the regulator relief valve to
open.
d) a monitoring regulator installed in series with the service or line pressure regulator.
e) a series regulator installed upstream from the service or line regulator and set to
continuously limit the pressure on the inlet of the service or line regulator to the
maximum working pressure of the downstream piping system.
f) An automatic shut-off device installed in series with the service or line pressure
regulator and set to shut-off when the pressure on the downstream piping system
reaches the maximum working pressure. The device shall be designed so that it will
remain closed until manually reset.
The above may be installed as an integral part of the service or line pressure regulator or as
separate units.
2.5.9. The first stage regulator shall be installed as close to the container as is practicable. It may
be connected to cylinder valve, container, piping system or securely unto the rigid wall.
2.5.10. The lock-up pressure at the regulator inlet pressure shall not exceed 120% of the initial
delivery pressure setting for low pressure regulators and 130% of the initial delivery
pressure setting for the high pressure regulator.
2.5.11. The capacity of the regulator shall be the through-put or volume that can be attained at the
minimum permissible outlet pressure within the range set out represented by the
performance curve.
2.6. GAS PIPING DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
2.6.1. Any installation with both service and reserve cylinder(s) shall have the necessary valves
and fittings incorporated in the cylinder manifold to limit escape of vapor during the
changeover operation. A suitable changeover device may be incorporated in the manifold
for this purpose.
2.6.2. For installations with 4 x 4 cylinders or more, suitable shut-off valves should be provided
on the manifold header at the end of the supply pipe from each cylinder to avoid undue
escape of gas from the header during cylinder changes. (See Fig. 2.1)
2.6.3. Cylinder manifold connected to a cylinder or battery of cylinders by flexible or semi-

flexible connections shall be rigidly supported. Reinforced high pressure hoses are
considered to be semi-flexible and flexible connectors, respectively, for this purpose.
2.6.4. Piping and valves shall be suitably dimensioned and installed in such a way that all
connected appliances are supplied with the required gas rate and pressure, and any likely
increase in the estimated gas off-take are provided for.
2.6.5. Suitable line shut-off valves must be fitted for each appliance or burner. If this valve is
close to an appliance and shuts off gas to that appliance only, then it may also serve as a
control valve, but its design must be suitable for both functions.
2.6.6. A main shut-off valve must be fitted in the piping as near as possible to its point of entry
into the building and accessible for closing in case of emergency.
2.6.7. It is recommended that the number of fittings used in an installation should be kept to a
minimum in order to reduce the risk of gas leakage.

6
2.6.8. Concealed piping must be protected against inadvertent damage (from nails, knocks)
either by location, type of material used, or by sheathing.
2.6.9. It is recommended that pipe joints should be welded if they are located in concealed
spaces i.e. inside walls, buried, basement, etc.. Joints with valves or other devices which
are removable for servicing should not be placed in concealed locations.
2.6.10. Piping shall be so located or protected as to avoid extremes of temperature which might
give rise to condensation or cracking of the gas.
2.6.11. Provision shall be made to avoid damage to the piping by its expansion, contraction,
vibration or by settlement of the building by which it is carried.
2.6.12. Steel piping if buried and/or located in corrosive atmospheres must be suitably protected
against corrosion.
2.6.13. The installations of gas piping shall in no way weaken significantly the building structure.
2.6.14. Piping shall not run in or through an air or ventilating duct, chimney, flue or lift shaft.
2.6.15. Piping shall be adequately supported with a gap between the piping and any wall or
structure carrying it. The piping must also be secured in position to prevent it being
moved accidentally from its original position. The recommended maximum distance
between supports are as follows:
Table 2.1
Distances Between Pipe Supports
Pipe Size (15 mm) Span (m)
15 2.0
20 2.5
25 3.0
40 3.5
50 4.0
2.6.16. The piping shall be free internally and externally of cutting burrs, loose scale, dirt, dust
and other foreign matter before the installation is completed.
2.6.17. Threaded connections if used shall have tapered threads. Sealing tape or jointing
compound which is resistant to the action of LPG shall be used to provide gas tight joints.
These must be applied only on the male threads.
2.6.18. The open ends of piping and/or shall always be made gas tight by means of either a cap
or plug.
2.6.19. Hoses used shall not extend from one room to another, and therefore, shall not be passed
through doors, windows, walls, partitions, ceilings, or floors. It shall not be use in
concealed places.
2.6.20. Hoses shall be kept as short as possible with a maximum length of two meters and
secured by metal clamps to fittings.
2.6.21. When the cylinder is not in the same room as an appliance and connected with rigid pipe
or flexible tubing, a valve shall be fitted in the end of the tubing/pipe to which the hose is
connected.
2.7. LEAK TESTING
2.7.1. Before any system of gas piping is finally put into service it must carefully tested to
ensure that it is gas tight. Where any part of the system is to be enclosed or concealed the

7
test must precede the work of closing in. The test pressures to be used for checking gas
tightness are:
2.7.1.1. Piping installation subjected to full cylinder pressure:

Test pressure of 1.5 times the normal working pressure or 10 bars (150 psi),
whichever is greater.
2.7.1.2. Piping installation after the 1st stage regulator with pressure setting above 500
mm inches WC:
Test pressure of 2.5 times the maximum expected operating pressure 3.5 bars (50 psi),
whichever is the greater.
2.7.1.3. Piping installations subject to gas pressures of 20 inches WC or less:

Test pressure of 5 times the maximum expected operating pressure, with a minimum of 5
psig, whichever is greater.
Note : If any part of the installation is protected by safety relief devices or valves, then the test pressure
may be the pressure at which these relief devices or valves operate. These devices should
however be isolated during testing to avoid any damage.
2.7.2. Location of leaks should be found by the use of soup solution or similar materials.
2.7.3. Naked flames must never be used for checking the gas tightness of installations.
2.7.4. Defective pipes or fittings must be repaired or replaced.
2.7.5. After the installation has been found to be gas tight the adequacy of the gas supply must
be verified and the satisfactory operation of pressure regulators and valves must be
checked.
2.8. COMMISSIONING
The piping shall be purged of air up to the appliances with LPG vapor and further tested for leaks.
Care must be taken to prevent accumulation of gas-air mixture released during purging inside
premises or in confined spaces. When purging through individual appliances a source of ignition
shall be held adjacent to the burner to ensure immediate ignition when the gas is rich enough. Steps
shall be taken to ensure no other sources of ignition are present and to prevent inadvertent
operation of electric switches or appliances and to prohibit smoking or naked lights in the vicinity
of the purge point.
2.9. INSTRUCTIONS TO CONSUMERS
2.9.1. Consumers must be thoroughly instructed in the operation of the whole system. In
particular, they must be instructed on:
a) How to recognize gas leaks.
b) Action to be taken in case of leakage.
c) Action to be taken in case of fire.
d) Action to be taken in case of damage to, or failure of, any part of the installation.
e) How to change gas cylinders.
2.9.2. Consumers must be instructed on good practice in the storage of LPG cylinders not in
use. The following points should be emphasized and preferably written instructions left:
a) Cylinders must not be stored below ground level.
b) Cylinders must not be stored less than 2.0 m away from culverts and depressions or
entrances and openings leading to cellars and drains.
c) Cylinders must not be stored near any source of excessive heat, e.g. boilers, furnaces,
steam pipes.
d) Full must be protected from excessive heating and weathering by sun and rain.

8
e) Buildings or parts of buildings used for cylinder storage must have adequate floor
level and ceiling level ventilation.
f) Inflammable materials must not be stored in the cylinder storage compartment.
g) Open flames and smoking must be prohibited in the storage area and a notice to this
effect must be prominently displayed.
h) Cylinders must not be stored in any building part of which is inhabited.
TO 2ND STAGE REGULATOR

LEGEND:
1 - 1st Stage Regulator
2 - Shut off Valve
3 - Flexible Hose
4 - Pressure Gauge 4 1
5
5 - LPG Pipe Header
2
3
Figure 2.1 Typical cylinder manifold with individual shut-off valves for 4 x 4 cylinder or more
installation.

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LPG Bulk Storage Facilities
3. LPG BULK STORAGE FACILITIES
3.1. SCOPE
This section covers the requirements for the installation of LPG bulk storage facilities at consumer
sites and bulk plants. Refrigerated storage facilities are not covered by this section.
3.2. LPG TANK
3.2.1. Tank Design and Construction
3.2.1.1. LPG tanks shall be designed, constructed, and tested in accordance with
accepted such as ASME Section VIII Division IV.1 or other equivalent unfired
pressure vessel codes.
3.2.1.2. The design pressures of the LPG tanks shall not be less than the vapor pressure
of the actual grades of LPG to be handled at the highest temperature that the
contents will reach during normal service. This temperature shall not be less than
40oC.
3.2.1.3. Materials used for LPG tanks shall be suitable for use at the lowest temperature
the contents will reach in normal service, which may be below the minimum
ambient temperature, and shall in any event be suitable for use at 0oC.
3.2.1.4. Each tank shall be provided with a permanently fixed nameplate indicating the
following information:
a) design code
b) manufacturer’s name
c) tank serial no.
d) water capacity in liters
e) max. operating pressure in MPa
f) max. design temperature in oC
g) date of manufacture/test
h) inspecting authorities’ identification if any
i) material
j) diameter / length
k) plate thickness - head and shell
3.2.2. Storage Tank - Location and Spacing
3.2.2.1. Storage tanks are normally installed above ground in the open air but they can be
buried underground or mounded. They must never be installed in buildings or in
open pits. Storage tanks at consumer installations and bulk plants shall be
spaced and located in accordance with Table 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. The
distances given are the minimum permitted and referred to the horizontal
distance in plan between the tank and the nearest point of a specified feature, e.g.
an adjacent storage tank, building, property line, except for underground and
mounded tanks where some distances are measured from the valve assembly on
the manhole cover(s).
3.2.2.2. Separation distances are intended to protect the LPG facilities from the
radiation effects of fires involving other facilities as well as to minimize the risk
of escaping LPG being ignited before being dispersed or diluted.
Table 3.1

10
Separation Distance of Tank to

Nearest Building and/or source of Ignition
Minimum Distances
Water Capacity Per Container
Gallons (m3) Mounded or Aboveground Between
Underground Containers Containers
Containers
Less than 125 0.5 3m None None
to 250 0.5 to 1.0 3m 3m None
to 500 1.0+ to 1.9 3m 3m 1m
to 2,000 1.9+ to 7.6 3m 7.6 m 1m
to 30,000 7.6+ to 114 15 m 15 m 1.5 m
to 70,000 57+ to 265 15 m 23 m (¼ of
to 90,000 265+ to 341 15 m 30 m sum of
to 120,000 341+ to 454 15 m 38 m diameters
to 200,000 454 to 757 15 m 61 m of
to 1,000,000 757 to 3785 15 m 91 m adjacent
over 1,000,000 3785 15 m 122 m tank)
3.2.2.3. For tank sizes over 70,000 gallons, the separation distances indicated in Table
3.1 shall not apply to installations built prior to 1978. A hazard and risk analysis
shall be conducted in place of Table 3.1.
3.2.2.4. If the aggregate water capacity of a multi-container installation comprised of

individual tanks with water capacity of less than 125 gal (0.5 m3) is 501 gal (1.9
m3) or more, the minimum distance that shall be applied is that of the aggregate
water capacity rather than individual tank capacity.
3.2.2.5. Tanks must be installed such that the discharge from the pressure relief valve is
at least 1.5 m horizontally away from any building openings and not less than 3.0
m from any source of ignition or mechanical ventilation air intakes.
3.2.2.6. The filling connection and the vent from liquid level gauges shall not be less than
3.0m away from any source of ignition or mechanical ventilation air intakes.
3.2.2.7. The minimum safety distance for mounded or underground tanks shall be
measure from the pressure relief valves and filling or liquid level gauge vent
connection on the tank.
3.2.2.8. Separation distances for above ground tanks may be reduced by the provision of
fire or radiation walls under 3.6.
3.2.2.9. For bulk LPG plants, the separation distances from LPG tank to other points as
indicated in Table 3.2 shall apply in addition to Table 3.1:
Table 3.2
Separation Distance for LPG Tanks to Other Points within Bulk LPG Plants
Reference Feature Distance (meter)
a) Non-controlled areas or buildings, boundary or 15

