Name: ANTOLIN ASTILLERO

Year & Section: IV-ABE 2

PROBLEM SET

1. For many materials, the variation of the thermal conductivity K with temperature can be
represented by the linear function K = Ko ( 1+β T ) where Ko = K when T=0 and β = a
constant. For such material, derive an equation for heat conduction given the boundary
conditions: T=T1 when x=x1 and T=T2 when x=x2. The general equation for heat conduction
is given by the formula q = K A dt/dx.

Given:

K = Ko ( 1+β T )

T=T1 when x=x1 and T=T2

when x=x2 q = K A dt/dx

Required:

Equation for heat conduction given the linear function and boundary conditions.

Solution:

q = K A dt/dx

Substituting value of K,

q = [ Ko ( 1+β T ) ] A dt/dx

Substituting boundary conditions,

q = [ Ko ( 1+β (T2-T1 ) ] A dt/dx

 2. A flat surface wall is made of 11.5-cm thick sil-o-cel brick (k – 0.1385 W/m°C). The temperature
of the inner surface of the wall is 900°C and the outer surface is 95°C. find the q per m2 of the wall.

If the same furnace wall is layered by 12-cm thick glass wool (K = 0.52 W/m°C) and the outermost
surface temperature is reduced to 52°C, what is the rate of the heat transfer per square meter of the
composite wall?

Given:

Situation A:

• 11.5 cm sil-o-cel brick, k=0.1385 W/m°C

• 900°C – inner temperature
• 95°C – outer temperature
Situation B
• 12 cm glass wool, k = 0.52 W/m°C
• 52°C – outer temperature, T2

900°C
K = 0.52
W/m°C
95°C

K = 0.1385
W/m°C 52°C

Solution:

A:

q1 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
=( )
𝐴1 𝑋1
𝐾1

q1 900℃ − 95℃
=( )
𝐴1 0.115 𝑚
0.1385 𝑊/𝑚 − ℃

q1
= 969.5 𝑊/𝑚2
𝐴1

B.

q2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
=( )
𝐴2 𝑋1 𝑋
+ 2
𝐾1 𝐾2

q2 900℃ − 95℃
=( )
𝐴2 0.115 𝑚 0.12 𝑚
+
0.1385 𝑊/𝑚 − ℃ 0.52 𝑊/𝑚℃

q2
= 758.65 𝑊/𝑚2
𝐴2
 3. A concrete wall with an area of 14 sq. m. has a 2.2-m by 0.9-m wood door (K = 0.156 W/m-˚C).
The wall thickness is 15cm and the door is 5 cm thick. Compute the heat loss in this entire wall
(Including the door) if the surface temperatures are 30 C

Given:

14 m2 = area of the concrete wall

2.2 m by 0.9 m wood door (K= 0.156 W/m-˚C) 15 cm = thickness of the wall
5 cm = thickness of the door
T1 = 30 ˚C
T2 = 10 ˚C

Required:

Heat loss of the entire wall

Solution:

• Heat loss of wall

∆T
Q = kA
𝐿

30℃ − 10℃
Q = (1.0)(14) ( ) = 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑾
0.05 𝑚
• Heat loss of Door
∆T
Q = kA
𝐿

30℃ − 10℃
Q = (0.156)(1.98 𝑚2 ) ( ) = 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟐 𝑾
0.05 𝑚

• Heat loss of entire wall

𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2

𝑄 = 1866.76 𝑊 + 123.552 𝑊

Q=1990.222

4. A furnace wall is made of 10-cm brick and 16-cm thick concrete. During operation when the surface
temperature is 400°C the temperature of the outermost surface of the concrete is 80°C. Calculate
the temperature of the interface between the concrete and the brick.