11
fixed source of ignition

b) Cylinder Filling Plants
Above ground bulk storage tanks:
Up to 30,000 gal 10
Over 30,000 gal 15
c) Building wall surrounding product tanks of 6
flammable liquids with flash point up to 65 oC
d) Bulk LPG lorry loading / unloading area
Up to 30,000 gal 10
Over 30,000 gal 15
Note: See Figure 3.1
3.2.2.10. The minimum separation distance between an above ground LPG tank and
containers of liquid fuels having flash points below 65oC shall be 6.0m. No
separation distance is required between above ground LPG tank and
underground containers of flammable or combustible liquids.
3.2.2.11. Multi-tank installations shall be designed and installed as follows:

a) LPG tanks shall not be installed above or below any other tank such that
their outlines overlap when viewed in plan.
b) Precautions must be taken when tanks are interconnected in the
liquid phase to ensure that the maximum permissible liquid level in
any tank is not exceeded.
c) A vapor equalizing line of adequate size interconnecting all tanks
which are interconnected in the liquid phase is essential.
d) Installation having a liquid return line to the storage tanks, e.g. from pumps,
vaporizer etc. must be designed to avoid overfilling by the inadvertent return
of product to tanks otherwise isolated.
e) The minimum distance of separation between an LPG storage tank and
oxygen or gaseous hydrogen shall follow Table 3.3:
Table 3.3
Separation Distance of LPG Tanks from Oxygen and Hydrogen Containers
LPG Tank Capacity Oxygen Container Total Capacity Hydrogen Containers Total
Capacity
1 m3 or 1 m3 to 566 More than 1 m3 or 1 m3 to More than

less m3 566 m3 less 85 m3 85 m3
gal (14.5 m3) or less None 6m 7.6m
Over 1200 gal (4.5 m3) None 15m 15 m
gal (1.9 m3) or less None 3m 7.6 m
Over 500 gal (1.9m3)* None 7.6m 15 m
3.2.2.12. The number of above ground LPG storage tanks in one group should not exceed
six. Any tank in one group should be 7.5 m from the nearest tank in another
group unless a fire wall is erected between the two groups.
3.2.2.13. No permanent source of heat should be located within 1.5m of an LPG storage
tank.
3.2.2.14. Weeds, long grass, deciduous shrubs and trees, and any combustible material
should be removed from an area within the required minimum safety distances.
3.2.2.15. Head-to-head positioning of tanks is not recommended.
3.2.2.16. LPG storage tanks, vaporizers, pumps, gas-air mixing plants etc. shall not be
located directly beneath electrical power cables. For cables carrying less than
1.0kV the tanks should be sited at least 1.5 m from a line drawn vertically

12
downwards from the power cables. For cables carrying 1.0kV or greater the
distance should be increased to 7.5m.
3.2.3. Storage Area
3.2.3.1. Bund walls should not be constructed around LPG storage tanks.
3.2.3.2. Diversion kerbs with a height not exceeding 380mm to avoid forming gas traps
may be required to direct possible leakage away from tanks and sources of
ignition to a safe area for dispersion. The use of continues kerbs is not
normally required around propane tanks.
3.2.3.3. No LPG storage tank should be located within the bunded enclosure of:
a) a tank containing any other flammable liquid.
b) a tank containing liquid oxygen or other hazardous or cryogenic substance.
c) low pressure refrigerated LPG vessels.
d) any heated storage tank e.g. a fuel oil tank.
3.2.3.4. The ground beneath or adjacent to tank connections or ancillary equipment

should be cemented or compacted and arranged to prevent either the
accumulation of any liquid beneath them or its flow affecting other tanks or
important areas. Provision should be made for handling the run-off of cooling
water applied under fire conditions.
3.2.3.5. To prevent the formation of gas pockets the vicinity of LPG storage tanks
should be free from pits and depressions within the required separation
distance.
3.2.3.6. Open drains, or ducts located within the storage tank safety distance which
would permit access and passage of LPG vapors must be fitted with a water trap
or be otherwise suitable sealed.
3.3. WARNING SIGNS AND NOTICES
3.3.1. Every tank site shall be provided with suitable warning signs and notices such as:
a) No Smoking, No Open Flame
b) Highly Flammable - LPG
c) Emergency Procedures
d) Emergency Contact Nos.
e) No Unauthorized Entry
3.3.2. The signs shall be clearly visible and legible at the applicable safety distance and should
be firmly fixed to the fence or wall or the tank itself.
3.3.3. For underground or mounded tanks to comply with the above requirement it is
recommended that notices are displayed adjacent to the installation.
3.3.4. For un-odorized product, tanks should be clearly marked as “Un-odorized” or “un-
stenched”.
3.4. TANK SUPPORTS
3.4.1. Tank supports shall comply with the pressure vessel standard taking account of the tank
shell stressing and transmission of the loading to the ground.
3.4.2. Horizontal tanks shall have two steel saddle supports welded to the shell and designed to
accommodate expansion and contraction of the tank i.e. by using fixed and sliding
supports.

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3.4.3. The steel supports of vertical and spherical tanks shall be welded to the tank shell by
means of a pad or double plate. The diagonal members for bracing the supports shall
likewise not be directly welded to the tank.
3.4.4. Tank supports should be designed to prevent, or to drain, any accumulation of water and
be of sufficient height to allow adequate access for installation, maintenance and use for
the bottom fittings.
3.4.5. Steel supports and skirts of vertical tanks and spheres shall be fire-proofed up to the shell
of the tank.
3.5. TANK FOUNDATION
3.5.1. Above Ground Tanks Design of the foundation should take into consideration:
a) Ground conditions with special reference to the allowable bearing pressures.
b) The necessity to avoid flotation, if there is a risk of flooding, by securely anchoring.
weighting or the use of adequate height.
c) The necessity to avoid settlement particularly differential settlement.
d) Expansion and contraction of the tank shell.
e) The greatest combined effect incurred by static loading due to the weight of the tank,
its contents, water used for hydraulic test, wind loading, operational loading such as
vibration, thermal effects etc.
f) Drainage of tank .
3.5.2. Underground and Mounded Tanks
3.5.2.1. Tanks shall be set on firm foundations and shall be securely restrained against
flotation. The back fill material should be free of rocks or other abrasive
material and should be carefully consolidated. It is recommended that not less
than 0.3m of cover should be provided.
3.5.2.2. Tank fittings and appurtenances shall be accessible for operation or repair
without disturbing the mounding materials.
3.5.2.3. Underground tanks shall be protected from superimposed above ground loading,
e.g. due to vehicular traffic or other cause, either by fencing off the area under
which tanks are buried or protecting them with a reinforced concrete slab or
other adequate cover. If the tank area is not fenced off, the tank manhole cover
and the tank fittings should be protected against damage and tampering.
3.5.2.4. Mounded tanks should be protected, as appropriate, either by fencing off the area
around the mound or by other adequate means. Where the tank area is not fenced
off, the manhole and tank fittings shall be protected against damage and
tampering.
3.5.2.5. A mounded tank shall be regarded as an underground tank for the purposes of
separation distances, provided it has not at least than 0.3m of cover.
3.5.2.6. The cover over mounded tanks shall be stable under all weather conditions.
Where any exposed surfaces are protected by fixed water sprays the mounding
shall be protected against possible erosion during testing.
3.5.2.7. Underground or mounded vessels must be protected against corrosion by suitable

coatings and cathodic protection.
3.6. FIRE WALLS

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3.6.1. Fire or radiation walls may permit separation distances to be reduced. They should be of
such length that the distance from the tank to a boundary or fixed ignition source
measured around the end of the wall is not less than the required safety distances. Tanks
shall not be located less than 1.5 m from the fire wall. (See Figure 3.2)
3.6.2. Fire wall must be solid, without openings, and constructed from brick, concrete or
suitable non-combustible material and for tanks up to and including 500 liters water
capacity, they shall not be less than the height of the tank. For larger tanks they shall be
not less than 2 meters high or the height of the tank, whichever is the greater.
3.6.3. Not more than two radiation walls should be provided for any storage tank and the
remaining two side should be such that natural ventilation is not significantly impaired.
3.6.4. A fire wall may be built on a boundary but in such cases it must be wholly under the
control of the occupier of the LPG storage site.
3.6.5. For tanks up to and including 7570 liters water capacity, the fire wall may be the wall of
existing building, in which case the following additional requirements must be met: (See
Figure 3.3)
3.6.5.1. There should be no openings in the wall either to the sides or above the top of
the storage tank.
3.6.5.2. There should be no overhanging eaves or similar projections constructed from

combustible materials immediately above any storage tank. No external
stairway or fire escape should be positioned above a storage tanks or be
allowed to terminate in the storage area.
3.7. FITTINGS AND NOZZLES
3.7.1. LPG tanks shall be provided with at least one each of the following:
a) Pressure relief device situated at the vapor portion of the vessel.
b) Fixed maximum liquid level device or equivalent high level alarm.
c) Liquid level gauge or indicator.
d) Pressure gage
e) Drains or other means of removing liquid contents
f) Filling connection
g) Service connection
3.7.2. In addition to the above, tanks installed in bulk plants shall be equipped with at least one
temperature gauge.
3.7.3. All fittings installed on the tank shall be suitable for LPG service over the range of
temperatures and pressures that the product will reach in service.
3.7.4. Where liquid may be trapped between closed valves, pipe work and fittings could be
subjected to pressure greater that the tank design pressure due the thermal expansion of
the liquid. In such cases the hydrostatic relief valve pressure is then the required minimum
design pressure of that part of the system.
3.7.5. Tanks with internal diameter 1700 mm or greater shall be provided with manholes for
internal inspections. The minimum size of the manhole shall be 450 mm.
3.7.6. Pressure Relief Valve
3.7.6.1. Each tank should be equipped with one or more safety relief valves of the
tamper proof, direct spring loaded or equivalent type. Relief valves should be

15
installed such that they are in direct communication with the vapor space of the
tank.
3.7.6.2. Safety relief valves should be set to start to discharge at a pressure not less than
the maximum service pressure given in 3.2.1.2.
3.7.6.3. For above ground tanks the rate of discharge at full flow of the relief system
shall be no less than that specified in NFPA 58 Appendix E-2.3.1
IMPORTANT.-These rates of flow are the minimum permissible at full

discharge and apply to relief valve systems including pipe work, check devices
etc., as installed. Allowance must therefore be made for the reduction of quoted
safety relief valve discharge rates arising from the flow resistance of check
devices, multiple valve manifolds or other restrictions, when determining the
size or number of relief valves required.
3.7.6.4. For underground and fully mounded tanks the full flow capacity of the pressure
relief system may be reduce to not less that 30% of the capacity specified in
NFPA 58 Appendix E-2.3.1.
3.7.6.5. In the case of manifold safety relief valve, any provisions made for isolating for
an extended period of time any one relief valve for testing or servicing, should
ensure that the remaining relief valves connected to the tanks provide the full
capacity required. Where the removal of a relief valve would leave the vessel
protected by less than full discharge capacity then a replacement relief valve
must be fitted immediately.
3.7.6.6. In the case of tanks fitted with separate or single relief valves, provisions may
be made for their removal for testing or servicing by the use of an automatic
check device, provided this valve is retained in the fully open position by the
presence of the relief valve and close before the relief valve is completely
removed.
3.7.6.7. Shut-off valve is not recommended to be installed between tank and any safety
relief valve. However, if provided for purposes of maintenance, it should
always be locked-open during normal use.
3.7.6.8. Each pressure relief valve should be plainly and permanently, marked with the
following:
a) manufacturer’s identification including name and catalogue or type
number.
b) start to discharge pressure.
c) certified capacity in terms of air at 15.6oC and 1.013 bar absolute.
d) date of last test, and tester’s identification symbol.
3.7.6.9. For above ground tanks exceeding 3,785 liters and for all underground and
mounded tanks, the relief valves should be fitted with vent pipes adequately
supported and having outlets at least 2.0m above the top of the tank to which
they are fitted and not less than 3m above ground level.
a) Vent pipes should be sized for the full flow of the relief valves to which
they are fitted.
b) The vent pipe must be designed and installed so that in the vent of ignition
of discharged products, flame impingement on any tank, equipment or
piping is avoided.
c) The vent pipes should be protected against internal/external corrosion.
d) If the relief valve does not allow for the drainage of water that may enter, a
drainage point shall be included in the vent pipes. The top of the vent pipe
should be protected with rain cap.