Given:

• 10 cm brick, assumed K= 0.1385 W/m°C

• 16 cm concrete, assumed K= 1 W/m°Cx``
• T1= 400°C
• T2= 80°C

Required:

Temperature between concrete and brick, T3

 Solution:

400°C

T3

10 cm 16 cm 80°C

400℃ − 𝑇3
q1 = 𝐾𝐴 ( )
10

𝑇3 − 80℃
q2 = 𝐾𝐴 ( )
16

q1 = q2

400℃ − 𝑇3 𝑇3 − 80℃
𝐾1 𝐴 ( ) = 𝐾2 𝐴 ( )
10 16

400℃ − 𝑇3 𝑇3 − 80℃
0.1385 ( ) = 1( )
10 16

400℃ − 𝑇3 𝑇3 − 80℃
(0.10)(0.16) [0.1385 ( ) = 1( )]
10 16
0.16(0.1385)(400℃ − 𝑇3) = 0.1(1)( 𝑇3 − 80℃)

0.02216(400℃ − 𝑇3) = 0.1(𝑇3 − 80℃)

8.864℃ − 0.02216 𝑇3 = 0.1 𝑇3 − 8℃

8.864℃ + 8℃ = 0.1 𝑇3 + 0.02216 𝑇3

16.8864℃ 0.12216 𝑇3
=
0.12216 0.12216
𝑇3 = 138. 23℃

5.
6. A 10-cm diameter spherical meat product initially at 66℃ is heated in an autoclave set and
maintained at 121℃. After 60 mins, what is the approximate temperature of the meat at a point
2.5 cm from the center? Assume the following:

Kmeat = 0.485 W/m ℃

𝜌meat = 1070 kg/m3
Cpmeat= 3.33 kJ/kg ℃
0.3
Given:

l = 0.05 m Kmeat = 0.485 W/m ℃

T = 66℃ 𝜌meat = 1070 kg/m3
Tm= 121℃ Cpmeat= 3.33 kJ/kg ℃
t = 60 mins hs = 2300 W/m2 ℃
I2 = 0.025
 Required:

a. Core Temperature after 60 mins

b. Temperature @ point 2.5 cm from the center

Solution

7. A wall of a refrigerated storage is constructed with 15-cm concrete and layered with 10-cm thick cork
insulation. The air in the room is 4.5°C and it moves over the interior surface at approximately 5m/s.
exterior conditions include air temperature of 29.5°C and air movement over the wall surface of
around 0.5m/s. The wall dimensions are 2.5 x 4m. Compute the rate of heat transfer in watts through
entire wall.

Required:

Heat transfer in (W)

Formula:
𝑄 = ℎ𝐴(ℎ𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝐿
𝐾=
𝐴(𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )𝑄

SOLUTION

𝑄 = (.15)(10)(29.5℃ − 4.5℃)
 𝑄 = 37.5 𝑊
4𝑚
𝐾=
10𝑚2 (29.5℃ − 45℃)37.5𝑊

𝐾 = 4.27 × 10−4 𝑊/𝑚℃

8. A cylindrical container is cooled in an ice water bath with no circulation provided. If the container
surface is initially 26.5 ℃, compute the heat transfer coefficient due to natural convection and the
rate of the heat transfer for initial conditions. The container is 7.5 cm in diameter, 12 cm tall and is
vertically positioned. Say ß = 5.04 𝑥 10−7/ ℃.

Given:

Vertical Pipe Diameter= 7.5 cm or 0.075 m Height = 12 cm or 0.12 m

Surface Temperature, Ts = 26.5 ℃
ß = 5.04 𝑥 10−7/ ℃

To find:
Heat transfer coefficient Rate of the heat transfer

Solution:
𝑇𝑤 −𝑇∞
Flim Temperature, 𝑇𝑓 = 2
26.5℃ − 0
𝑇𝑓 = = 13.25℃
2
Properties of ice water at 13.25℃
(From H.M.T data book)
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑣 = 1.006 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑃𝑟 = 7.020
𝑊
𝐾 = 0.5978
𝑚−𝑘

𝑔 × 𝛽 × 𝐷3 × ∆𝑇
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝐺𝑟 =
𝑣2
−7
9.81(5.04 × 10 ) × 0.0753 × 26.5
=
(1.006 × 10−6 )2
= 5.04 × 104
𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 = (5.04 × 104 )(7.020) = 3.83 × 105
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 < 109

𝑁𝑢 = 𝑎(𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟)𝑚
𝑁𝑢 = 0.59(3.83 × 105 )0.25 = 14.68

ℎ𝐿
𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘
ℎ × 0.12 𝑚
14.68 =
0.5978 𝑊/𝑚 − 𝑘
ℎ = 73.13 𝑊/𝑚 − 𝑘

𝑄 = ℎ × 𝐴 × ∆𝑇
𝑄 = ℎ × 𝜋 × 𝐷 × 𝐿 × ∆𝑇
𝑊
𝑄 = 73.13 2 − 𝑘 × 𝜋 × 0.075𝑚
𝑚
𝑄 = 619.28 𝑊
 9. A 5.08-cm i.d. tube with an inside wall temperature of 38 C is used to heat a light syrup solution
from an initial temperature of 4.5 C. If the syrup is being pumped through the tube at a rate of 2,700
kg per hour, estimate the rate of heat transfer from the tube surface to the solution. Available data are
as follows:

Cp = 3.768 kJ/kg- C ρ = 1073 kg/m3

K = 0.519 W/m- C µ = 1.92 x 10-3 Pa-s

Given:

d = 5.08 cm
inside temperature, Tw = 38 C
initial temperature of syrup, Ts = 4.5 C
rate = 2700 kg/hour
Cp = 3.768 kJ/kg- C
K = 0.519 W/m- C
ρ = 1073 kg/m3
µ = 1.92 x 10-3 Pa-s

Required:

rate of heat transfer; h=?

SOLUTION

𝑁𝑢𝑘
ℎ=
𝑙

To evaluate the constant K, a and b the fluid velocity through the pipe must be determined first;

𝑚
𝑣=
𝜌𝐴
𝑘𝑔 1 ℎ𝑟
2700
𝑣= ℎ𝑟 (3600𝑠)
0.0508 𝑚 2
1073 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (𝜋 )
2
𝑣 = 0.0842 𝑚/𝑠

𝜌𝐷𝑣
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝑚
1073 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (0.058𝑚)(0.0842 )
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑠
1.92 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 2792.22

𝐶𝑝𝜇
𝑃𝑟 =
𝑘
 𝑘𝑗
(3.768 )(1.92 × 103 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔 − ℃
𝑃𝑟 =
𝑊
0.519 𝑚 − ℃

𝑃𝑟 = 13.93

From the table 𝑘 = 0.23, 9 = 0.8, 𝑏 = 0.4

𝑁𝑢 = 0.23(2792.22)0.8 (13.930.4 )
𝑁𝑢 = 376.76

𝑁𝑢𝑘
ℎ=
𝑙
𝑊
376.76(0.519 𝑚 − ℃)
ℎ=
0.058 𝑚
𝑊
ℎ = 3371.35
𝑚2−℃

10. Calculate the total radiation heat transfer from a 4kg cubical food material with an average surface
temperature of 70˚C to the surrounding wall with temperature 21˚C. The product has a density and an
emissivity of 961 kg/m3 and 0.85, respectively.

Given:

Mass = 4kg

Surface temperature = 70˚C

Density ρ = 961 kg/m3
ξ = 0.85

Required: Total radiation heat transferred

Illustration:

ρ = 961 kg/m3

4kg

SOLUTION:

Finding the surface area:

𝑚
𝜌=
𝑣
𝑚
𝑣=
𝜌

Therefore
4𝑘𝑔
𝑣=
961 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑣 = 0.00416 𝑚3
To get the side:
3
𝑣 = 𝑠3 ; 𝑠 = √𝑣
 3
𝑠 = √0.00416 𝑚
𝑠 = 0.16 𝑚
𝐴 = 6𝑠 4
𝐴 = 6(0.16 𝑚)2
𝐴 = 0.1536 𝑚2

11. A 5.08-cm i.d. tube with an inside wall temperature of 38℃ is used to heat a light syrup solution from
an initial temperature of 4.5℃. If the syrup is being pumped through the tube at a rate of 2,700 kg per
hour, estimate the rate of heat transfer from the tube surface to the solution. Available data are as
follows:

Cp = 3.768 kJ/kg- C ρ = 1073 kg/m3

K = 0.519 W/m- C µ = 1.92 x 10-3 Pa-s

Given:

d = 5.08 cm
inside temperature, Tw = 38℃
initial temperature of syrup, Ts = 4.5 C
rate = 2700 kg/hour
Cp = 3.768 kJ/kg-℃
K = 0.519 W/m-℃
ρ = 1073 kg/m3
µ = 1.92 x 10-3 Pa-s

Required:

rate of heat transfer; h=?