16
3.7.6.10. For tanks 3,785 liters and less where vent pipes are not fitted, the relief valves
should be installed so that any discharged products do not impinge on any tank,
equipment or piping.
3.7.7. Shut-off Valves and Emergency Valves
3.7.7.1. All liquid and vapor connections which permit flow out of or into a tank shall
have a positive shut-off valve capable of manual operation located as close as
practicable to the tank, except that this requirement shall not apply to
connections for safety relief valves or where the passageway into the tank is
1.4mm diameter or less.
3.7.7.2. For installations at bulk plants with liquid service connections at the tank over
19mm nominal bore, the positive shut-off valve required by 3.7.7.1 shall be
provided with an emergency remote actuation facility except that this shall not
apply to connections protected by a back check valve.
a) The shut-off valve shall be capable of closing automatically on loss of
actuating power or fire engulfment . Electricity driven valves need not
close automatically on fire engulfment if the power supply is adequately
fire protected so that remote actuation remains available.
b) The location of the valve shall be as close as practicable to the tank and
should preferably be the primary shut-off valve on the tank. If the valve is
not mounted directly on the vessel it should be no further than 1.5 m from
the tank when viewed in plan or within any security fence, whichever is the
closer.
c) Where valve actuators are fitted they should be sized to operate the valve at
the maximum pressure that may be reached in service. Pneumatically
operated actuators should have a speed control on the opening cycle to
avoid inadvertent operation of the excess flow valve.
3.7.8. Excess Flow Valves
3.7.8.1. All connections into the tank greater than 3mm diameter for liquid and 8mm
diameter for vapor with the exception of those for relief valves, shall be
protected with an excess flow valve or a back check valve (non return valve).
3.7.8.2.The flow rate for closure of excess valve should be below that likely to result
from complete fracture of the line it is protecting but should. prevent premature
closing by sizing flow rate substantially above the expected design flow rate.
3.7.9. Fixed Maximum Liquid Level Device
3.7.9.1. The device shall be of a type that allows vapor or liquid to bleed from a valve
attached to a dip-tube to indicate when the maximum permitted level is reached
during filling.
3.7.9.2. The computed length of the dip tube shall be determined based on the
recommended maximum liquid level of 90%.
3.7.9.3. The connection through the tank shall not be larger than 1.4mm diameter
unless fitted with an excess flow valve and shall be installed so that it is visible
from the filling point.
3.7.10. Filling Connections
3.7.10.1. All filling connections at the storage tank should be equipped with the
following:
a) an excess flow valve or back check valve.

17
b) a shut-off valve capable of manual operation

c) for bulk plants, an emergency shut down valves as indicated in 3.7.7.2.
which is operated from a safe area.
3.7.10.2. Remote filling connections shall terminate with a manual shut-off valve and
transfer hose half coupling protected immediately upstream of the valve as
appropriate. This shall be in addition to the valves adjacent to the tank as per
3.7.10.1.
3.7.10.3. Transfer hoses shall be made of LPG resistant material and if steel wire braiding
or steel wire reinforcement is used, it shall be of stainless steel. Hoses shall have
electrical continuity between end couplings.
3.7.10.4. Filling connections are recommended to be fitted with internal spray pipes or
used with vapor equalizing lines for pressure equalization between the delivery
tanker and the storage tank during delivery.
3.7.11. Pressure Gauge
All tanks should be equipped with a suitable pressure gauge connected to the vapor space
of the tank. Pressure gauge connection hole to the tank should preferably not be larger
than 1.4mm diameter and should be protected by a suitable shut-off valve.
3.7.12. Drain Connection
3.7.12.1. Drain connections should be provided with a shut-off valve preferably not
more than 50mm nominal diameter.
3.7.12.2. The outlet of the drain valves should be provided with a length of piping
terminating with a second shut-off valve. The length of piping should be such
that the risk of simultaneous obstruction of the two valves, e.g. by freezing of
any accumulated water, is minimized.
3.7.12.3. The additional pipe work and second valve may be fitted at time of draining
provided that the fixed drain valve is protected by an excess flow valve fitted
upstream.
3.7.12.4. The outlet of the drain valve system should be blank-flanged, plugged or
otherwise secured against tampering or accidental opening when not in use.
3.7.12.5. No drain should discharge into or be in the proximity of any drainage system.
3.7.13. Contents Gauge
3.7.13.1. All contents gauges should clearly indicate whether they read in % of water
capacity or fractional LPG capacity, or actual contents in gallons, tons etc.
3.7.13.2. Any gauging device that relies on bleeding to atmosphere, such as a rotary tube,
fixed tube or slip tube, shall be such that:
a) the bleed hole maximum opening is not larger than 1.4mm diameter unless it
is protected by an excess flow valve.
b) It cannot be completely withdrawn in normal gauging operations.
c) The gland is capable of being repacked without withdrawing the vessel from
service.
3.7.14. Temperature Gauges
3.7.14.1. Temperature gauges when fitted shall be installed in suitable thermowells.

18
3.7.14.2. The thermowells shall be in the form of blind tubes of suitable length and
strength, oil filled, permanently welded to the tank and constructed in accordance
with the tank design Code.
3.8. PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS
3.8.1. Pumps, compressors, etc. used shall be made of materials suitable to the grade of LPG
and the range of temperatures and pressures the product will reach in service. Cast iron
shall not be used unless they have adequate ductility and resistance to brittle fracture.
Ductile iron with an elongation at fracture of not less than 18% is acceptable
3.8.2. Positive displacement pumps must have a by-pass or other suitable protection system
against excessive pressure.
3.8.3. Pumps should also be protected by suitable strainers/filter devices.
3.8.4. Mechanical seals are preferable to packed glands.
3.8.5. Electric motors and other electrical equipment must be suitable for use in areas as
classified in Table 3.6. Belt drives shall be anti-static type.
3.8.6. Where remote starters are installed, a flame-proof means of isolation with lockout should
be fitted adjacent to the pump motor to facilitate servicing.
3.8.7. Pumps, compressors and their motors should be protected against accidental damage and
the weather by suitable positioning and/or protection. They should not be sited beneath
vessels.
3.8.8. Any electrical equipment must be sited in accordance with the area classification shown in
Table 3.6.
3.8.9. The location of pumps should be selected to minimize the risk of cavitation under the
specified operating conditions.
3.8.10. Pumps should be located to facilitate ease of maintenance.
3.9. LOADING / UNLOADING FACILITIES
3.9.1. Filling connections mounted directly on the tank shall comply with 3.7.10.
3.9.2. Loading / unloading facilities shall be located so that the safe positioning of the delivery
vehicle and its quick removal in an emergency is facilitated.
3.9.2. Loading / unloading facilities should be sited in accordance with Table 3.2. Consideration
should also be given to their area classification (electrical) as shown in Table 3.6.
3.10. PRESSURE REGULATORS
3.10.1. A two-stage regulator system or an integral two stage regulator is required for
controlling vapor pressures within limits necessary for safe operation of the system.
3.10.2. First stage regulators shall be installed as close to the tank or vaporizer outlet as practical
and located outdoors. They must be adequately supported.
3.10.3. Second stage regulators located inside buildings or in inadequately ventilated areas must
be vented to a safe location outside the building.

19
3.10.4. The maximum safe operating pressure inside buildings shall not be greater than 1.4 bars
(20 psi).
3.10.5. Vent holes on regulators must be oriented or otherwise protected against the possible
ingress of water of substances which could cause blockage and also to allow for drainage.
3.10.6. It is recommended that isolation valves be located close to regulators to facilitate

maintenance.
3.11. LOCATION OF VAPORIZERS
3.11.1. Vaporizers should not be installed less than 1.5m of a storage tank..
3.11.2. Non-flameproof electrical vaporizers shall be installed no nearer to LPG storage tanks
than the distances permitted in Table 3.5.
3.11.3. The distance between any vaporizer and the nearest adjacent building or line of adjoining
property shall be as follows:
Table 3.5
Location of LPG Vaporizers
Vaporizer Capacity (Kg / Hr) Min Distance To The Nearest Building Or Line
Of A Adjoining Property (Meters)
up to 50 3.0
> 50 up to 200 7.5
over 200 15.0
3.11.4. Where the design of vaporizer permits installation close to the storage tank(s), it may be
considered as part of the tank installation for determining separation distances.
3.11.5. Particular care should be taken with the location of vaporizers to facilitate their safe
draining.
3.11.6. Use of direct-fired vaporizers is not allowed.

3.12. LPG PIPING REQUIREMENTS
3.12.1. Piping system shall conform to the provisions of a recognized piping standard i.e. ANSI
B36 or equivalent.
3.12.2. Pipes, Tubings and Fittings

Metallic pipes and pipe fittings to an acceptable thickness suitable to withstand 2.5 times
the maximum operating pressure may be used for LPG piping. Pipes shall preferably be
wrought iron or steel, seamless and can be either BI or GI They may be threaded, flanged
or welded provided they comply with the following requirements:
a) Piping subjected to pressure 125 psi and above:
Threaded - BI or GI seamless pipe Schedule 80
Welded - BI or GI seamless pipe Schedule 40 or heavier
b) Piping subjected to less than 125 psi :
Threaded - BI or GI seamless or welded seam pipe Schedule 40 or heavier
Welded - BI or GI seamless or welded seam pipe Schedule 40
3.12.3. Pipe fittings and flanges used shall be suitable for the pipe thickness used. Threaded
fittings should only be used for joint sizes of 50mm or less although threaded joint up to
and including 80 mm are accepted for proprietary items such as valves, pumps, meters,
etc. Joints above these sizes should be made by welding or by welded flanges.

20
3.12.4. Pipe joints 50 mm or over in nominal size shall be welded or flanged. Pipes and fittings
used shall be Sch. 40 or heavier. Joints less than 50 mm in nominal size may be welded,
flanged or screwed with taper threads conforming to API standards. Pipes and fittings
used should be Sch. 80 or heavier.
3.12.5. Polyethylene pipes and fittings used shall comply with ASTM D2513 and shall be
recommended by manufacturer for use with LPG. Jointing shall be by heat-fusion,
compression-type mechanical fittings, or by factory-assembled transition fittings. Heat
fusion and factory-assembled fittings shall be permitted for use in all sizes of pipe used.
Mechanical compression-type fittings shall not be used for pipe sizes above 2 inches. All
fittings used shall be installed accordance to the manufacturer’s written procedure.
3.12.6. Pipelines in which liquid LPG may trapped, e.g. between shut-off valves, shall be
protected against excessive pressure caused by thermal expansion of the contents. If
pressure relieving devices discharge to atmosphere, the discharge should not endanger
personnel or equipment.
3.12.7. Pipelines shall adequately supported and have adequate flexibility to compensate for
thermal expansion, contraction, or any operational stresses. Distances between pipe
supports shall comply with Table 2.1.
3.12.8. Buried steel pipe work shall be adequately protected against corrosion.
3.12.9. Valves and fittings shall be made of steel, hot stamping brass or nodular iron with
equivalent strength and ductility over the design pressure and pressure and temperature
range. Cast iron valves and fittings other than those of nodular iron shall not be used.
3.12.10. Hoses shall be suitable for the grade of LPG which they are to handle. They shall be
designed to withstand a minimum bursting pressure of four times the maximum pressure
they will carry in normal service.
3.12.11. Shut-off valves shall be incorporated at the ends of all pipelines to which properly
identified hoses are connected.
3.12.12. All piping shall be color coded and properly identified.
3.12.13. Flanges used must comply with 2.3.3.
3.12.14. Gaskets for flanged joints shall be resistant to liquid phase LPG. Gasket of natural rubber
or bonded with natural rubber shall not be used. Compressed asbestos fiber (CAF) gaskets
are acceptable.
3.13. TESTING AND COMMISIONING
3.13.1. General Requirements
3.13.1.1. The testing and commissioning of the plant should be a responsibility only
undertaken by competent personnel, and in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions where applicable.
3.13.1.2. Tanks shall be inspected externally and internally, before being placed into
service by authorized and qualified engineers:
a) after installation;
b) after construction or repairs;
c) after it has contained materials other than LPG;
d) after it has been reinstalled in other location;
e) after it has been exposed to fire;
f) because of marked damage due to handling and other exposures; and

21
g) at periodic intervals required by competent authority depending upon the

nature of operation and conditions of the tanks.
3.13.1.3. The manufacturer’s certificate and the records of inspection shall be kept and
made available for examination during the operating life of the tank.
3.13.1.4. Inspection of tanks shall consist of any or a combination of the following tests:
a) visual examination
b) tests for gas leaks;
c) ultrasonic thickness tests;
d) radiographic tests;
e) hydrostatic test when considered necessary by the competent authority; and
f) magnetic particle tests.
3.13.1.5. When tanks are subjected to hydrostatic test, the required test pressure shall not
be less than one and one-half (11/2) times its design pressure.
3.13.2. Leak Testing – Tanks and Fittings
3.13.2.1. Tanks and associated fittings shall be leak tested prior to filling. The leak test
pressure shall not be less than 6 bars gauge but no more than 90 percent of the
tank design pressure.
3.13.2.2. The test medium can either be inert gas or water. Using inert gas, pressurize tank
and associated fittings and check with soap solution for signs of leakage. For
water, fill tank completely and pressurize. Check to ensure zero pressure drop
over period of not less than 30 minutes.
3.13.3. Purging
3.13.3.1. All tanks and associated fittings should be purged until there is insufficient
oxygen inside to support combustion. To do so, the air should be either
evacuated or replaced within inert gas, water or LPG.
3.13.3.2. If inert gas is used, this needs to be removed from the tank with LPG, taking
care to direct the purged gas away from ignition sources, boundaries, buildings
or public places or to a flare stack. Care should be taken during purging to ensure
the safe dispersion of unignited purge gases. If purge gases are flared, this should
be outside the normal separation distances.
3.13.3.3. When LPG vapor is used to replace air, the tank and fittings will for a period of
time contain a flammable mixture. A competent person should vent to
atmosphere in a safe manner. A flame arrestor must be fitted in the vent line to
prevent flashback should the LPG/air mixture ignite.
3.13.3.4. If using water as a purge medium, check before starting that the tank and its
support will be capable of holding the full weight of water. After purging, ensure
that all the water is removed from the tank.
3.13.4. Initial Fill
A responsible person should be present and in control throughout the initial fill. Care
should be taken to limit flash vaporization on initial fill. This can be achieved by
pressurizing the tank with vapor before introducing liquid LPG. During initial fill, any
inert gas shall be safely vented from the vessel.
3.14. FIRE PROTECTION

22
3.14.1. General Requirement
a) LPG storage tanks threatened by fire should be kept sufficiently cool to prevent tank
failure. Protection may be achieved by the use of mounding/burying, insulation
and/or by the use of cooling water.
b) The cover provided for below-ground or mounded storage shall provide sufficient
protection against direct flame impingement. Exposed parts of below-ground or
mounded tanks such as manholes, domes, etc. need to be fire protected by water or
insulation.
3.14.2. Insulation System
3.14.2.1. Insulation systems may be used provided their performance meets an accepted
and recognized standard for the protection of LPG tanks e.g. NFPA 58 Appendix
H, etc. and also that the level of protection, over the period the insulation
material is in place, will not be less than that recommended in this section of the
standard for water protection.
3.14.2.2. The insulating material must be able capable of limiting the tank temperature to
less than 450oC for a period of 60 minutes when exposed to direct flame
impingement. It shall have the following characteristics which must be
maintained over the period the insulation is in use:
a) resistance to the action of hose streams
b) impervious to the ingress of water vapor
c) have sufficient mechanical strength to resist minor impact damage while
retaining its impervious to water vapor.
d) durable and readily repaired
e) non-corrosive to the tank surface
f) unaffected by environmental conditions
g) non-hazardous to life in all circumstances.
3.14.3. Cooling Water
3.14.3.1. An adequate supply of water for fire protection purposes must be provided. It is
recommended that a supply capable of providing protection to the storage tanks,
transport facilities and other equipment for at least 60 minutes should be
available.
3.14.3.2. The application of water may be by any one of, or combination of, fixed
monitors, hose streams, mobile equipment or fixed spray systems designed and
installed to ensure an adequate supply of water to otherwise unprotected tank,
piping systems and equipment surfaces and to tank supports.
3.14.3.3. If fixed water spray systems are used, they shall comply with NFPA 15,
Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection. Such systems may
be automatically actuated by fire responsive devices and also have a capability
for manual actuation.
3.14.3.4. The minimum recommended level of protection for above-ground installations

and bulk vehicles against thermal radiation emanating from an external fire is the
complete and even coverage of exposed tanks by water applied at the rate of 9.8
liters/m2/min. Hose streams and/or monitors shall be used if larger volumes of
water is needed to protect vessel against direct flame impingement if fire safety
analysis indicates such a situation is likely to occur.
3.14.3.5. Small LPG installations where the capacity of each tank does not exceed 3,785
liters water capacity shall have one approved fire extinguisher having a minimum
capacity of 9 kg. dry chemicals or provided ready access to adequate water

23
supply i.e. hydrants, ponds, rivers, for the fire department’s use. The water
source should generally be no more than 100 m from the tank.
3.14.3.6. Bulk storage installations with an aggregate nominal capacity of 7,570 liters
water capacity or more must be provided with an adequate supply of water i.e.
fixed water spray system, monitors, hose reel, etc.. The source of water should
not be more than 100m from the storage tank and must be readily accessible to
the fire services. At least one approved portable fire extinguisher having a
minimum capacity of 9 kg. of dry chemical shall be provided.
3.14.3.7. Cylinder filling hall shall be protected by fixed water sprays or fire hose which
can be activated from a safe area. At least two fire extinguishers having a
minimum capacity of 9 kg. of dry chemical shall be provided.
3.14.3.8. At bulk plants with storage tank capacity of 56,250 liters or more, the bulk
vehicle loading/unloading gantry shall be provided with suitable water protection
equal to that of the installed tank(s).
3.14.3.9. Control of the water supply to fixed water spray systems, hydrants, etc. must be
possible from a safe area.
3.15. REQUALIFICATION AND MAINTENANCE

Comment [MD1]:
3.15.1. Storage Tanks
3.15.1.1. Major examinations of LPG storage tanks shall be carried out by a competent
person and the data plate marked with the date of examination which, for ease of
interpretation, should be restricted to one of the following codes :
a) month and year e.g. 7/99
b) quarter and year e.g. 4Q/99
c) year e.g. 99
3.15.1.2. Tank records for above ground installations should distinguish between 5 year
visual external inspection and 10 year examinations. Examinations must be
carried out before the end of the fifth or tenth year (as appropriate), following the
year of the previous examination and scope.
3.15.1.3. Above Ground Installation 5 year Examination

a) Identify tank by data plate/tank markings or stampings.
b) Visual examination of external surfaces and all welds for signs of defects,
where considered necessary, defects can be assessed by NDT methods.
c) Carry out examination of fittings in accordance with 3.15.2.
d) Check that tank relief valves have been replaced in accordance with
3.15.2.1. The pressure relief valves should satisfy the design requirements of
the tanks in terms of set pressure and capacity .
e) After satisfactory examination ensure that the date is marked on data plate.
f) Issue report.
3.15.1.4. Above Ground Installation 10 year Examination

a) Carry out stages as listed in FIVE YEAR EXAMINATION 3.15.1.1.
b) Carry out wall thickness checks or hydraulic test or internal examination.
c) After satisfactory examination ensure date is marked on data plate.
d) Issue report.
3.15.1.5. Underground/Mounded Installation 5 year Examination

a) Identify tank by data plate markings or stampings.
b) Full internal visual examination and also wall thickness check or hydraulic
test. (Where internal examination is not practical the outside surfaces of the

24
tank must be exposed for examination or as directed by the competent

person).
c) Check that fittings are in order. (See 3.15.2).
d) Check that pressure relief valves have been replaced in accordance with
3.15.2.1. The pressure relief valve should satisfy the design requirements of
the tank in terms of set pressure and capacity.
e) After satisfactory examination ensure date is marked on data plate.
f) Issue report.
3.15.1.6. Unidentified Tank (above and underground /Mounded). Detailed examination.

a) From information available and the checks listed below, an appropriate
Standard/Code/Class can be established.
b) Confirm suitable materials have been used in the fabrication of the tank.
This may involve chemical analysis of parent and weld materials and
hardness tests.
c) Carry out full dimensional check. Design calculations to satisfy the design
requirements of this Code should be carried out on the tank and metallic legs
or saddles permanently attached to it .
d) Carry out visual examination of external and internal (where possible)
surfaces and all welds for signs of defects. Where considered necessary,
defects can be assessed by NDT methods.
e) An ultrasonic / radiographic check on 10% of the main seams including all
the ‘T’ junctions. (Ultrasonic from inside preferred in the case of these
tanks).
f) Carry out hydraulic test.
g) Ensure that all essential fittings are provided.
h) Check that all fittings are in order and that:
1) The pressure relief valves satisfy the design requirements of the tank in
terms of set pressure and capacity.
2) The fixed liquid level gauge is set for the maximum fill capacity
appropriate for the service intended.
a) Attach a data plate containing the information details.
b) Issue report.
3.15.2. Tank Fittings Inspection
3.15.2.1. Pressure Relief Valves

a) Pressure relief valves shall be replaced every 5 years with new or
reconditioned units set at a pressure not exceeding the tank maximum
working pressure. Pressure relief valves more than 12 years old shall not be
re-used unless critical parts are replaced. The test date and other details
stamped on the body should be checked. At the same time consideration
should be given to replacing any non corrosion protected stack pipes with
galvanized or equivalent. To facilitate removal, stack pipes should not be
fitted into valves using sealing compounds. PTFE tape is sufficient.
Relief valve drain holes should be checked to ensure they are clear. Where
internal corrosion of stack pipes is suspected i.e. if rain caps are missing and
/or corrosion resistant pipes are not used, consideration should be given to
the removal of the stack pipes for examination of the relief valve to ensure
that their operation would not be jeopardized by corrosion or corrosion
debris. Missing rain caps shall be replaced.
Multiport relief valve manifold clapper mechanism should also be operated

and checked for effectiveness at least once a year.

25
b) A pressure relief valve shall not be removed from a multiport or check

device whilst a tank is under pressure unless a serviceable replacement is
available to be immediately fitted.
c) No attempt to remove a pressure relief valve mounted in a tank under

pressure must be made unless the pipe and construction of the check device
can be identified and the manufacturers instructions for the safe removal of
the relief valve fully understood. These devices shall include positive means
of confirming that the check device has closed before unscrewing the relief
valve proceeds to an otherwise dangerous stage.
3.15.2.2. Pressure Gauges

Where fitted, pressure gauges should be examined regularly and gauge isolating
valves operated at least once per year. Gauges should be checked against a test
gauge or replaced at not more than 10 yearly intervals.
3.15.2.3. Excess Flow valves, Non-return Valves
Check the operation of excess flow valves and non-return valves at intervals not
greater than 10 years.
3.15.2.4. Contents Gauges
Any gauging device that relies on bleeding to atmosphere such as a rotary tube,
fixed tube or slip tube shall be tested for operation at least once a year. Other
types of contents gauges should be checked as necessary e.g. during product
transfer.
3.15.2.5. Temperature Gauges (where fitted)

Not less than once every 10 years check the accuracy of the gauge.
3.15.2.6. Shut-off Valves
a) Manual shut-off valves should be tested for ease of operation at least once a
year, or at a frequency determined by a competent person.
NOTE: The dangers of shutting off/turning on a gas supply must be taken
into account when checking valve operation.
b) Remotely operated shut-off valve should be checked for operation at least
once per year, or at a frequency determined by a competent person.
c) All shut-off valve should be tested for effective operation at not more than
10 year intervals.
3.15.2.7. Filling/off loading Equipment
Filling connections shall be visually checked for damage/wear/ leakage at

intervals not exceeding a year.
Hoses should be visually examined every day if used daily and at each time
before use if less frequently.
3.15.2.8. Regulators
First stage regulators should be checked for leakage in accordance with the
manufacturer’s or other competent person’s instructions or at intervals not
exceeding 5 year. Regulators should be checked for correct operation and
satisfactory lock up at intervals not exceeding 10 years.
3.15.2.9. Studs and Bolts

26
Studs/ bolts, nuts and washers should be renewed if they are damaged or show
signs of severe corrosion.
3.16. CONTROL OF SOURCES OF IGNITION
3.16.1. Area Classification

3.16.1.1. The hazard zones are classified according to the degree of probability that
flammable concentrations of gas may ignite the hazardous zone define are as
follows:
a) Zone O – An area in which an explosive gas-an mixture is continuously
present in normal operation.
b) Zone 1 – An are in which an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to occur
in normal operation, and if it occurs it will only exist for a short time.
c) Zone 2 – An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to occur
in normal operation, and if it occurs it will only exist for a short time by
implication an area which is not classified Zone 0, 1 or 2 is deemed to be
non-hazardous or safe with respect to the operation of electrical equipment.
3.16.1.2. The classification of hazard zones for an LPG installation shall be as outlined in
Table 3.6.
TABLE 3.6
Area Classification
Source of Release Extent of Classified Area Area Classification
Storage Vessel Within 1.5m from the discharge Zone 2
orifice of liquid level detective
device , i.e. Fixed sources of ignition
set out in Table.
Relief valve discharge points, Within direct path of discharge. Fixed electrical equipment
bleed/drain outlets should not be installed
Within 1.5m in all other directions

from the Zone 1 points of discharge
Beyond 1.5m but within 4.5m in all Zone 2
directions from the point of
discharge (or the separation distance
for vessels up to 2500 liters water
capacity shown .
Bulk Vehicle loading and unloading Within 1.5m in all directions from Zone 1
where connections are made or
disconnected for product transfer.
Beyond 1.5m but within 4.5m from Zone 2
the point of connection or
disconnection. (For vessels up to
2500 liters water capacity 4.5m may
be reduced to the distance to sources
of ignition in .
Pumps, compressors, Indirect-fired
vaporizers, LPG-air plants
Outdoors in open air. Within 1.5m in all directions Zone 1
Beyond 1.5m but within 4.5m in all Zone 2
directions.
Indoors in an adequately Entire room and adjoining enclosed Zone 1
ventilated location. spaces not separated by a vapor tight
partition.

27
3.16.2. Electrostatic Precautions
3.16.2.1. Means shall be provided to ensure that no electrostatic potentials exist between
the tanker delivery connection and the static storage tank fill connection which
could cause a spark when these connections are either made, or broken. The
following precautions shall therefore apply.
3.16.2.2. Except as permitted by 3.16.2.3, tanks shall be permanently bonded to an

effective grounded earthing point to prevent the accumulation of static
electricity. The earthing point should be located so that the bulk tanker vehicle
can discharge any static electricity to this earth by means of its earthing/bonding
cable before delivery connections are made.
3.16.2.3. For tanks not exceeding 2,500 liters water capacity, as an alternative to 3.16.2.2,
a bonding connection shall be provided on the tank to permit direct attachment of
the delivery vehicle earthing cable before delivery connections are made.
3.16.2.4. Electrical continuity shall exist between storage tank transfer couplings and the
earthing point connection, through the tank. The earthing connections shall
always provide a good electrical connection, and shall therefore always be kept
free of rust and shall not be printed.
3.16.2.5. All earthing points for the dissipation of static electricity shall have an electrical
resistance to earth not greater than 1x10 (6) ohms.
3.16.2.6. Pipelines, fittings and hoses conveying liquid phase LPG should have electrical
continuity and be effectively connected to earth. In the case of ball valves
attention is drawn to the need for the ball and actuating lever to have electrical
continuity with the valve body and adjacent pipe work.
3.16.3. Protection against Lightning
LPG storage tank and equipment do not require specific protection against lightning
strike.

28
IN - PLANT ROAD
FLAMMABLE CYLINDER
LIQUIDS FILLING HALL
WITH FLASH POINT
UPTO 65°C
3
2
LPG
5
6 LEGEND:
O2 or H 2 Item 1 - Refer to Table 3.2 a
Item 2 - Refer to Table 3.2 b
Item 3 - Refer to Table 3.2 c
LPG Item 4 - Refer to Table 3.2 d
Item 5 - Refer to Table 3.3
4 1 Item 6 - Refer to Table 3.1
OFFICE
6
BULK VEHILCLE LOADING

DISCHARGE GANTRY
MAIN ENTRANCE /
EXIT
PLANT BOUNDARY
Figure 3.1 Typical distances for layout in LPG filling plant.
Figure 3.2 Separation distance with firewall.

29
Figure 3.3 Firewall separation distance.

30
Vehicular Transportation of LPG
4. VEHICULAR TRANSPORTATION OF LPG

4.1. SCOPE
This chapter covers the basic requirements for the design, construction, inspection, testing and
operation of vehicles including their ancillary equipment used in the transportation of portable
cylinders and bulk LPG cargo. It does not apply to LPG containers and related equipment incident
to their use on vehicles.
4.2. CYLINDER TRANSPORT
4.2.1. General Requirement
4.2.1.1. Portable cylinders having an individual water capacity not exceeding 50.0 kg.
shall be transported in accordance with the requirements of this section.
4.2.1.2. Cylinders to be transported shall be constructed in accordance to PNS:03.
4.2.1.3. Cylinders which incorporate pressure relief valves shall be transported upright so
that the pressure relief valve are always in the vapor phase.
4.2.1.4. Cylinders being transported shall be securely fastened to prevent their being
damaged owing to accidental movement or their falling off the transport vehicle.
4.2.1.5. The cargo space of the vehicle shall be isolated from the driver’s compartment,
the engine, and its exhaust system. Open bodied vehicles shall be considered to
be in compliance with this provision.
4.2.1.6. Cylinder transport vehicles must have substantially flat floors and equipped with
suitable racks or barriers for holding the cylinders up to the highest level of the
cylinder to be stacked.
4.2.1.7. Cylinders shall not be transported on vehicles, in ships holds or in rail box cars
which contain corrosive materials or flammable products other than petroleum
products.
4.2.1.8. LPG cylinders, when transported by sea, shall be carried either as deck cargo or
in hold fitted with forced ventilation..
4.2.1.9. Newly manufactured empty cylinder when transported shall not be governed by
above sub-clauses.
4.2.1.10. Each vehicle transporting portable cylinders shall be equipped with at least one
portable dry chemical fire extinguisher having a minimum capacity of 9 kg..
4.2.2 Cylinder Transport Vehicle Design
4.2.2.1. The engine shall be of the compression ignition type and shall be in front of the
rear line of the cab or be otherwise protected so that any spillage or leakage of
LPG being conveyed cannot impinge on heated surfaces of the engine.
4.2.2.2. The air intake opening should be located so as to minimize the possibility of in-
take of flammable vapor from any discharge or leakage of LPG.
4.2.2.3. The exhaust system should be located or so protected that any discharge or
leakage of LPG cannot directly impinge on the heated surfaces of the system.

31
4.2.2.4. The vehicle fuel tank should be positioned such that leaking or spilled fuel can
drain directly to the ground without impinging on the engine or its exhaust
system. Where this cannot be avoided, the engine or exhaust system should be so
protected so the spillage cannot impinge on the heated surfaces of the system.
4.2.2.5. Batteries terminals should be effectively protected against inadvertent contact by

objects which could cause a spark.
4.2.2.6. All electric cables should be located and secured on the vehicle so that they are
protected against
4.2.2.7. A master switch to Zone 2 requirements must be provided as a means to isolate

all electrical circuits and must be placed as near as possible to the battery and
readily accessible for driver to open/close the switch from his seat.
4.2.2.8. All electrical circuits, with the exception of the main battery supply and starter
and alternator circuit, must be protected by suitable fuses or circuit breakers in
the feed side of each circuit.
4.2.2.9. Cigarette lighters must not be fitted into the cab.
4.3. BULK LPG TRANSPORT
4.3.1. Bulk LPG lorry must comply with provisions 4.2.2. on vehicle and engine design
4.3.2. Tank to be mounted on vehicle shall be designed, constructed, stress-relieved, inspected

and tested in accordance with ASME VIII or other equivalent unfired pressure vessel
codes.
4.3.3. The design pressures of the tank shall not be less than the vapor pressure of the actual
grades of LPG to be handled at the highest temperature that the contents will reach during
normal service. This temperature shall not be less than 40oC.
4.3.4. Materials used for the tank shall be suitable for use at the lowest temperature the contents
will reach in normal service, which may be below the minimum ambient temperature, and
shall in any event be suitable for use at 0oC.
4.3.5. The design of the tank and its support shall take account of acceleration and deceleration
forces of normal road transport. Tanks with internal volume of over 7.5m3 shall be fitted
with baffle plates set laterally to limit longitudinal surge. They shall be designed to
facilitate access through them for purposes of internal inspection of the tank.
4.3.6. Tanks shall have adequate external protection against corrosion arising from atmospheric
influences . The final painted surface of the tank should be reflective gloss finish . Other
finishes may reduce normal reflection of solar radiation.
4.3.7. The vehicle must be provided with a rear bumper designed to provide protection for the
tank and any rear mounted ancillary equipment in the event of a rear end collision. The
width of the bumper should not be less than the width of the tank. The inside face of the
bumper should be located at least 100 mm from the rear of the tank shell or any LPG
fittings.
4.3.8. The lower rear part of the tank should be protected by adequate steel guards or barriers.
4.3.9. At least one dry chemical fire extinguisher of 9 kg capacity should be provided on the
vehicle or trailer and suitably protected from the weather. Another fire extinguisher of 2
kg capacity should be provided in the cab of the vehicle to be used as a first defense
against a fire in the engine compartment..

32
4.4. TANK MOUNTING
4.4.1. Mounting structures should be fabricated in steel and be designed to comply with the
requirements of the tank and chassis manufacturer. They should take into account all the
additional stress specified in the applicable codes.
4.4.2. Mountings should be designed as an integral attachment to the shell. Each attachment
should be continuously welded to the shell which shall be locally reinforced to alleviate
high stress concentrations.
4.4.3. Tanks and fittings shall be electrically bonded to the chassis of the vehicle (max.
resistance 10 ohms). In the case of trailer-mounted tanks, these shall likewise be in
electrical continuity with the motive unit.
4.5. VALVES, FITTINGS AND PIPINGS
4.5.1. All valves, fittings and ancillary equipment shall be of suitable materials for liquid phase
LPG at the maximum and minimum pressures and temperatures of service operation, for
service in road vehicles and shall be installed or fitted in accordance to manufacturer’s
instructions and recommendations.
4.5.2. Joints for pipe work up to and including 50 mm nominal bore, or for proprietary items
such as pumps, valves and meters up to 80 mm nominal bore, may be threaded. Larger
sizes of pipe should be welded or have welded flanges.
4.5.3. Pipe material for internal pipe work shall be wrought iron or steel and pipe fittings shall
be steel, malleable iron or ductile iron suitable for use with the pipe material. Where the
joints are threaded, or threaded and back welded, pipe and nipples shall be Sch. 80 or
heavier. Where joints are welded, the pipe and nipples shall be Sch. 40 or heavier.
4.5.4. Jointing materials, thread sealants and gaskets must be compatible with liquid LPG.
Thread sealants should be non-setting.
4.5.5. Protection against mechanical damage must be provided by design, location or barriers,
against the dangers of collision or roll-over. Mechanical barriers shall not be attached to
pipe work or valves which they are intended to protect.
4.6. PRIMARY SHUT-OFF SYSTEMS
4.6.1. All connections to the tank with an opening out of the tank in excess of 1.4 mm diameter,
other than those for pressure relief valves or those permanently fitted with blank flanges
or plugs, shall incorporate a primary shut-off system. Primary shut-off systems are valves
or a series of valves attached to tank shell which serve to ensure the integrity of the tank
and security of its contents. They are designed to leave a closure mechanism intact in the
event of external damage.
4.6.2. The primary shut-off system required depends upon the size and purpose of the tank
connection :
a) For liquid discharge above 40 mm nominal size- a normally closed internal shut-off
valve with its closure mechanism located within the tank and opened by either
hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical means from the vehicle. It should be designed for
rapid closure on actuation of its manual devices located at convenient remote
positions on the vehicle and adequately labeled to indicate their use. Hydraulic and
pneumatic systems should incorporate a thermally sensitive device which will ensure
positive closure in the event of a fire . All closure mechanism should incorporate an
excess flow valve facility.

33
b) for other liquid or vapor connections, except those for level gauging or pressure
gauges - An excess flow valve or back-check valve, as appropriate, directly mounted
into the tank shut-off valve. Where access to the valve handle would be restricted,
consideration should be given to shut-off valves with a remote closure facility as in
(a).
c) For filling connections - filling only connections may be provided with a double back
check valve in place of (b) above provided that above 50 mm nominal bore the
connection terminates in the vapor space.
d) For drain connections - Primary drain connections should not exceed 50 mm nominal
bore and shall comply with 4.6.1, 4.6.3 and 4.6.4.
4.6.3. Excess flow valves should be set to close at a flow rate below that likely to result from a
guillotine failure of associated fittings or pipe work system for the lowest practicable
system pressure. They should be set high enough to prevent chatter when pumping under
normal conditions. A pressure equalizing orifice not greater than 1.4mm diameter shall
be incorporated. The closing rate of flow should not exceed 150% of the nominal flow
rate.
4.6.4. Primary valve systems should not be located at the rear of the tank if they would be
vulnerable to rear collision damages, unless the risk of such damage can be shown to be
negligible by adequate protection.
4.7. SECONDARY SHUT-OFF VALVES AND SYSTEMS
4.7.1. Secondary shut-off valves and system comprises all valves and fittings not connected
directly to the tank.
4.7.2. Valves in pipe work for liquid transfer or vapor equalizing connections used for routine
operations should be fire-safe, located as close as practicable to the end of the rigid pipe
work, and as close as possible to the final hose inlet.
4.7.3. Intermediate valve should be provided to enable individual isolation of the pump or
meter. Consideration should be given to automatic closure of these valves by
incorporation in the remote closure system of the primary internal valve.
4.7.4. Any secondary valves and pipe work for drain connections shall comply with 4.7
4.8 OTHER CONNECTIONS
All other connections to the tank except pressure relief and liquid level gauge connections relying
on a bleed to atmosphere should be provided with :
a) Suitable excess-flow valves with pressure equalizing orifice not greater than 1.4 mm diameter
or
b) Quick closing internal valves designed to remain closed except during delivery or charging, or
c) Back pressure check valves.
4.9. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES
4.9.1. Tanks shall be equipped with one or more pressure relief valves of sufficient capacity and
having direct access to the vapor space of the vessel. The start-to-discharge pressure shall
not be greater than the tank design pressure.
4.9.2. Pressure relief valves shall be of the internal spring-loaded type and as far as practicable
should be designed and fitted so as to prevent water accumulating on the discharge side.
4.9.3. Pressure relief valves shall be designed and fitted to ensure that, in the case of ignition of
discharging product, flame impingement on the tank is avoided.

34
4.9.3.1. The valve seat of the pressure relief valve shall preferably be within the tank.
Otherwise they shall be protected against possible impact damage. Shroud
protection should be designed so that distortion caused by impact so far as
reasonable practicable will not prevent the relief valve from operating.
4.9.3.2. Each pressure relief valve should be plainly and permanently marked with the
following:
a) Manufacturer’s name
b) Month and year of manufacture
c) Nominal set pressure
d) Valve type number
e) Discharge capacity quoted in m3 per minute of air at standard conditions.
4.9.4. All tank connections, e.g. inlets, liquid-level contents gauge connections etc., but
excluding relief valve connections should be labeled to designate their purpose.
4.10. HYDROSTATIC RELIEF VALVES
4.10.1. Wherever liquid LPG may be isolated in any section of pipe work, protection against
excessive pressure must provided. This is usually by means of a hydrostatic relief valves.
4.10.2. Hydrostatic relief valves must be installed so that discharge will not cause danger to
operators and shall be directed away from the tank shell.
4.10.3. Hydrostatic relief valves should be set to discharge above the maximum working pressure
but not above the design pressure of the equipment being protected.
4.11. CONTENTS GAUGES AND LEVEL GAUGES
4.11.1. All tanks shall be fitted with a suitable and contents gauge. Such gauges if used for
custody transfer purposes must be calibrated by competent persons.
4.11.2. If the contents of the tank are to be measured by volume with a rotary dip tube or
magnetic gauge, one or more fixed maximum liquid level gauges as a check on these
gauges should be provided.
4.11.3. Fixed maximum liquid level gauges should be set to take account of the minimum
operating temperature likely to be experienced for each type of LPG to be carried.
4.11.4. Any gauging device that relies on bleeding to atmosphere, such as rotary dip tube or fixed
tube shall be such that:
a) the bleed hole maximum opening is not larger than 1.4 mm diameter otherwise it
shall be protected by a shut-off valve and a suitable excess flow valve.
b) the operational bleed screw shall remain captive at all times.
c) the gland is capable of being replaced without withdrawing the tank from service.
4.12. PUMPS
4.12.1. The design and materials of construction shall be suitable for use with liquid LPG and the
service conditions, including the maximum outlet pressure to which they may be
subjected. Cast irons should not be used unless they have adequate ductility and resistance
to brittle fracture over the range of pressures and temperatures involved which can be as
low as the boiling point of LPG being handled. Ductile iron to BS 2789 with an
elongation at fracture of not less than 18% is acceptable.
4.12.2. The rotational speed of the drive should have controls to prevent the rating of the pump
from being exceeded.

35
4.12.3. In addition to any internal pump over pressure by-pass, the pump or adjacent piping must
be fitted with a separate by-pass valve set at a lower differential pressure to automatically
carry any excess liquid back to the carrying tank when the deliver valve is closed. The by-
pass valve should be suitably sized to accommodate the pump discharge flow rate.
4.12.4. A suitable strainer should be fitted to the inlet of the pump. If the strainer does not protect
the pump during uplift, provision for a second strainer must be made.
4.13. METERS
4.13.1. The design and materials of construction shall be suitable for use with liquid LPG and the
service conditions. Cast irons should not be used unless they have adequate ductility and
resistance to brittle failure over the range of pressures and temperatures to which they may
be subjected which can be as low as the boiling point of LPG being handled. Ductile iron
with an elongation at fracture of not less than 18% is acceptable.
4.13.2. Means shall be provided to eliminate vapor from the liquid phase LPG before it passes
into the meter measuring the chamber.
4.13.3. Means of measuring the liquid temperature shall be provided for meters which do not
have automatic temperature compensation and should be located in pipe work leading to
the meter.
4.14. THERMOMETERS
For temperature measurement of LPG (optional), a thermometer pocket shall be a blind tube of
suitable length constructed to the design code of the tank or piping into which it is permanently
welded.
4.15. PRESSURE GAUGES
A pressure gauge shall be provided and connected to the vapor space. It shall be protected by a
manual shut-off valve and excess flow valve unless the connection through the tank is 1.4mm
diameter or less.
4.16. HOSES AND END COUPLINGS
4.16.1. Hoses must be resistant to LPG and if wire braid is used for reinforcement, it shall be of
corrosion proof material such as stainless steel.
4.16.2. Hoses shall be designed for a working pressure of 24 bars (350 psig).
4.16.3. Hose assemblies, after the installation of connections, shall have a design capability of
withstanding a pressure of not less than 48 bars (700 psig). If a test is performed, such
assemblies shall not leak tested at pressures higher than the working pressure (350 psig)
of the hose.
4.16.4. Hoses must be electrically continuous throughout its length and the electrical continuity
shall exist between the tank and the hose free-end coupling. The electrical resistance shall
not exceed that required by BS 4089.
4.16.5. Hoses must be in one manufactured length without intermediate joints or couplers.
4.16.6. Hose end valves should have a suitable secure storage location to prevent movement when
the vehicle is in motion.

36
4.16.7. The recommended couplings of articulated LPG trailers used for unloading at bulk plants
are as follows:
Liquid Fill (50 mm dia. pipe size) - 3 ¼ inch ACME adapter
Liquid Discharge (50 mm dia. Pipe size)
Vapor Equalizing (32 mm dia. pipe size) - 2 ¼ inch ACME adapter
4.17. TESTING AND EXAMINATION OF BULK TRANPORT
4.17.1. The tank and pressure containing piping shall undergo a thorough examination every 5
years. This shall include the replacement of all relief valves at the time of the examination
with equivalent new or reconditioned valves. Transfer hoses and end fittings shall
likewise be subjected to thorough inspection and testing.
4.17.2. The tank shall be subjected to one of the following tests:

a) Hydrotesting at 1.5 times the design pressure and subsequent visual inspection to
determine whether detrimental conditions have arisen.
b) Non-destructive testing of all attachment welds on the tank wall internally and
externally, e.g. magnetic particle or dye penetrant crack detection tests on nozzle
welds and structure attachment fillet welds.
c) Any repairs considered necessary shall be undertaken by a competent person who has
a thorough understanding of the methods of construction contained in the relevant
design code.
4.17.3. All other welds on the tank mounting should also be subjected to thorough visual
inspection for cracks and/or corrosion.
4.17.4. Any defects found should be rectified in accordance to relevant code before the vessel is
put back in service.
4.18. ACCIDENT DAMAGE
A tank or its associated pipe work or equipment which has been subject to accident damage in such
a way that it may affect its safety, must not be returned to service until it has satisfactorily passed
the necessary inspection procedures outlined above. Any repair considered necessary must be
undertaken by a competent person who has a thorough understanding of methods of construction
contained in the relevant design code.

37
Cylinder Storage
5. CYLINDER STORAGE
5.1. SCOPE
This section shall be applicable to storage of LPG cylinders, whether filled, partially filled, or empty
awaiting resale. It does not apply to storage of cylinders at bulk filling plants.
5.1. GENERAL REQUIREMENT
5.1.1. LPG cylinders should preferably be stored in a well ventilated, open air and ground level
location. Where this is not practicable, storage inside buildings may be allowed provided
the requirements of 5.4 are met. Any LPG storage area must be readily accessible to
facilitate quick removal.
5.1.1. The storage area should be protected by an adequate security fence to prevent trespassing
and vandalism. Access of vehicles and mechanical handling equipment into the storage
area must be strictly controlled to prevent collision with cylinders.
5.1.1. Refillable LPG cylinders are considered to be full whatever the state of their contents,
except where adequate provision can be made to ensure that fully cylinders are stored
separately from nominally empty cylinders.
5.1.1. Whether LPG cylinders are full or nominally empty they should be stored with valves
uppermost. Valves of both filled and empty cylinders should always be closed while in
storage.
5.1.1. All weeds, long grass and any combustible materials should be removed from the area
within the separation distances set out in Table 5.1 up to a maximum of 3 meters from the
nearest stacks of cylinders.
5.1.1. Hazardous products such as flammable liquids combustible, explosive, corrosive,

oxidizing or toxic materials, compressed gases and oxygen cylinders etc. should not be
stored within the LPG area or separation distances.
5.3. OPEN AIR STORAGE
5.3.1.1. Open air storage is cylinder storage in the open air or on any open loading
platform which may be provided with a roof constructed from non-combustible
material (See Figure 5.1). The total amounts of LPG which may be stored within
specific separation distances is shown in Table 5.1.
5.3.1.2. The required minimum separation distance from any building, boundary or fixed
ignition source is determined by consideration of the total amount of LPG stored,
or the size of the maximum stack in the storage area. Of the two considerations,
that resulting in the greater distance is the one to be applied. The distances refer
to the horizontal distance in plan between the nearest cylinder and the reference
feature.
5.3.1.3. For the purpose of determining the minimum separation distance required from
any building, boundary or fixed ignition source in relation to the total amount of
LPG stored, individual storage areas within a single enclosed area may be
considered separately provided that the distance from any cylinder in one storage
area to any cylinder in an adjacent storage area is not less than the sum of the
minimum separation distance appropriate to each area in accordance with Table
5.1. The distance in column 2 are the distance across open ground, but the

38
Cylinder Storage
provision of radiation walls permits this distances to be reduced to those shown in

column 3.
5.3.1.4. The LPG storage place should be enclosed by an industrial type fence not less
than 1.8m high unless it is otherwise adequately protected (e.g. within a greater
fenced area). The fence should have at least two means of exit not adjacent to one
another. Gates should open outwards, should not be self-locking and should at all
times provide easy means of escape from within. They should be on sited that, in
opening, they do not impede any other escape route.
5.3.1.5. All LPG cylinders storage places shall be clearly marked with notices on each
externally visible side and presence at entrances to the storage area indicating the
presence of LPG. These notices shall indicate:
a) A warning notice - ‘Highly Flammable LPG’
b) The warning symbol - Flammable Gas
c) The prohibition sign - No smoking or naked flames.
5.3.1.6. LPG cylinders totaling 50kg or more should be separated from other hazardous
materials as shown below:
a) Compressed gas cylinders 3 meters
b) Acetylene cylinders 3 meters
c) Tanks containing flammable liquids 3 meters
d) Bunds of tanks containing highly flammable liquids 3meters
e) Materials and substances whose major risk is toxicity,
corrosivity, explosion or combustibility 3 meters
f) Liquid oxygen installations 7.5
meters
g) LPG filling plant buildings 7.5
meters
h) LPG bulk storage over 5000 litters 5000 litters and less 3 meters
These distances may be reduced by the use of a radiation barrier.
5.3.1.7. The position chosen for storage shall be at ground level and never below it in
cellars or basement and be readily accessible.
5.3.1.8. Drains should be avoided in the floor of the storage place or in the immediate
vicinity, i.e. Within 3m of the storage place. (Or 2m in the case of storage below
400 kg.). Where a gully or drain is unavoidable within this distance, the opening
must either be securely covered or the drain fitted with a suitable water seal.
5.3.1.9. Any loading platform, and any roof provided over a storage place, shall be
predominantly constructed from non-combustible materials.
5.3.1.10. The floor of the storage area should be level, free from depressions and
compacted or paved with a suitable material.
5.3.1.11. Suitable hard standing should be provided for the reception and dispatch of
cylinders.
5.3.1.12. Stacks and gangways should conform to the following:

a) The maximum size of any stack should not exceed 30,000 kg.
b) The gangway between palletized stacks should not be less than 2.5m.
c) The gangway between unpalletized stacks should not be less than 1.0m.
d) The maximum height of any unpalletized stacks should not exceed 2.5m. The
maximum number of pallets in any vertical column of a palletized stack
should not exceed seven. The amount of LPG in any column of a stack
should not exceed that shown in Table 5.2.

39
Cylinder Storage
5.3.2. Storage of Nominally Empty Cylinders
5.3.2.1. The storage areas for empty cylinders (gas-freed) should be clearly identified,
and separated from the storage area for full cylinders. All such storage shall be in
the open air and subject to strict supervision.
5.3.2.2. Provided that the requirements in paragraph 5.3.2.1. is fully met, empty cylinders
may be stored within the appropriate safety distances given in 5.3.1.and Table
5.1, provided that, in addition, no such empty cylinder is stored nearer than 1.5
meters from any full cylinder, and that a minimum distance of 1 meter is
maintained between any empty cylinder and a boundary, building, or fixed
ignition source.
5.3.3. Fire Walls
5.3.3.1. Fire walls may be considered to reduce the required separation distances where
the normal separation distance cannot be achieved.
5.3.3.2. Fire walls must be imperforate, and substantially constructed from brick,
concrete, or such other materials so that they have a standard of fire resistance of
not less than 30 minutes, in accordance with BS 476 Part 8. They shall be at least
as high a the height of the highest stack of cylinders stored, but should be not
more than 2.5 meters high. They shall be of such a length that the distance from
any cylinder to boundary or fixed ignition source measured around the end of the
wall is not less than the separation distances specified in 5.3.1. and Table 5.1.
5.3.3.3. The fire wall may be a wall of a building, in which case the following additional
requirements must be met:
a) There must be no openings in the wall above the cylinders stored or within 2
meters horizontally.
b) There must be no overhanging eaves or similar projections constructed
from combustible materials above any stores cylinder. No external stairway
or fire escape shall be positioned above cylinders or allowed to terminate in
the storage area.
5.3.3.4. Cylinders may be stacked against a fire wall provided the quantity involved is
400 kg or less. For quantities of more than 400 kg, a 1 m space should be
maintained between the stacked cylinders and fire wall to allow inspection and
access to leaking cylinder.
Table 5.1
Minimum Separation Distance For Open Air Storage
Total LPG Minimum separation distance Minimum separation distance Size of
Storage to boundary or fixed ignition to boundary or fixed ignition Stack
source from the nearest cylinder source from radiation wall

40
Cylinder Storage
(where no fire wall is provided) (where provided)

kg m m kg
Up to 400 1 Nil 400
400 - 1,000 3 -1.0 1,000
1,000-4,000 4 1.0 1,000
4,000-6,000 5 1.5 3,000
6,000-12,000 6 2.0 3,000
12,000-20,000 7 2.5 7,000
20,000-30,000 8 3.0 9,000
30,000-50,000 9 3.5 9,000
50,000-60,000 10 4.0 10,000
60,000-100,000 11 4.5 10,000
100,000-150,000 12 5.0 20,000
150,000-250,000 15 6.0 30,000
Above 250,000 20 7.0 30,000
Table 5.2
Amount Of LPG In Column Of Stacks
Amount of LPG in any cylinder Amount of LPG in any Column
kg Palletized, kg Non-palletized, kg
Up to 6 35 30
6-15 75 45
15-20 80 50
20-55 110 55
5.4. STORAGE WITHIN BUILDINGS
5.4.1.1. Buildings used for storage of LPG should be constructed of predominantly non-
combustible material. It can have a maximum of 5 rooms or compartments, each
of which is designed specially for this purpose. It should be single story and not
below ground level, with no floor openings or drains.
5.4.1.2. The maximum quantity of LPG in cylinders or cartridges that may be stored
within a building is 5,000 kg. If the building is used to store only cartridges, up
to 50,000 kg of LPG may be stored in each separate compartments.
5.4.1.3. Access to storage places within buildings must be strictly controlled to prevent
trespassing and unauthorized tampering. Access of vehicles and mechanical
handling equipment into the storage area must also be strictly controlled.
5.4.1.4. The external distance from any opening in the walls of a building which is used
for the storage of LPG to the nearest opening in any other building, or to the
boundary (except where this is an imperforate wall at least as high as the opening
and having at least 30 minutes fire resistance), or to any source of ignition or
smoking permitted areas, or to motor vehicles (except those actually delivering/
collecting LPG) shall be 1 meter where the quantity stored is not more than 400
kg or the separation distance given in Table 5.1 in all other cases.
5.4.1.5. The general principles for ventilation and explosion relief are that not less than
10% of the area of the walls and roof of a building in which LPG is stored should
be used for the purpose, divided into 2 ½% fixed ventilation and 7 ½% explosion
relief.

41
Cylinder Storage
5.4.1.6. If there is a risk of persons being trapped inside the building during a fire, a
second exit must be provided, not adjacent to the first, one of which should
preferably lead to the open air. Doors must open outwards, and at all times
provide easy means of escape from within, at the same time enduring that, in
opening, they do not impede any other escape route.
5.4.1.7. Where practicable, no electrical apparatus should be installed within the storage
place or outside within the horizontal separation distance given in Table 5.1.
Where installed within this area the requirements of 5.8. must be adhered to.
5.4.2. Storage of LPG in Specially Designed Separate Buildings
5.4.2.1. LPG cylinders may be stored in specially designed separate buildings subject to
compliance with 5.2. and 5.4.1 and the requirements below.
5.4.2.2. The buildings shall be at ground level and of single story construction. It shall be
made of non-combustible material and including the doors and roof, have a fire
resistance, of not less than 30 minutes.
5.4.2.3. The quantity of LPG stored in specially designed building or compartment of a

building shall not exceed 5000 kg. No building shall have more than five
compartments. Individual compartments must be separated from each other by an
less than 30 minutes.
5.4.2.4. The building shall be separated from other buildings or boundary by the
separation distance in Table 5.1 or by an imperforate wall of not less than 30
minutes fire resistance. One wall of the building may be built on the boundary
provided that it does not include any openings. If the capacity of the store is less
than 400 kg and no cylinder is of greater capacity than 22 kg, the standard of this
paragraph may be reduced, but the separation from other buildings shall be not
less than 1m.
5.4.2.5. No drains or opening shall be allowed in the floor of the building.
5.4.2.6. The building shall have well dispersed ventilation openings at both high level
equivalent to at least 2.5% of the area of the walls and roof. The ventilation
openings into other buildings. The ventilated walls must discharge directly on to
a public pavement. The building shall have an area equivalent to at least one wall
or the roof and the roof made of open mesh, or lightweight material that could
act as relief in the event of an explosion.
5.4.3. Storage of LPG Within Parts of Building
5.4.3.1. LPG may be stored in specially designed rooms or indoor areas within buildings
if there is no reasonable outdoor or storage buildings available. The building
should be constructed of predominantly non-combustible materials. The
maximum quantity of LPG stored in cylinders must not exceed 1000 kg or 5,000
kg in cartridges subject to compliance with 5.2. and 5.4.1 and the requirements
below.
5.4.3.2. The storage of LPG in buildings which include residential accommodations is not
recommended and should be avoided.
5.4.3.3. The storage location shall be situated on the ground floor only, against at least
one outside wall of the building. It shall be of robust construction and separated
from the rest of the building by a fire resistance of 30 minutes to wall, doors,
ceilings, floors etc.

42
Cylinder Storage
5.4.3.4. Sufficient ventilation should be provided by the use of permanent, regularly

spaced openings through the outside wall at both high and low levels. These
should be sized to no less than 2.5% of the total area of the walls and roof or
12% of an outside wall, whichever is larger. These openings shall be at least 3m
from openings into other buildings.
5.4.3.5. Explosion relief should be provided on an outside wall or the roof with discharge
to a safe place outside the building. It should give explosion relief equivalent to
half the area of one of the walls and make use of lightweight material panels or
industrial wire mesh that will not disintegrate during explosion. In single story
buildings, explosion relief may be installed in the roof. If the floor area is over
three times the area of the external walls, seek specialist advice.
5.4.3.6. Drains shall not be provided in the floor of the storage place. There shall be no
opening in the floor, which should be level, or slope towards the ventilated
external wall.
5.4.3.7. Doors into the storage place from within the building should be provided with a
ramp, or step at least 250 mm high, across the doorway in order to prevent heavy
vapors drifting into the building. Doors must open outward from the store and
shall not be self locking.
5.4.4. Storage of Cartridges in Cabinets and Cupboards
5.4.4.1. Within buildings, a total quantity of LPG in cartridges not exceeding 400 kg may
be stored in cabinets or cupboards subject to compliance with the requirements
below.
5.4.4.2. The cabinets or cupboards used for the storage of LPG cartridges shall be located
at ground level, and the building should not be attached to residential property.
5.4.4.3. Where LPG cartridges are stored in cabinets / cupboards the maximum 400 kg
capacity includes all LPG in the building, including that displayed for sale,
heating, lighting or any other purpose.
5.4.4.4. The cabinet or cupboard shall be of sound construction and of not less than 30
minutes fire resistance and be adequately anchored in position. It shall have
strong hinges and door fastenings, with the facility of being locked securely.
Ventilation openings will be provided at both high and floor level.
5.4.4.5. If the cabinet or cupboard is more than half a cubic meter capacity, it shall be
fitted with an explosion relief equal to half the area of the back or side. The relief
must vent to a safe place outside the building.
5.4.4.6. Where residential accommodation is attached to the building the total quantity of
LPG, in a cabinet or cupboard must not exceed 70 kg. This storage includes any
LPG in the retail area ( 15 kg limit, out of business hours ). Only one cabinet /
cupboard shall be located within the building.
5.4.4.7. Additionally, the building shall be fitted with an automatic fire detection and
alarm device which gives warning throughout the building, including any
residential accommodation, in case of fire occurring anywhere in the building.
5.4.4.8. All cabinets or cupboards used for the storage of LPG cartridges shall be locked
closed, and access for loading and unloading has taken place, the cabinets or
cupboards shall be again securely locked closed.
5.5. STORAGE OF LPG FOR RETAIL SALE AND USE

43
Cylinder Storage
5.5.1. LPG cylinders of up to 22 kg capacity for display should not be kept beside flammable
materials, staircases, exits, or anywhere that might obstruct an escape route. Naked lights
or smoking should be strictly prohibited anywhere near the displayed cylinder.
5.5.2. The total quantity of LPG in cylinders and cartridges connected to appliances for
demonstration should be 50 kg. Not more than four cylinders and six cartridges should be
connected to appliances at any one time, subject to the overall 50 kg limit.
5.5.3. Not more than 110 kg LPG in both cylinders and cartridges may be displayed in a shop.
This may consist of up to 5 cylinders, or 20 if they are all less than 3 kg capacity. The
number of cartridges on display and in retail area should be kept to a minimum subject to
the overall 110 kg limit.
5.5.4. Cylinders up to 400 kg LPG can be stored in individual cages at retail premises for display
or sale provided individual cylinder capacity does not exceed 22 kg. Cages must be made
of steel and must be sited in locations complying with 5.5.5.
5.5.5. LPG cylinders used in retail premises for cooking, water heating, etc. must meet the
following :
a) should be kept in a well-ventilated area, preferably in open air
b) Adequate ventilation should be provided in any room in which LPG appliances are
used
c) Cylinder to appliance connections should be secure and safe, i.e. permanent rigid pipe
work protected from physical damage and terminating with gas valve, with short
flexible hoses used only to connect cylinder to appliance.
d) Cylinder should be changed only in well-ventilated place e.g. outside.
e) Ignition sources or naked lights should be turned off or extinguish when cylinders are
changed.
f) Cylinder to appliance connections should be checked after the cylinders are changed,
to confirm that they are leak-free.
g) Cylinders and appliances should be kept well away from any combustible materials,
escape routes, stairs or exit doors.
5.6. ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
The selection, installation and use of electrical apparatus including wiring and cabling in hazardous
areas shall be in accordance to the required standard for the zone classification.
Area Classification:
The areas detailed in the Table below are classified according to the degree of probability that
flammable concentrations of gas (or vapor) may arise. The hazardous area definitions are as
follows.
Zone 0 An area in which an explosion gas-air mixture is continuously present, or present for long
periods.
Zone 1 An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal operation.
Zone 2 An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to occur in normal operation,
and if it occurs it will only exist for a short time.
NOTE: Storage within buildings and the areas within separation distances shall be designed as
Zone 2 as indicated in Table5.4.
TABLE 5.4
AREA ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION
Location Extent of Classified Area Area Classification
Cylinder storage space of the type In the storage space up to a height Zone 2
described in 5.3.1 of 1.5 m above the top of the
stack, or beneath any roof over the
storage space.
Outside the storage space or the Zone 2
space covered by any roof up to

44
Cylinder Storage
1.5 m above ground level and

within the distance set out for a
fixed source of ignition in Table
A and as Fig 1.
Cylinder storage within a building Within the building Zone 2
of a described in 5.4.2 Outside any doorway, low level Zone 2
ventilators or any opening into the
store, up to 1.5 m above ground
level and within the distance set
out for a fixed source of ignition
Table A and as Fig 1.
Cylinder storage within specially Entire storage space Zone 2
designed storage places within the
buildings of the type described in
5.4.
Cartridges storage of the type Entire storage space Zone 2
described in 5.5 and 5.6.
NOTE :
1. The distance from the nearest cylinder to a building or boundary etc. when measured around a fire wall
should not be less than the distance given in column 3
2. The minimum distance between a fire wall and the nearest cylinder should be 1m, except for quantities
up to 400 kg
3. A separation distance is not needed for quantities up to 400 kg if buildings and walls are suitably
constructed.
5.7. FIRE FIGHTING
5.7.1. First aid fire fighting equipment
5.7.1.1. Requirements - Whenever LPG cylinders and cartridges are stored or displayed,
provide portable fire fighting equipment for dealing with LPG fires. There
should also be the means for fighting general fires, which may threaten LPG
stores. Detailed advice may be available from the local fire or enforcing
authority.
5.7.1.2. General fires - On-site fire equipment (whether fire extinguishers or hose reels or
a combination of the two) should be sized, positioned, and maintained at a level
which allows general fires on the premises to be put out before any LPG
cylinders and cartridges are endangered.
5.7.1.3. LPG fires - In addition, sufficient fire extinguishers should be provided for
dealing with LPG fires at each LPG storage area and where LPG cylinders and
cartridges are kept or displayed. The number of extinguishers (typically 9 kg dry
powder) should be appropriate to the total quantity of LPG stored.
5.7.2. Water supplies / Other fire fighting equipment
5.7.2.1. General - There should be an adequate supply of water for the fire protection of
stores containing more than 400 kg LPG. Ensure that cylinders and cartridges
stored in any indoor or roofed LPG stored can be effectively sprayed with water.
Fixed water sprays or sprinklers may be appropriate.
5.7.2.2. Stores of 400 kg to 25,000 kg - Adequate, readily available water for fire
protection should be provided for such stores from:
a) public mains supply or pumped from a canal, river or static tank
b) hydrants with hoses and sprays / jet nozzles or hose reels capable of spraying
any cylinder stack.
45
Cylinder Storage
5.7.2.3. Stores of over 25,000 kg - Where the total amount of LPG stored in cylinders and
cartridges exceeds 25,000 kg, the following arrangements should be provided:
a) water supply - should have a capacity to distribute at least 2,300 liters/minute
for an hour.
b) water monitor - at least two should be available
c) water pressure - water supply systems should be designed and maintained to
ensure adequate water pressure is available at all times
d) contingencies - plans should be made to ensure that fire fighting capacities
on site can be maintained in the event of a power cut.
e) cylinder stack - sufficient fire water connections should be provided for
hoses and monitors so that any cylinder stack and the adjacent stack may be
adequately cooled with water.
5.7.2.4. Vehicles - when planning fire protection, account should be taken of any vehicle
loaded with cylinders, which may be parked on the premises.
5.7.2.5. Fire Brigade - fire emergency procedures should include calling the fire brigade
immediately. Ensure that the fire brigade has unrestricted access to the site and
can readily move fire fighters, equipment and vehicles to any part of the LPG
store.

46
Cylinder Storage
1.8 m
E
NC D
TA UN
DIS ARO
UM LL
IM m A
M IN 1.0
OF
m
1.0
m
1.0
Figure 5.1 Open air cylinder storage.

47
PLPGA
SAFETY CODE Revised 2000
PHILIPPINE LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS ASSOCIATION, INC.

SECRETARIAT: 218 SAN VICENTE STREET, BINONDO, 1006 MANILA
MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX 1524 MANILA CPO

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SAFETY CODE Revised 2000

PHILIPPINE LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS ASSOCIATION, INC.