SOLUTION

𝑁𝑢𝑘
ℎ=
𝑙

To evaluate the constant K, a and b the fluid velocity through the pipe must be determined first

𝑚
𝑣=
𝜌𝐴
𝑘𝑔 1 ℎ𝑟
2700 ( )
𝑣= ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠
0.0508 𝑚 2
1073 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (𝜋 2 )

𝑣 = 0.0842 𝑚/𝑠
𝜌𝐷𝑣
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝑚
1073 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (0.058𝑚)(0.0842 )
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑠
1.92 × 10−3 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 2792.22
 𝐶𝑝𝜇
𝑃𝑟 =
𝑘
𝑘𝑗
(3.768 )(1.92 × 103 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠)
𝑘𝑔 − ℃
𝑃𝑟 =
𝑊
0.519 𝑚 − ℃

𝑃𝑟 = 13.93

From the table 𝑘 = 0.23, 9 = 0.8, 𝑏 = 0.4

𝑁𝑢 = 0.23(2792.22)0.8 (13.930.4 )

𝑁𝑢 = 376.76

𝑁𝑢𝑘
ℎ=
𝑙
𝑊
376.76(0.519 )
ℎ= 𝑚−℃
0.058 𝑚
𝑊
ℎ = 3371.35
𝑚2−℃

12. Consider the sun as an ideal body (black body), compute for the total emissive power (q/a) of the
sun if the surface temperature is 10000 degrees Celsius.

Given: sun (ideal black body) TS = 10000 OC

Ծ = 5.670 x 10-8 W/m2 – K4
Required: Total emissive power, q/A

Solution:

Q = ԾTS4

= (5.670 x 10-8 W/m2 – K4) (10000 OC + 273.15)4

= (5.670 x 10-8 W/m2 – K4) (10273.15 K)4

Q/A = 631 535 221 W/m2

13. A chocolate bar (1x2x3 cm) at 20 C is placed in a freezer with a temperature of -10 C. Compute the
net radiant heat transfer (in watts) between the chocolate and the freezer surface. Assume both the
chocolate and the freezer as black body.

Given:

Since it is assumed as black body, the ∈ = 1

σ = 5.67 x 10−8 W/m2-K4
TC = 20 + 273.15 K

Tsurr = -10 + 273.15 K

A=?
Required:

Net radiant heat transfer

 Solution:

Solve for A:

A = 2 (lw x wh x lh)

A = 2 [(1)(2) + (2)(3) + (1)(3)]

2
A = 22 cm2 ( 1m
)
10000 cm2
A = 0.0022 m2

Solve for Q:

Q = ∈ σ A (TC -Tsurr)

Q = (1)(5.67 x 10−8 W/m2-K4)( 0.0022 m2)[(293.15 K)4- (263.15 K)4] Q

= 0.323 W

14. What is the net radiant heat transfer per unit area (q/A) between two parallel directly opposed infinite
gray plane if one has a surface temperature and emissivity of 1,000 K and 0.78 and the other surface
has a surface temperature of 300 K and emissivity of 0.8

Given:

T2 = 1000°K
T1 = 300°K
ℇ1 = 0.78
ℇ2 = 0.8

Required: net radiant heat transfer (W) =?

SOLUTION

1
𝜀=
1 1 −1
(𝜀 + 𝜀 )
1 2

1
𝜀=
1 1 −1
(0.78 + 𝜀 )
2

𝜀 = 0.652

𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
= 𝜀𝜎(𝑇2 4 − 𝑇24 )
𝐴

𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑊 4
= (0.652_(5.760 × 10−8 2 − 𝑘 4 )[[(1000°𝐾)4 ] − (300 𝐾]
𝐴 𝑚

𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
= 36668.96 𝑊/𝑚2
𝐴

15. Two marbles place 1 foot apart emits radiation. Compute the net radiant transfer (watts) if the first
marble is at 20℃ and 2 cm in diameter with an emissivity of 0.8. The second marble on the other hands is
at 60℃ and 5 cm in diameter with an emissivity of 0.9 only 1.5% of the radiation coming from the
second marble.
GIVEN:

Marble 1
T = 20°C + 273.15K = 293.15K
d = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Ɛ = 0.8
Marble 2
T = 60°C + 273.15K = 333.15K
d = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Ɛ = 0.8
σ = 5.670 x 10-8 W/m2 K4 (Stefan-Boltzman Constant)

Required: net radiant heat transfer (W) =?

Solution: