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Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire and the manual for
developing of nutritional data
Technical Report · January 2018
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Marzena Jeżewska-Zychowicz Lidia Wadolowska

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DIETARY HABITS AND NUTRITION BELIEFS
QUESTIONNAIRE
AND
THE MANUAL FOR DEVELOPING OF NUTRITIONAL DATA
Technical Report
edited by Professor Jan Gawecki
Technical editor
Beata Krusinska
Behavioural Nutrition Team

Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences
Olsztyn 2017
ISBN 978-83-950330-0-1
Table of contents
Page
1. Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire for people 15-65 years old,
version 1.1. – interviewer administered questionnaire
Marzena Jezewska-Zychowicz, Jan Gawecki, Lidia Wadolowska, Jolanta Czarnocinska,
Grzegorz Galinski, Anna Kollajtis-Dolowy, Wojciech Roszkowski, Agata Wawrzyniak,
Katarzyna Przybylowicz, Beata Krusinska, Iwona Hawrysz, Malgorzata A. Slowinska,
Ewa Niedzwiedzka …............................................................................................................................ 3
2. Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire for people 15-65 years old,
version 1.2. – self-administered questionnaire
Marzena Jezewska-Zychowicz, Jan Gawecki, Lidia Wadolowska, Jolanta Czarnocinska,
Grzegorz Galinski, Anna Kollajtis-Dolowy, Wojciech Roszkowski, Agata Wawrzyniak,
Katarzyna Przybylowicz, Beata Krusinska, Iwona Hawrysz, Malgorzata A. Slowinska,
Ewa Niedzwiedzka …............................................................................................................................ 21
3. The manual for developing of nutritional data from the KomPAN questionnaire
Lidia Wadolowska, Beata Krusinska ……………………………………………………….......................................... 34
3.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
3.2. General information ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
3.3. Data coding …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
3.4. Data verification ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
3.4.1. Verification of meal numbers ……………………………………………………………………………………… 37
3.4.2. Verification of the frequency consumption of fruit, vegetable and fast foods ……………. 38
3.4.3. Reliability of the respondent – initial evaluation ………………………………………………………… 41
3.4.4. System evaluation of reliability of respondent ……………………………………………………………. 43
3.5. Data conversion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 43
3.5.1. Part A. Dietary habits ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
3.5.2. Part B. Frequency of food consumption ……………………………………………………………………… 44
3.5.2.1. Basic rules of data conversion …………………………………………………………………………… 44
3.5.2.2. Diet quality indexes …………………………………………………………………………………………… 45
3.5.3. Part C. Nutrition beliefs ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
3.5.4. Part D. Lifestyle and personal data ……………………………………………………………………………… 50
3.6. References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52
2
KomPAN Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire developed by Behavioural Nutrition Team, Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish Academy of
Sciences, version 1.1. – interviewer administered questionnaire, December 2014
1. Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire for people 15-65 years old
version 1.1. – interviewer administered questionnaire
Authors: Marzena Jezewska-Zychowicz*1, Jan Gawecki*2, Lidia Wadolowska*3, Jolanta
Czarnocinska*2, Grzegorz Galinski*2, Anna Kollajtis-Dolowy*1, Wojciech Roszkowski*1, Agata
Wawrzyniak*1, Katarzyna Przybylowicz*3, Beata Krusinska3, Iwona Hawrysz3, Malgorzata A.
Slowinska3, Ewa Niedzwiedzka3
*Behavioural Nutrition Team, Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences

1Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW
2Faculty of Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Poznan
3 Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
percentage share of authors:

MJZ 20%, JG 20%, LW 12%, JC 12%, GG 12%, AKD 6%, WR 5%, AW 4%, KP 2%, BK 3%, IH 2%,
MAS 1%, EN 1%
Translation into English: Marta Lonnie

Correction of the English translation: Aleksandra Bykowska-Derda, Marzena Jezewska-Zychowicz,
Joanna Kowalkowska, Lidia Wadolowska
Translation into Polish: Joanna Jensen – OSCAR Translations
How to cite: Jezewska-Zychowicz M., Gawecki J., Wadolowska L., Czarnocinska J., Galinski G., Kollajtis-
Dolowy A., Roszkowski W., Wawrzyniak A., Przybylowicz K., Krusinska B., Hawrysz I., Slowinska
M.A., Niedzwiedzka E. Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire for people 15-65 years
old, version 1.1. – interviewer administered questionnaire. Chapter 1. (in:) Dietary Habits and
Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire and the manual for developing of nutritional data. Ed. Gawecki J.
The Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, 2017, 3-20. Available
at: http://www.knozc.pan.pl/
3
Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire

for people 15-65 years old
version 1.1. interviewer administered questionnaire
Information in boxes are for the interviewer

Additional instructions for the interviewer in italics
NOTE: Interviewer should maintain a neutral attitude during the interview and should not make any
suggestions regarding the answers because some of the questions are used as a confirmation of
respondents’ answers validity.
READ OUT: We are conducting research, and we would like to learn about people’s dietary habits and
nutrition beliefs. The data obtained will be anonymous and undisclosed and will be used only for the
purpose of this research.
I will now ask you questions, please choose one or more answers according to the instructions given.
1.Respondent code |__ | __ | __ | __ | 2. Interviewer code | __ | __ | 3. Centre code | __ | __ |

Date of the interview: 4. Day | __ | __ | 5. Month | __ | __ | 6. Year |__ | __ | __ | __ | enter e.g. 01.12.2014
Part A. Dietary habits

READ OUT: I will now ask you about your dietary habits over the last year.
7. How many meals do you usually consume daily?

Please give one answer.
Meal - any of the regular occasions in a day when a reasonably large amount of food is eaten, e.g. morning, noon, evening.
(1)__ 1 meal
(2)__ 2 meals
(3)__ 3 meals
(4)__ 4 meals
(5)__ 5 meals or more
8. Do you consume meals at regular times?

(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes, but only some of them
(3)__ Yes, all of them
9. How often do you snack between the meals?

Snacking – usually a small portion of food eaten occasionally between the meals.
(1)__ Never
(2)__ 1-3 times a month
(3)__ Once a week
(4)__ Few times a week
(5)__ Once a day
(6)__ Few times a day
4
Question for people who snack between meals
10. What types of food do you usually consume between the meals during the weekdays?
You can give more than one answer.
(10/1)__ Fruit
(10/2)__ Vegetables
(10/3)__ Unsweetened dairy beverages and desserts, e.g. yoghurts, curd/cream cheese, milk
(10/4)__ Sweetened dairy beverages and desserts, e.g. homogenised cheese, sweetened milk
beverages, flavoured milk
(10/5)__ Sweet snacks, e.g. confectionary, biscuits, cakes, chocolate bars, cereal bars, wafers
(10/6)__ Savoury snacks, e.g. crackers, pretzels, crisps, potato chips
(10/7)__ Nuts, almonds, seeds
(10/8)__ Other, please list ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. What type of milk and dairy beverages you usually consume?
(1)__ Full fat
(2)__ Low fat
(3)__ No fat
12. How do you usually have your meat prepared?

(1)__ Boiled
(2)__ Stewed
(3)__ Grilled
(4)__ Roasted
(5)__ Fried
(6)__ I don’t eat meat
13. What bread spread do you usually use?

(1)__ I don’t use any spreads
(2)__ I use various spreads
(3)__ Mayonnaise
(4)__ Margarine
(5)__ Butter
(6)__ Spreadable butter (butter and margarine mix)
(7)__ Lard
14. What type of fat do you usually use for frying?

(1)__ I don’t use any fats for frying
(2)__ I use various types of fats
(3)__ Vegetable oils (including olive oil)
(4)__ Margarine
(5)__ Butter
(6)__ Lard
15. Do you add any sugar to your hot beverages, e.g. tea, hot chocolate, coffee?
If your preferences vary depending on the type of the drink, please give answer related to the drink you drink most often
(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes, I add one teaspoon of sugar (or honey)
(3)__ Yes I add two or more teaspoons of sugar (or honey)
(4)__ Yes, I use sweeteners (low-caloric substitute for sugar)
5
16. Do you add salt to your meals and sandwiches once prepared?
(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes, but only sometimes
(3)__ Yes, I add salt to most of my meals
17. What type of water do you usually drink?

(1)__ I don’t drink water
(2)__ Still water
(3)__ Sparkling water
(4)__ Flavoured water
READ OUT: Please think about a typical day in terms of your diet (last week) and answer the following
questions.
18. What day of the week was it?

(1)__ Monday
(2)__ Tuesday
(3)__ Wednesday
(4)__ Thursday
(5)__ Friday
(6)__ Saturday
(7)__ Sunday
19. How many meals did you have that day? Please give a number ………….. meals that day
20. How many times did you have fruit or vegetables that day? Please give a number………………. times that day.
Please include fruit or vegetables consumed during meal times and when snacking.
21. Did you have any fast foods that day, e.g. potato chips, hamburgers, pizza, hot-dogs?
(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes. How many times? Please give a number…………………… times that day
Part B. Food frequency consumption

READ OUT: I will now ask you questions about the foods you eat. We would like to learn, how often do you
consume these types of foods. While answering to the questions, please consider foods eaten over the last year
during your meal times, between the meals as well as those eaten at home and when you are out.
In this part please give only one answer to each question.
Present ‘Show card No. 1’ to the respondent
22. How often do you eat white bread and bakery products, e.g. wheat bread, rye bread, wheat/rye bread, toast
bread, bread rolls?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
6
23. How often to you eat wholemeal (brown) bread/bread rolls?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
24. How often do you have white rice, white pasta, fine-ground groats, e.g. semolina, couscous?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
25. How often do you eat buckwheat, oats, wholegrain pasta or other coarse-ground groats?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
26. How often do you eat fast foods, e.g. potato chips, hamburgers, pizza, hot-dogs?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
27. How often do you eat fried foods (e.g. meat or flour-based foods such as dumplings, pancakes etc.)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
28. How often do you use butter as a bread spread or as an addition to your meals/ for frying/ for baking etc.?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
29. How often do you use lard as a bread spread, or as an addition to you meals/ for frying/ for baking etc.?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
7
30. How often do you use vegetable oils or margarines or mixes of butter and margarines as a bread spread, or
as an addition to your meals/ for frying/ for baking etc.?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
31. How often do you drink milk (including flavoured milk, hot chocolate, latte)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
32. How often do you eat fermented milk beverages, e.g. yoghurts, kefir (natural or flavoured)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
33. How often do you eat fresh cheese curd products, e.g. cottage cheese, homogenised cheese, fromage frais?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
34. How often do you eat cheese (including processed cheese, blue cheese)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
35. How often do you eat cold meats, smoked sausages, hot-dogs?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
36. How often do you eat red meat, e.g. pork, beef, veal, mutton, lamb, game?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
8
37. How often do you eat white meat, e.g. chicken, turkey, rabbit?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
38. How often do you eat fish?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
39. How often do you eat eggs?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
40. How often do you eat pulses-based foods, e.g. from beans, peas, soybeans, lentils?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
41. How often do you eat potatoes (excluding chips and crisps)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
42. How often do you eat fruit?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
43. How often do you eat vegetables?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
9
44. How often do you eat sweets, e.g. confectionary, biscuits, cakes, chocolate bars, cereal bars, other?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
45. How often do you eat instant soups or ready-made soups, e.g. tinned, jar, concentrates (excluding frozen
soup mixes)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
46. How often do you eat tinned (jar) meats?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
47. How often do you eat tinned (jar) vegetables, e.g. pickles?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
48. How often do you drink fruit juices?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
49. How often do you drink vegetable juices or fruit and vegetable juices?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
50. How often do you drink sweetened hot beverages, such as black tea, coffee, herbal or fruit teas?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
10
51. How often do you drink sweetened carbonated or still beverages such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Sprite, Fanta,
lemonade?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
52. How often do you drink energy drinks such as Red Bull, Monster, Rockstar or other?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
53. How often do you drink water, e.g. mineral, tap water?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
54. How often do you have alcoholic beverages?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
Part C. Nutrition beliefs

READ OUT: Now I will read you some statements regarding food and nutrition.
Please provide your view regarding each of the statements.
Respondent can give one answer to each statement.
True False Unsure

Statement
(1) (2) (3)
55. It is enough to eat wholegrains/cereals once a day.
56. Only children and adolescents should drink milk.
57. Fruit and/or vegetables should be consumed with every meal.
58. Consumption of mouldy bread can result in food poisoning caused by Salmonella.
59. High intakes of salt protect from hypertension.
60. Limiting high-fat foods in everyday diet is protective against cardiovascular diseases.
61. Frequent consumption of oily fish contributes to atherosclerosis.
62. Frequent consumption of grilled meats contributes to the onset of cancer.
63. Vegetarian diet increases the risk of anaemia.
64. Bio-yoghurts contain beneficial gut bacteria.
11
True False Unsure

Statement
(1) (2) (3)
65. Vegetable oils and olive oil contain a high amount of cholesterol.
66. Wholemeal bread have more fibre than white bread.
67. Fruit and vegetables are a source of ‘empty calories’.
68. Butter and fortified margarines have high content of vitamin A and D.
69. Cheese is a better source of calcium than cottage cheese.
70. Offal has high amounts of ‘bad’ cholesterol - LDL.
71. In a healthy diet, complex carbohydrates should be replaced with simple sugars.
72. In a balanced diet, proteins should be the main source of energy.
73. Inadequate intakes of vitamin PP can cause skin inflammation and diarrhoea.
74. Sun exposure increases the synthesis of vitamin D in the human body.
75. Phosphorus is a component of neural tissue.
76. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus in a healthy diet should be 1:1.
77. Consumption of fruit with high content of vitamin C increases bioavailability of iron.
78. Starting cooking vegetables in cold water helps to preserve the nutrients.
79. Sweets and animal fats are particularly high nutrient dense foods.
Part D. Lifestyle and personal data

READ OUT: At the end, I would like to ask you questions referring to your lifestyle and collect some personal
data. This will allow us to retain an element of individuality in our research. If you feel that some of the
questions are too personal, you can refuse to answer. We would be however grateful for every honest answer
given.
In this part please give one answer to each question.
80. Are you currently following a diet?

(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes, as advised by my doctor for medical reasons
(3)__ Yes, it was my personal decision
Question to respondents who are following a diet.
81. Please provide the type of a diet ……………………………………………………………………………………
82. How long have you been following this diet?

Please specify the duration.
Respondent can give number of weeks or number of months or number of years.
Please provide a number of: ………………. weeks, …………… months, …………………. years.
12
83. How often do you eat out, e.g. in a bar, restaurant, café, canteen?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
Question for respondents who drink alcoholic beverages.
84. What type of alcohol do you usually drink?

(1)__ Beer
(2)__ Wine
(3)__ Drinks
(4)__ Vodka
85. Do you currently smoke cigarettes, pipe or other tobacco?

(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes
86. Have you smoked cigarettes, pipe or tobacco in the past?

(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes
87. How many hours do you sleep a day during weekdays?

(1)__ 6 or less hours/day
(2)__ 7 or 8 hours/day
(3)__ 9 or more hours/day
88. How many hours do you sleep a day during the weekend?
89. How many hours a day (on average) do you spend watching TV or using a computer (including work)?
Present the ‘Show card No. 2’ to the respondent.
(1)__ Less than 2 hours
(2)__ from 2 to almost 4 hours
(6)__ More than 10 hours
90. How would you describe your physical activity at work or at school?
Present the ‘Show card No. 3’ to the respondent
(1)__ Low: more than 70% of time is sedentary
(2)__ Moderate: about 50% of time is sedentary and 50% active
(3)__ High: about 70% of time is active or physical labour of high intensity
91. How would you describe your physical activity during your time off?
Present the ‘Show card No. 4’ to the respondent
(1)__ Low: mostly sedentary, watching TV, reading newspapers/books, light house works, walking for 1-2
hours/week
(2)__ Moderate: walking, cycling, exercise, gardening or other light physical activity for 2-3 hours/week
(3)__ High: cycling, running, gardening and other sport/recreational activities that require physical
activity for longer than 3 hours/week
13
92. How would you describe your health status in comparison to other people your age?
(1)__ Worse than others
(2)__ The same as others
(3)__ Better than others
93. How would you describe your knowledge about nutrition?

(1)__ Insufficient
(2)__ Sufficient
(3)__ Good
(4)__ Very good
94. How would you describe your diet?

(1)__ Very bad
(2)__ Bad
(3)__ Good
(4)__ Very good
95. How would you describe your diet during the weekdays when compared to the weekend?
(1)__ No difference really
(2)__ Differs slightly
(3)__ Very different
96. How much do you weigh (kg)? |__ | __ | __ |, __ | kg
97. What is your height (cm)? |__ | __ | __ |, __ | cm
98. What is your waistline (cm)? |__ | __ | __ |, __ | cm

If you don’t know, please provide your clothing size (waist measurement).
If feasible, waistline can be measured with measuring tape.
99. Gender:
(1)__ Male
(2)__ Female
Date of birth: 100. Day |__ | __ | 101. Month |__ | __ | 102. Year |__ | __ | __ | __ | enter e.g. 01.12.1970
103. What is your place of residence?

(1)__ Village
(2)__ Town below 20.000 inhabitants
(3)__ Town between 20.000 and 100.000 inhabitants
(4)__ City over 100.000 inhabitants
104. How many people are there in your household (including you)? ……………………. people
105. How many children/adolescents are there in your household? …………………people under 18 years old
106. How would you describe your financial situation?

(1)__ Below average
(2)__ Average
(3)__ Above average
14
107. How would you describe your household’s overall situation?

Present ‘Show card No. 5’ to the respondent.
(1)__ We live very modestly – we do not have enough money for basic needs
(2)__ We live modestly – we have to be very careful with our daily budget
(3)__ We live normally - we have enough money for our daily needs, but we need to budget for bigger purchases
(4)__ We live relatively wealthy – we have enough money for our needs without particular budgeting
(5)__ We live very wealthy – we can afford some luxury
Question for adult respondents.
108. Do you work?

(1)__ No, I am retired or receiving a disability living allowance
(2)__ No, I am on maternity leave, I am unemployed or other (housewife/househusband)
(3)__ Yes, but it is only a temporary job
(4)__ Yes, I am permanently employed
(5)__ No, I study
Question for adult respondents – please end interview after this question.
109. What is you education?

(1)__ Primary
(2)__ Lower secondary
(3)__ Upper secondary
(4)__ Higher (e.g. BSc, MSc)
Question for respondents under 18 years old.
110. What is mother’s (or legal guardian) education?

(1)__ Primary
111. What is father’s (or legal guardian) education?

(1)__ Primary
READ OUT: Thank you very much for your time.
15
Show card No. 1

Food frequency consumption answer categories
(1) Never
(2) 1-3 times a month
(3) Once a week
(4) Few times a week
(5) Once a day
(6) Few times a day
16
Show card No. 2

How many hours a day (on average) do you spend watching TV
or using a computer (including work)?
(1) Less than 2 hours

(2) From 2 to almost 4 hours
(6) More than 10 hours
17
Show card No. 3

Physical activity at work
Low over 70% of time sedentary
Moderate about 50% of time sedentary and 50% active
High about 70% of time active or physical labour of high

intensity
18
Show card No. 4

Physical activity during time off
Low Mostly sedentary, watching TV, reading

newspapers/book, light house works, walking for 1-
2 hours a week
Moderate Walking, cycling, exercise, gardening or other light

intensity physical activity for 2-3 hours a week
High Cycling, running, gardening or other sport activities

that require physical activity for more than 3 hours
a week
19
Show card No. 5

How would you describe your household’s overall situation?
(1) We live very modestly – we do not have enough money for basic needs
(2) We live modestly – we have to be very careful with our daily budget
(3) We live normally - we have enough money for our daily needs, but we
need to budget for bigger purchases
(4) We live relatively wealthy – we have enough money for our needs
without particular budgeting
(5) We live very wealthy – we can afford some luxury
20
Sciences, version 1.2. – self-administered questionnaire, December 2014
2. Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire for people 15-65 years old
version 1.2. – self-administered questionnaire
Authors: Marzena Jezewska-Zychowicz*1, Jan Gawecki*2, Lidia Wadolowska*3, Jolanta
Czarnocinska*2, Grzegorz Galinski*2, Anna Kollajtis-Dolowy*1, Wojciech Roszkowski*1, Agata
Wawrzyniak*1, Katarzyna Przybylowicz*3, Beata Krusinska3, Iwona Hawrysz3, Malgorzata A.
Slowinska3, Ewa Niedzwiedzka3

1Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW
2Faculty of Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Poznan
3 Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
percentage share of authors:

MJZ 20%, JG 20%, LW 12%, JC 12%, GG 12%, AKD 6%, WR 5%, AW 4%, KP 2%, BK 3%, IH 2%,
MAS 1%, EN 1%
Translation into English: Marta Lonnie

Correction of the English translation: Aleksandra Bykowska-Derda, Marzena Jezewska-Zychowicz,
Joanna Kowalkowska, Lidia Wadolowska
Translation into Polish: Joanna Jensen – OSCAR Translations
How to cite: Jezewska-Zychowicz M., Gawecki J., Wadolowska L., Czarnocinska J., Galinski G., Kollajtis-
Dolowy A., Roszkowski W., Wawrzyniak A., Przybylowicz K., Krusinska B., Hawrysz I., Slowinska
M.A., Niedzwiedzka E. Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire for people 15-65 years
old, version 1.2. – self-administered questionnaire. Chapter 2. (in:) Dietary Habits and Nutrition
Beliefs Questionnaire and the manual for developing of nutritional data. Ed. Gawecki J. The
Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, 2017, 21-33. Available at:
http://www.knozc.pan.pl/
21
Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire

for people 15-65 years old
version 1.2. self-administered questionnaire
Information in boxes are for the respondent

Additional instructions for the respondent in italics
We are conducting research, and we would like to learn about people’s dietary habits and nutrition beliefs.
The data obtained will be anonymous and undisclosed and will be used only for the purpose of this research.
Thank you for your time and reliable answers.
Please read the questions and mark one or more answers with the X, according to the instructions, as shown in the
example:
(10/1)_X_ Fruit
(10/2)__ Vegetables
(10/4)__ Sweetened dairy beverages and desserts, e.g. homogenised cheese, sweetened milk beverages, flavoured milk
(10/5)_X_ Sweet snacks, e.g. confectionary, biscuits, cakes, chocolate bars, cereal bars, wafers
(10/8)_X_ Other, please list ……………… sandwiches, fruit chips ………………
1.Respondent code |__ | __ | __ | __ | 2. Interviewer code | __ | __ | 3. Centre code | __ | __ | Please do not enter
Date of the research: 4. Day | __ | __ | 5. Month | __ | __ | 6. Year |__ | __ | __ | __ | enter e.g. 01.12.2014
Part A. Dietary habits

We would like to ask you about your dietary habits over the last year.
7. How many meals do you usually consume daily?

(1)__ 1 meal
(2)__ 2 meals
(3)__ 3 meals
(4)__ 4 meals
(5)__ 5 meals or more
8. Do you consume meals at regular times?

(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes, but only some of them
(3)__ Yes, all of them
22
9. How often do you snack between the meals?

Snacking – usually a small portion of food eaten occasionally between the meals.
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
Question for people who snack between meals
(10/1)__ Fruit
(10/2)__ Vegetables
(10/4)__ Sweetened dairy beverages and desserts, e.g. homogenised cheese, sweetened milk
beverages, flavoured milk
(10/5)__ Sweet snacks, e.g. confectionary, biscuits, cakes, chocolate bars, cereal bars, wafers
(10/8)__ Other, please list ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. What type of milk and dairy beverages you usually consume?
(1)__ Full fat
(2)__ Low fat
(3)__ No fat
12. How do you usually have your meat prepared?

(1)__ Boiled
(2)__ Stewed
(3)__ Grilled
(4)__ Roasted
(5)__ Fried
(6)__ I don’t eat meat
13. What bread spread do you usually use?

(1)__ I don’t use any spreads
(2)__ I use various spreads
(3)__ Mayonnaise
(4)__ Margarine
(5)__ Butter
(6)__ Spreadable butter (butter and margarine mix)
(7)__ Lard
14. What type of fat do you usually use for frying?

(1)__ I don’t use any fats for frying
(2)__ I use various types of fats
(3)__ Vegetable oils (including olive oil)
(4)__ Margarine
(5)__ Butter
(6)__ Lard
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15. Do you add any sugar to your hot beverages, e.g. tea, hot chocolate, coffee?
If your preferences vary depending on the type of the drink, please give answer related to the drink you drink most often
(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes, I add one teaspoon of sugar (or honey)
(3)__ Yes I add two or more teaspoons of sugar (or honey)
(4)__ Yes, I use sweeteners (low-caloric substitute for sugar)
16. Do you add salt to your meals and sandwiches once prepared?
(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes, but only sometimes
(3)__ Yes, I add salt to most of my meals
17. What type of water do you usually drink?

(1)__ I don’t drink water
(2)__ Still water
(3)__ Sparkling water
(4)__ Flavoured water
Please think about a typical day in terms of your diet (last week) and answer the following questions.
18. What day of the week was it?

(1)__ Monday
(2)__ Tuesday
(3)__ Wednesday
(4)__ Thursday
(5)__ Friday
(6)__ Saturday
(7)__ Sunday
19. How many meals did you have that day? Please give a number ………….. meals that day
20. How many times did you have fruit or vegetables that day? Please give a number………………. times that day.
Please include fruit or vegetables consumed during meal times and when snacking.
21. Did you have any fast foods that day, e.g. potato chips, hamburgers, pizza, hot-dogs?
(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes. How many times? Please give a number…………………… times that day
Part B. Food frequency consumption

We would like to ask you about the foods you eat. We would like to learn, how often do you consume these
types of foods.
While answering to the questions, please consider foods eaten over the last year during your meal times,
between the meals as well as those eaten at home and when you are out.
In this part please give only one answer to each question.
24
22. How often do you eat white bread and bakery products, e.g. wheat bread, rye bread, wheat/rye bread, toast
bread, bread rolls?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
23. How often to you eat wholemeal (brown) bread/bread rolls?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
24. How often do you have white rice, white pasta, fine-ground groats, e.g. semolina, couscous?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
25. How often do you eat buckwheat, oats, wholegrain pasta or other coarse-ground groats?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
26. How often do you eat fast foods, e.g. potato chips, hamburgers, pizza, hot-dogs?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
27. How often do you eat fried foods (e.g. meat or flour-based foods such as dumplings, pancakes etc.)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
28. How often do you use butter as a bread spread or as an addition to your meals/ for frying/ for baking etc.?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
25
29. How often do you use lard as a bread spread, or as an addition to you meals/ for frying/ for baking etc.?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
30. How often do you use vegetable oils or margarines or mixes of butter and margarines as a bread spread, or
as an addition to your meals/ for frying/ for baking etc.?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
31. How often do you drink milk (including flavoured milk, hot chocolate, latte)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
32. How often do you eat fermented milk beverages, e.g. yoghurts, kefir (natural or flavoured)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
33. How often do you eat fresh cheese curd products, e.g. cottage cheese, homogenised cheese, fromage frais?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
34. How often do you eat cheese (including processed cheese, blue cheese)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
35. How often do you eat cold meats, smoked sausages, hot-dogs?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
26
36. How often do you eat red meat, e.g. pork, beef, veal, mutton, lamb, game?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
37. How often do you eat white meat, e.g. chicken, turkey, rabbit?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
38. How often do you eat fish?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
39. How often do you eat eggs?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
40. How often do you eat pulses-based foods, e.g. from beans, peas, soybeans, lentils?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
41. How often do you eat potatoes (excluding chips and crisps)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
42. How often do you eat fruit?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
27
43. How often do you eat vegetables?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
44. How often do you eat sweets, e.g. confectionary, biscuits, cakes, chocolate bars, cereal bars, other?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
45. How often do you eat instant soups or ready-made soups, e.g. tinned, jar, concentrates (excluding frozen
soup mixes)?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
46. How often do you eat tinned (jar) meats?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
47. How often do you eat tinned (jar) vegetables, e.g. pickles?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
48. How often do you drink fruit juices?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
49. How often do you drink vegetable juices or fruit and vegetable juices?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
28
50. How often do you drink sweetened hot beverages, such as black tea, coffee, herbal or fruit teas?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
51. How often do you drink sweetened carbonated or still beverages such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Sprite, Fanta,
lemonade?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
52. How often do you drink energy drinks such as Red Bull, Monster, Rockstar or other?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
53. How often do you drink water, e.g. mineral, tap water?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
54. How often do you have alcoholic beverages?

(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
Part C. Nutrition beliefs

Below are statements regarding food and nutrition.
Please provide your view regarding each of the statements.
In this part please give one answer to each statement.
True False Unsure

Statement
(1) (2) (3)
55. It is enough to eat wholegrains/cereals once a day.
56. Only children and adolescents should drink milk.
57. Fruit and/or vegetables should be consumed with every meal.
29
True False Unsure

Statement
(1) (2) (3)
58. Consumption of mouldy bread can result in food poisoning caused by Salmonella.
59. High intakes of salt protect from hypertension.
60. Limiting high-fat foods in everyday diet is protective against cardiovascular diseases.
61. Frequent consumption of oily fish contributes to atherosclerosis.
62. Frequent consumption of grilled meats contributes to the onset of cancer.
63. Vegetarian diet increases the risk of anaemia.
64. Bio-yoghurts contain beneficial gut bacteria.
65. Vegetable oils and olive oil contain a high amount of cholesterol.
66. Wholemeal bread have more fibre than white bread.
67. Fruit and vegetables are a source of ‘empty calories’.
68. Butter and fortified margarines have high content of vitamin A and D.
69. Cheese is a better source of calcium than cottage cheese.
70. Offal has high amounts of ‘bad’ cholesterol - LDL.
71. In a healthy diet, complex carbohydrates should be replaced with simple sugars.
72. In a balanced diet, proteins should be the main source of energy.
73. Inadequate intakes of vitamin PP can cause skin inflammation and diarrhoea.
74. Sun exposure increases the synthesis of vitamin D in the human body.
75. Phosphorus is a component of neural tissue.
76. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus in a healthy diet should be 1:1.
77. Consumption of fruit with high content of vitamin C increases bioavailability of iron.
78. Starting cooking vegetables in cold water helps to preserve the nutrients.
79. Sweets and animal fats are particularly high nutrient dense foods.
Part D. Lifestyle and personal data

At the end, we would like to ask you questions referring to your lifestyle and collect some personal data. This
will allow us to retain an element of individuality in our research.
If you feel that some of the questions are too personal, you can refuse to answer. We would be however
grateful for every honest answer given.
In this part please give one answer to each question.
80. Are you currently following a diet?

(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes, as advised by my doctor for medical reasons
(3)__ Yes, it was my personal decision
81. Please provide the type of a diet ……………………………………………………………………………………
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82. How long have you been following this diet?

Please specify the duration
You can give number of weeks or number of months or number of years.
Please provide a number of: ………………. weeks, …………… months, …………………. years.
83. How often do you eat out, e.g. in a bar, restaurant, café, canteen?
(1)__ Never
(3)__ Once a week
(5)__ Once a day
Question for respondents who drink alcoholic beverages.
84. What type of alcohol do you usually drink?

(1)__ Beer
(2)__ Wine
(3)__ Drinks
(4)__ Vodka
85. Do you currently smoke cigarettes, pipe or other tobacco?

(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes
86. Have you smoked cigarettes, pipe or tobacco in the past?

(1)__ No
(2)__ Yes
87. How many hours do you sleep a day during weekdays?

88. How many hours do you sleep a day during the weekend?
89. How many hours a day (on average) do you spend watching TV or using a computer (including work)?
(1)__ Less than 2 hours
(6)__ More than 10 hours
90. How would you describe your physical activity at work or at school?
(1)__ Low: more than 70% of time is sedentary
(2)__ Moderate: about 50% of time is sedentary and 50% active
(3)__ High: about 70% of time is active or physical labour of high intensity
31
91. How would you describe your physical activity during your time off?
(1)__ Low: mostly sedentary, watching TV, reading newspapers/books, light house works, walking for 1-2
hours/week
(2)__ Moderate: walking, cycling, exercise, gardening or other light physical activity for 2-3 hours/week
(3)__ High: cycling, running, gardening and other sport/recreational activities that require physical
activity for longer than 3 hours/week
92. How would you describe your health status in comparison to other people your age?
(1)__ Worse than others
(2)__ The same as others
(3)__ Better than others
93. How would you describe your knowledge about nutrition?

(1)__ Insufficient
(2)__ Sufficient
(3)__ Good
(4)__ Very good
94. How would you describe your diet?

(1)__ Very bad
(2)__ Bad
(3)__ Good
(4)__ Very good
95. How would you describe your diet during the weekdays when compared to the weekend?
(1)__ No difference really
(2)__ Differs slightly
(3)__ Very different
96. How much do you weigh (kg)? |__ | __ | __ |, __ | kg
97. What is your height (cm)? |__ | __ | __ |, __ | cm
98. What is your waistline (cm)? |__ | __ | __ |, __ | cm

If you don’t know, please provide your clothing size (waist measurement).
If feasible, waistline can be measured with measuring tape.
99. Gender:
(1)__ Male
(2)__ Female
Date of birth: 100. Day |__ | __ | 101. Month |__ | __ | 102. Year |__ | __ | __ | __ | enter e.g. 01.12.1970
103. What is your place of residence?

(1)__ Village
(2)__ Town below 20.000 inhabitants
(3)__ Town between 20.000 and 100.000 inhabitants
(4)__ City over 100.000 inhabitants
104. How many people are there in your household (including you)? ……………………. people
105. How many children/adolescents are there in your household? …………………people under 18 years old
106. How would you describe your financial situation?

(1)__ Below average
(2)__ Average
(3)__ Above average
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107. How would you describe your household’s overall situation?

(1)__ We live very modestly – we do not have enough money for basic needs
(2)__ We live modestly – we have to be very careful with our daily budget
(3)__ We live normally - we have enough money for our daily needs, but we need to budget for bigger purchases
(4)__ We live relatively wealthy – we have enough money for our needs without particular budgeting
(5)__ We live very wealthy – we can afford some luxury
108. Do you work?

(1)__ No, I am retired or receiving a disability living allowance
(2)__ No, I am on maternity leave, I am unemployed or other (housewife/househusband)
(3)__ Yes, but it is only a temporary job
(4)__ Yes, I am permanently employed
(5)__ No, I study
109. What is you education?

(1)__ Primary
110. What is mother’s (or legal guardian) education?

(1)__ Primary
111. What is father’s (or legal guardian) education?

(1)__ Primary
Thank you very much for your time.
33
KomPAN The manual for developing of nutritional data from the KomPAN questionnaire
3. The manual for developing of nutritional data from the KomPAN

questionnaire
Authors: Lidia Wadolowska*, Beata Krusinska

Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
percentage share of authors: LW 50%, BK 50%
Translation into English: Aleksandra Bykowska-Derda

Correction of the English translation: Lidia Wadolowska, Beata Krusinska
How to cite: Wadolowska L., Krusinska B. The manual for developing nutritional data from the KomPAN
questionnaire. Chapter 3. (in:) Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire and the manual
for developing nutritional data. Ed. Gawecki J. The Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish
Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, 2017, 34-52. Available at: http://www.knozc.pan.pl/
3.1. Introduction
KomPAN questionnaire is an improved and expanded version of QEB questionnaire. KomPAN has been
developed in two versions, each with a different way of distribution – v.1.1 version administered by a
well-trained researcher-interviewer (i.e. interviewer administered questionnaire), and v.1.2 version self-
administered by the respondents. Both versions of KomPAN questionnaire v1.1, v1.2 are consisting of
the same questions, in the same order, and the way of developing nutritional data is the same.
The purpose of this manual is to:
 support the less experienced researchers,
 consolidate the work of many researchers and development of nationwide standardization.
The experienced interviewers will have their own ways of analysing the data and will be able to provide
new knowledge in this topic.
More information can be found in the "Methodological Guide to Nutrition Research" („Przewodnik
metodyczny badań sposobu żywienia”) by A. Gronowska-Senger in the chapter 4 titled "Principles for
calculating and interpreting results" ("Zasady obliczania i interpretacji wyników") (Wadolowska 2013), as
well as textbooks about statistical analysis.
Currently, the investigations concern the internal reliability (repeatability) of the KomPAN
questionnaire are provided. The results of this investigation are available at The Committee on the
Science of Nutrition of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Komitet Nauki o Zywieniu Czlowieka Polskiej
Akademii Nauk) website.
34
3.2. General information

KomPAN questionnaire consists of four parts, which have questions grouped by following topics:
A. Dietary habits,
B. Frequency of food consumption,
C. Nutrition beliefs,
D. Lifestyle and personal data.
The researcher can use any questions included in the questionnaire accordingly to the purpose of the
research and own interests. It is recommended, however, using the entire set of questions from all parts
of questionnaire. The researchers with reduced possibilities may use "the minimal set of questions",
which will ensure the basic scope of assessment of dietary habits and the frequency of food consumption.
The questions are presented below.
The minimal program of dietary data collection with the KomPAN questionnaire:
Part A: the question concerning the number of meals during the day: (no. 7),
Part A: the confirmation questions (no. 18-21),
Part B: the questions concerning frequency of food consumption which are components of:
 Healthy Diet Index (23, 25, 31‐33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43),
 Unhealthy Diet Index (22, 24, 26‐29, 34‐36, 44, 46, 51, 52, 54),
Part D: questions concerning lifestyle and respondent's personal data (all).
The complete set of questions from part A and B allows comprehensively characterize dietary habits
and food frequency consumption of each respondent.
Part C contains statements about food and nutrition with a very variable level of difficulty. The use of
all 25 questions from part C enables to differentiate respondents with unsatisfactory, satisfactory and
good nutrition knowledge. It is not recommended to use only chosen statements from this part. The
researchers, especially interested in the nutrition knowledge assessment, will find a wide set of questions
in "Test assessment of the nutrition knowledge GAROTA" (“Test do sprawdzania i oceny wiedzy
żywieniowej GAROTA”) (Gawecki et al 2012).
Part D concerns the lifestyle of respondents and their sociodemographic data. The data from this part
can be used to characterize the respondents and adjust the nutritional variables in statistical analysis.
3.3. Data coding

It is necessary to code the respondents. The easiest way to code them is to assign them the numbers
in the following order:
 by the number of carried out interviews (version v. 1.1 administered by the interviewer)
 by the number of filled out questionnaires (version v. 1.2 self-administered by the respondents).
Example 1
Respondent's code who was interviewed fortieth, will have the code 0040.
It is recommended to code (order numbers):

 the interviewer – this information can be used later on to review if the interviewer had any
influence on the results,
 the center, where the interview was performed - it is useful information if the interviews are
performed at multiple centers.
35
To make the data entry effective, it is needed to design a template in calculations sheet (for example
Excel) or statistical program (examples: SPSS, Statistica) and to develop the coding system. This is
especially required for the long text information (called etiquettes). The text information is coded by order
numbers.
In questionnaire, where the questions have only one choice of the answer, the answers have assigned
following code numbers: (1), (2), (3) etc. The template should include the code numbers instead the long
text information.
In the case of questions with a possibility to mark one or more answers, each answer should constitute
one new variable (creating new column in Excel sheet or Statistica software) with two choices of answers
(NO=1, YES=2). Such construction has for example question number 10.
Example 2
In the question number 10 the respondent showed three categories of food consumed between meals.
(10/1)X__ Fruit
(10/2)__ Vegetables
(10/3)__ Unsweetened drinks and dairy products, e.g. yoghurts, curd/cream cheese, milk
(10/4)__ Sweetened drinks and dairy puddings, e.g. fromage frais cheese, sweetened milk drinks
(10/5)X__ Sweet snacks, e.g. confectionary, biscuits, cakes, chocolate bars, cereal bars, wafers
(10/6)__ Salty snacks, e.g. crackers, pretzels, crisps, potato chips/French fries
(10/8)_X_ Other, please list ….......sandwiches, fruit crisps........................................
The answers should be coded by assigning number 1 to the answer NO and number 2 to the answer YES as
following:
(10/1): code=2
(10/2): code=1
(10/3): code=1
(10/4): code =1
(10/5): code=2
(10/6): code= 1
(10/7): code=1
(10/8): code=2
Questions with the possibility of adding text information (half open) can be used to widen the answer
sheet by the researcher, especially if the same answers repeat among the respondents or the research
was done on the group which consumes similar food, for example vegetarians or athletes.
Example 3
In the question 10 the answer 10/8 may be transformed into two answers:
 10/9 "sandwiches"
 10/10 "fruit crisps".
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3.4. Data verification

After coding the data, all variables (information) should be thoroughly checked in logical and
systematic way in order to remove the mistakes. More information on this topic can be found in the
chapter "The rules of calculation and interpretation the results" (Wadolowska 2013) and statistics
handbooks.
The questions 18-21 from part A of the KomPAN questionnaire (Dietary Habits) are "the check-up
questions" and are meant to verify the answers given by the respondent concerning the usual number of
meals eaten a day and usual frequency of consumption of selected products, which are usually
overestimated (fruits, vegetables) or underestimated (fast food). This is why it is always needed to:
 ask the question 18 and 19 if the question number 7 is used (number of meals during the day),
 ask the question 18 and 20 if the questions number 42 and 43 are used (fruits, vegetables),
 ask the question 18 and 21 if the question number 26 is used (fast food).
Attention: During the interview, the interviewer cannot remind the respondent what were the answers to the linked
questions (essential and verifying), because the idea of verifying the answers reliability will lose its purpose.
3.4.1. Verification of meal numbers

The table 1 presents verification scheme for the answer to question 7 concerning the number of meals
usually consumed during the day (given by the respondent).
Table 1. Evaluation of the answers reliability concerning the numbers of meals usually consumed during
the day (question no. 7)
Question no. 19 (verifying): The number of
meals in the typical day during last week
Question no. 7: Usual number of meals usually 1 2 3 4 5 or
consumed during the day more
1
2
3
4
5 or more
Explanations: Answers are compatible Answers are relatively compatible Answers are not compatible
Compatibility of the answers to the questions no. 7 and no. 19 (verifying) can be interpreted as follows:
 the respondent has well established dietary habits,
 the respondent gave a reliable dietary interview and the information on dietary habits collected
in part A can be interpreted with great confidence.
Recommended decision of the researcher: the respondent should remain in the database with great
certainty and should be included in the analysis of the results.
The relative compatibility of the answers to the questions no. 7 and no. 19 can be interpreted as following:
 the respondent does not have well established dietary habits or the last week was less typical for
his usual dietary habits,
 the respondent gave a relatively reliable dietary interview and the information on dietary habits
collected in part A can be interpreted with the limited confidence.
The researcher can make three alternative decisions:
1. leave the respondent in database and include in the result analysis with the respondents who
provided compatible answers,
37
2. leave the respondent in database and make a separate result analysis for respondents with
"relatively compatible" answers and "compatible" answers,
3. exclude the respondent from the database.
The recommended researcher's decision is option 2: leave the respondent in database and make a
separate result analysis.
No compatibility in answering questions no. 7 and no. 19 can be interpreted as follows:
 the respondent does not have established dietary habits and his dietary habits are characterised
by the high variability (day-to-day) or the last week was not typical for the respondent,
 the respondent gave an unreliable dietary interview and the dietary information collected in part
A can be interpreted with small confidence.
The researcher can make two alternative decisions:
1. leave the respondent in the database, but the data analysis performed separately for the "no
compatible", "relatively compatible" and "compatible" answers,
2. remove the respondent from the database.
In the case of lack of compatibility, there is no decision, which may be clearly recommended to the
researcher as the one the best. Every decision about the exclusion the respondent from the database
should be thoroughly discussed with other experienced researchers and individually made for each
respondent (case).
3.4.2. Verification of the frequency consumption of fruit, vegetable and fast

foods
To evaluate the reliability of the answers to questions no. 42 and 43 concerning usual frequency of fruit
and vegetable consumption, it is needed to calculate the total usual frequency of fruit and vegetable
consumption expressed as times/day, according to the following scheme:
Total usual frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption (times/day) =
0xcat(1)F + 0.06xcat(2)F + 0.14xcat(3)F + 0.5xcat(4)F + 1xcat(5)F + 2xcat(6)F + 0xcat(1)V +
0.06xcat(2)V + 0.14xcat(3)V + 0.5xcat(4)V + 1xcat(5)V + 2xcat(6)V
Legend: cat(no.) F – following categories of fruit frequency consumption
cat(no.) V – following categories of vegetable frequency consumption
The table 2 represents verification scheme for the answer to question 42 and 43 concerning usual
frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption.
Table 2. The evaluation of answers reliability concerning the usual frequency consumption of fruit and
vegetables (questions no. 42 and 43)
Question no. 20 (verifying): The frequency
of fruit and vegetables consumption on a
typical day last week
Questions no. 42 and 43: Usual frequency Not once Once Twice or
consumption of fruit and vegetables more
(times/day)
0-0.50
0.51-1.50
1.51-4.00
38
Compatibility of the answers to the questions no. 42 and 43 with no. 20 (verifying) can be interpreted as
follows:
 the respondent gave a reliable dietary interview and information concerning food frequency
consumption collected in the part B can be interpreted with great confidence, especially
regarding foods with a beneficial effect on health.
The relative compatibility of the answers to the questions no. 42, 43 and no. 20 can be interpreted as
follows:
 the respondent gave a relatively reliable dietary interview and the information on the frequency
of food consumption collected in part B can be interpreted with the limited confidence, especially
regarding foods with the beneficial effect on health.
1. leave the respondent in database and include in the results analysis with the respondents who
2. leave the respondent in database and make a separate results analysis for respondents with
separate results analysis for respondents with relatively compatible answers and compatible answers.
No compatibility in answering questions no. 42, 43 and 20 can be interpreted as follows:
 the respondent does not have established dietary habits and his dietary habits are characterised
by the high variability (day-to-day) or the last week was not typical for the respondent,
 the respondent gave unreliable dietary interview and the information on the frequency of food
consumption collected in part B can be interpreted with small confidence, especially regarding
foods with the beneficial effect on health.
researcher as the one work scheme. Every decision about the exclusion the respondent from the database
respondent (case).
Example 4
The respondent answered the question no. 42 concerning usual fruit frequency consumption gave the answer (5) –
"Once a day", and to the question 43 concerning usual frequency of vegetables consumption gave answer (6) – "Few
times a day".
In the verifying question no. 20, the respondent gave the answer "2 times/day".
Result: The total sum of usual frequency of consumption of fruit and vegetables (times/day) = 1+2=3 times/day
(included in the range: 1.51-4.00) and according to the scheme in table 2, it is consistent with the answer to the
verifying question (2 times/day).
Interpretation: The respondent answered reliably defined usual frequency of consumption of fruit and vegetables.
39
The table 3 presents the verification scheme of answers given by the respondent to the question no. 26
concerning the usual frequency of consumption of fast foods.
Table 3. The evaluation of answers reliability concerning the usual frequency of consumption of fast food
(questions no. 26)
Question no. 21 (verifying): The frequency of consumption of
fast foods in the typical day during last week
Question no. 26: Usual frequency of
consumption of fast foods Not once Once Twice or more
Never
1-3 times a month
Once a week
Few times a week
Once a day
Few times a day
Compatibility of the answers to the question no. 26 with no. 21 (verifying) can be interpreted as follows:
 the respondent gave a reliable dietary interview and information concerning food frequency
consumption collected in the part B can be interpreted with great confidence, especially
regarding foods with a not beneficial effect on health.
The relative compatibility of the answers to the questions no. 26 and no. 21 can be interpreted as follows:
 the respondent gave a relatively reliable dietary interview and the information on the frequency
of food consumption collected in part B can be interpreted with the limited confidence, especially
regarding foods with a not beneficial effect on health.
1. leave the respondent in database and include in the results analysis with the respondents who
2. leave the respondent in database and make a separate results analysis for respondents with
separate results analysis for respondents with relatively compatible answers and compatible answers.
No compatibility in answering questions no. 26 and 21 can be interpreted as the following:
 the respondent does not have established dietary habits and his nutrition is characterised by the
high variability (day-to-day) or the last week was not typical for the respondent,
 the respondent gave unreliable dietary interview and the information on the frequency of food
consumption collected in part B can be interpreted with small confidence, especially regarding
foods with a not beneficial effect on health.
40
researcher as the one work scheme. Every decision about the exclusion the respondent from the database
respondent (case).
3.4.3. Reliability of the respondent – initial evaluation

Initial evaluation of respondent's reliability should proceed the system evaluation, performed
according to particular rules described in the chapter 3.4.4.
The initial evaluation of respondent's reliability comes down to general and logical analysis of the
answers given by the respondent. During the interview the interviewer- researcher has a possibility to
observe the behaviour of the respondent and evaluate her involvement in the answering the questions.
This evaluation is subjective, however, it can be conclusive in the case, when there are existing other
problems, such as lack of multiple answers. Lack of answers to multiple questions is the main criterion of
initial evaluation respondent's reliability in the case of self-administered questionnaire.
The recommended decisions concerning initial evaluation of respondent's reliability are shown in the
table 4.
41
Table 4. The recommended decisions concerning initial evaluation of respondent's reliability

Criteria of the initial analysis of The decision concerning the
Decision justification
respondent’s reliability respondent
In the part A: Remove the respondent from  Impossible to verify the
 missing the answers to the database reliability of the
verifying questions (no. 18-21) respondent
In the part B-alternative: Remove the respondent from  Impossible to
 missing the answers to the database characterise the nutrition
questions needed to calculate of the respondent
the diet indexes (no. 23, 25, 31-
33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 22, 24,
26-29, 34-36, 44, 46, 51, 52, 54
 missing many answers
In the part C: Alternative:  Respondent is unsure of
 in at least 15 statements (60%)  leave the respondent in his nutrition knowledge
on the topic food and nutrition the database and interpret and /or not enough
(no. 55-79) the respondent the results with the limited involved
answered “hard to tell” confidence (recommended
decision)
 exclude the respondent
from the analysis
concerning knowledge on
food and nutrition
In the part D: Remove the respondent from  Impossible to classify the
Personal data missing, for database respondent into the
example: population group
 dates of birth (no. 100-102)
 dates of the interview (no. 4-6)
 gender (no. 99)
 place of living (no.103)
 education (no. 109-111)
In the part D: Alternative:  Significant restriction in
 missing much more answers  exclude the respondent respondent
then the ones shown above from database – characterisation
recommended decision,
 leave the respondent in
database and interpret the
results with limited
confidence
During the interview given by the Remove the respondent from  Respondent little
interviewer: database involved and/or not
 visible reluctance of the cooperating, what is
respondent to give the answer, undermining the
 the respondent gives the reliability of the answers
answer without a time to in the questionnaire
reflection.
Comment:
the conclusive criteria if there are
other problems, for example
missing many answers.
42
3.4.4. System evaluation of reliability of respondent

After verifying the answers provided by the respondent in reference to three dietary characteristics,
i.e. the usual number of meals consumed a day (question no.7), and usual frequency consumption of fruit
and vegetables (no. 42 and 43), and fast foods (no. 26), it is needed to make the final decision concerning
the reliability of the respondent. The recommendations are presented in table 5.
Table 5. Recommended decisions concerning the evaluation of respondent's reliability on the basis of
evaluation of reliability of three dietary characteristics* (questions no. 7, 26, 42, 43)
The results of answers compatibility Decision concerning the respondent
Answer compatibility for all 3 Leave the respondent in the database.
characteristics of nutrition
No compatibility between all 3 Exclude the respondent in the database.
characteristics of nutrition
Other cases Alternatively:
 leave the respondent in the database and interpret the
results with the limited confidence,
 leave the respondent in the database, but the data
analysis perform separately for respondents with
variable level of answer compatibility.
*The characteristics of nutrition include: number of meals (question no. 7), frequency consumption of fruit and
vegetables (questions no. 42 and 43), and fast foods (question no. 26)
3.5. Data conversion
3.5.1. Part A. Dietary habits

Data in this part have qualitative characteristics. Most of the questions have set a of answers
consisting of the many categories, which can be converted into a smaller number of new, more
integrated categories (table 6).
Table 6. Example of new category grouping in question no. 9
Frequency consumption New categories of frequency New categories of frequency
categories consumption (I) consumption (II)
Never Less often than once a week Less often than once a day
1-3 times a month
Once a week At least once a week
Few times a week
Once a day At least once a day
Few times a day
The questions, in which the interpreter is able to mark more than one answer (for example no. 10) can
be used to make a hierarchal list. The percentage of respondents calculated for each category should be
lined-up in decreasing/increasing order showing the most and least typical dietary habits. In the questions
with multiple answers to choose from, the percentage of the respondents in all the categories does not
sum up to 100% (can be higher).
43
Example 5
Table 7. The hierarchal list of food consumed between meals in the decreasing order based on the answers given by
the respondents
Food consumed between meals % of respondents*
Fruit 95
Sweet snacks, e.g. confectionary, biscuits, cakes, chocolate bars, cereal bars, wafers 77
Salty snacks, e.g. crackers, pretzels, crisps, potato chips/French fries 54
Sweetened drinks and dairy puddings, e.g. fromage frais cheese, sweetened milk 35
drinks, flavoured milk
Other products 28
Unsweetened drinks and dairy products, e.g. yoghurts, curd/cream cheese, milk 22
Nuts, almonds, seeds 16
Vegetables 9
* The respondents could give multiple answers
3.5.2. Part B. Frequency of food consumption
3.5.2.1. Basic rules of data conversion

Data in this part have a form of qualitative data, and the questions are "questions-range" with
increasing frequency of food consumption from "never" to "few times a day". Six original categories of
frequency of food consumption can be converted:
 into other categories by connecting them together, analogically as the case in table 6,
 into the "semiquantitative" data, which logically reflect the increasing characteristics (table 6) by
using:
o scoring, i.e. assigning to the categories of frequency of food consumption the integers,
o converting into real numbers and expressing the frequency of food consumption by times/day.
The converted categories can be analysed the same way as the real numerical data, however, such
data will not have a normal distribution. This requires using nonparametric tests or logarithm the data in
the statistical analysis (Wadolowska 2013).
To standardise the way of analysis and interpreting the results, it is recommended to use scores and/or
indicators of daily frequency expressed as times/day according to the example in table 8.
Table 8. Recommended scoring system for frequency of food consumption in KomPAN questionnaire
Frequency of food consumption Scoring for the frequency Daily frequency
categories categories (times/day)
Never 1 0
1-3 times a month 2 0.06
Once a week 3 0.14
Few times a week 4 0.5
Once a day 5 1
Few times a day 6 2
44
3.5.2.2. Diet quality indexes

In order to comprehensively evaluate the diet quality, on the basis of literature review (Brennan et al.
2010, Hu 2002, Kant and Graubard 2005, Kant 2010, Waijers et al. 2007, Wirfalt et al 2013, Wirt and
Collins 2009), two indexes have been proposed, one of which concentrates on food with potentially
beneficial effect on health, and the second one includes the food with potentially negative effect on
health:
 "Pro-Healthy Diet Index" (pHDI-10, Prohealthy-Diet-Index-10),
 "Non-Healthy Diet Index" (nHDI-14, Non-Healthy-Diet-Index-14).
The indexes have been calculated by summing of frequency of food consumption (times/day) of indicated
10 or 14 food groups (tables 9, 10). The experienced researchers can modify the structure of indexes
according to their own knowledge and science-based evidence.
Table 9. List of components of "Pro-Healthy Diet Index" (pHDI-10) with potentially beneficial effect on
health in the KomPAN questionnaire
Question no. "Pro-Healthy Diet Index" (pHDI-10) and its components in KomPAN questionnaire
23 wholemeal (brown) bread/bread rolls
25 buckwheat, oats, wholegrain pasta or other coarse-ground groats
31 milk (including flavoured milk, hot chocolate, latte)
32 fermented milk drinks, e.g. yoghurts, kefir (natural or flavoured)
33 fresh cheese curd products, e.g. cottage cheese, cream cheese, cheese-based
puddings
37 white meat, e.g. chicken, turkey, rabbit
38 fish
40 legumes-based foods, e.g. beans, peas, soybeans, lentils
42 fruit
43 vegetables
pHDI-10 = the sum of frequency of 10 food groups consumption (times/day; range 0-20)
Table 10. List of components of "Non-Healthy Diet Index" (nHDI-14) with potentially negative effect on
health in the KomPAN questionnaire
Question no. "Non-Healthy Diet Index" (nHDI-14) and its components in KomPAN questionnaire
22 white bread and bakery products, e.g. wheat bread, rye bread, wheat-rye bread, toast
bread, bread rolls
24 white rice, white pasta, fine-ground groats, e.g. semolina, couscous
26 fast foods, e.g. potato chips/French fries, hamburgers, pizza, hot-dogs
27 fried foods (e.g. meat or flour-based foods such as dumplings, pancakes etc.)
28 butter as a bread spread or as an addition to your meals/ for frying/ for baking etc.
29 lard as a bread spread, or as an addition to you meals/ for frying/ for baking etc.
34 cheese (including processed cheese, blue cheese)
35 cured meat, smoked sausages, hot-dogs
36 red meat, e.g. pork, beef, veal, lamb, game
44 sweets, e.g. confectionary, biscuits, cakes, chocolate bars, cereal bars, other
46 tinned (jar) meats
51 sweetened carbonated or still drinks such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Sprite, Fanta, lemonade
52 energy drinks such as Red Bull, Monster, Rockstar or other
54 alcoholic beverages
nHDI-14 = the sum of frequency of 14 food groups consumption (times/day; range 0-28)
45
In order to standardise the range of both indexes and simplifying its interpretation, it is recommended
to calculate the sum of frequency of food consumption (times/day) and its expression in scale from 0 to
100 points.
"Pro-Healthy Diet Index" (pHDI-10, in points) = (100/20) x the sum of frequency of 10 food groups
consumption (times/day)
"Non-Healthy Diet Index" (nHDI-14, in points) = (100/28) x the sum of frequency of 14 food groups
consumption (times/day)
The interpretation of indexes is intuitive – the higher the value of the index, the higher the intensity
of beneficial or harmful characteristics for health. The idea of interpreting is the same for indexes
expressed as cumulative times/day or in points. The proposed example of index interpretation is
presented in table 11.
Table 11. The proposed way of interpreting the "Pro-Healthy Diet Index" (pHDI-10) and "Non-Healthy
Diet Index" (nHDI-14) for KomPAN questionnaire
Range (times/day) Range (in points)
Intensity of dietary
"Pro-Healthy Diet "Non-Healthy Diet "Pro-Healthy Diet "Non-Healthy Diet
characteristics
Index" pHDI-10 Index" nHDI-14 Index" pHDI-10 Index" nHDI-14
Low 0-6.66 0-9.33 0-33 0-33
Medium 6.67-13.33 9.34-18.66 34-66 34-66
High 13.34-20 18.67-28 67-100 67-100
Example 6
In the questions concerning frequency of food consumption, the respondent showed the answers, which are shown
in the tables 12 and 13.
Table 12. The frequency of food consumption with potentially beneficial influence on health indicated by the
respondent in the KomPAN questionnaire
Question Chosen category of food Daily frequency
"Pro-Healthy Diet Index" and its components
no. frequency consumption (times/day)
23 wholemeal (brown) bread/bread rolls Once a week 0.14
25 buckwheat, oats, wholegrain pasta or other coarse- Never 0
ground groats
31 milk (including flavoured milk, hot chocolate, latte Few times a week 0.5
32 fermented milk drinks, e.g. yoghurts, kefir (natural or 1-3 times a month 0.06
flavoured)
33 fresh cheese curd products, e.g. cottage cheese, cream 1-3 times a month 0.06
cheese, cheese-based puddings
37 white meat, e.g. chicken, turkey, rabbit Few times a week 0.5
38 fish Once a week 0.14
40 legumes-based foods, e.g. beans, peas, soybeans, lentils Never 0
42 fruit Few times a day 2
43 vegetables Once a day 1
The sum of frequency of 10 food groups consumption (times/day) 4.4
"Pro-healthy Diet Index" = (100/20)x the sum of frequency of 10 food groups consumption (times/day)
"Pro-Healthy Diet Index" = (100/20)x 4.4 = 22 points (the amount is in range of 0-33 points)
or "Pro-Healthy Diet Index" = 4.4 times/day (the amount is in range of 0-6.66 times/day)
Result: Diet with low intensity of pro-healthy characteristics.
46
Table 13. The frequency of food consumption with potentially negative influence on health indicated by the
respondent in the KomPAN questionnaire
Question Chosen category of food Daily frequency
"Non-Healthy Diet Index" and its components
no. frequency consumption (times/day)
22 white bread and bakery products, e.g. wheat bread, rye Few times a day 2
bread, wheat-rye bread, toast bread, bread rolls
24 white rice, white pasta, fine-ground groats, e.g. Few times a week 0.5
semolina, couscous
26 fast foods, e.g. potato chips/French fries, hamburgers, Once a week 0.14
pizza, hot-dogs
27 fried foods (e.g. meat or flour-based foods such as Once a day 1
dumplings, pancakes etc.)
28 butter as a bread spread or as an addition to your Few times a day 2
meals/ for frying/ for baking etc.
29 lard as a bread spread, or as an addition to you meals/ 1-3 times a month 0.06
for frying/ for baking etc.
34 cheese (including processed cheese, blue cheese) Few times a week 0.5
35 cured meat, smoked sausages, hot-dogs Once a day 1
36 red meat, e.g. pork, beef, veal, lamb, game Few times a week 0.5
44 sweets, e.g. confectionary, biscuits, cakes, chocolate Few times a day 2
bars, cereal bars, other
46 tinned (jar) meats 1-3 times a month 0.06
51 sweetened carbonated or still drinks such as Coca-Cola, Few times a week 0.5
Pepsi, Sprite, Fanta, lemonade
52 energy drinks such as Red Bull, Monster, Rockstar or Never 0
other
54 alcoholic beverages Few times a week 0.5
The sum of frequency of 14 food groups consumption (times/day) 10.76
"Non-healthy Diet Index" = (100/28) x the sum of frequency of 14 food groups consumption (times/day)
"Non-Healthy Diet Index" = (100/28) x 10.76 = 38.4 points (the amount is in range of 34-66 points)
or "Non-Healthy Diet Index" = 10.76 times/day (the amount is in range of 9.34-18.66 times/day)
Result: Diet with medium intensity of non-healthy characteristics.
Interpretation: The respondent's diet is moderately unhealthy with poorly marked influence of protective nutrition
characteristics.
3.5.3. Part C. Nutrition beliefs

It is recommended to analyse all the statements from part C for each respondent. It is not advised to
interpret single statements from this set, because the statements have very variable level of difficulty.
The answers given by the respondent in part C require classification for correct and wrong as well as
recoding. The correct answers for the set of statements concerning food and nutrition knowledge is
included in table 14.
Table 14. Correct answers for the set of statements concerning food and nutrition knowledge (statements
55-79)
Correct
Statement Points
answer
55. It is enough to eat wholegrains/cereals once a day. False 1
56. Only children and adolescents should drink milk. False 1
57. Fruit and/or vegetables should be consumed with every meal. True 1
47
Correct
Statement Points
answer
58. Consumption of mouldy bread can result in food poisoning caused by Salmonella. False 1
59. High intakes of salt protect from hypertension. False 1
60. Limiting high-fat foods in everyday diet is protective against cardiovascular diseases. True 1
61. Frequent consumption of oily fish contributes to atherosclerosis. False 1
62. Frequent consumption of grilled meats contributes to the onset of cancer. True 1
63. Vegetarian diet increases the risk of anaemia. True 1
64. Bio-yoghurts contain beneficial gut bacteria. True 1
65. Vegetable oils and olive oil contain a high amount of cholesterol. False 1
66. Wholemeal bread have more fibre than white bread. True 1
67. Fruit and vegetables are a source of ‘empty calories’. False 1
68. Butter and fortified margarines have high content of vitamin A and D. True 1
69. Cheese is a better source of calcium than cottage cheese. True 1
70. Offal has high amounts of ‘bad’ cholesterol - LDL. False 1
71. In a healthy diet, complex carbohydrates should be replaced with simple sugars. False 1
72. In a balanced diet, proteins should be the main source of energy. False 1
73. Inadequate intakes of vitamin PP can cause skin inflammation and diarrhoea. True
74. Sun exposure increases the synthesis of vitamin D in the human body. True 1
75. Phosphorus is a component of neural tissue. True 1
76. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus in a healthy diet should be 1:1. True 1
77. Consumption of fruit with high content of vitamin C increases bioavailability of iron. True 1
78. Starting cooking vegetables in cold water helps to preserve the nutrients. False 1
79. Sweets and animal fats are particularly high nutrient dense foods. False 1
Tables 15 and 16 present suggestions of statement recoding and respondent grouping. The created
groups of respondents can be used in the further result analysis, for example to compare the nutrition
characteristics between respondents with different level of knowledge concerning food and nutrition.
Suggestion I:
All the statements, for every correct answer ("True" or "False") etiquette "Correct" should be assigned
and for each wrong answer ("True" or "False") etiquette "Wrong". It is possible to mark them with codes,
to facilitate the development of formulas during the result analysis. It is comfortable to use different
codes, example (11) and (22) to avoid mistakes and differentiate it from the original codes assigned in the
questionnaire, i.e. (1) and (2). The answer "Unsure" does not need recoding.
Recoded data can be used for grouping and distinction of the respondents, who for example, answered
for over half correctly (>12), gave over a half wrong answers or "Unsure" answers.
Table 15. Example of recoding (I) of the answers for the set of statements concerning food and nutrition
(statements 55-79) and proposed respondents grouping
Recoding (I) Respondents grouping (I)
Text etiquette Code* A. Respondents, who were "Correct" over 50% (>12)
"Correct" (11) B. Respondents, who were "Wrong" over 50% (>12)
"Wrong" (22) C. Respondents, who were "Unsure" over 50% (>12)
"Unsure" (3) D. Remaining respondents
* it is not necessary to assign the code, but it can be helpful in writing calculation formulas
48
Suggestion II:
All the statements should have 1 point assigned for every correct answer ("True" or "False") and 0 points
for the wrong answer or "Unsure" and then summarise the points. In this approach the evaluated and
interpreted are only the correct answers. Its benefit is a good power of differentiation of the respondents
into groups with a different level of nutrition knowledge.
Table 16. Example of recoding (II) of the answers for the set of statements concerning food and
nutrition (statements 55-79) and proposed respondents grouping
Recoding (II) Respondents grouping (II)
Text etiquette Points Nutrition knowledge level Total points
"Correct" 1 Insufficient 0-8
"Wrong" 0 Sufficient 9-16
"Unsure" 0 Good 17-25
Example 7
In the statements concerning food and nutrition the respondent marked the answers shown in the table 17.
Table 17. Answers to the statements concerning food and nutrition (statements 55-79) marked by the respondent
Statement Answer Points
55. It is enough to eat wholegrains/cereals once a day. False 1
56. Only children and adolescents should drink milk. True 0
57. Fruit and/or vegetables should be consumed with every meal. True 1
58. Consumption of mouldy bread can result in food poisoning caused by Salmonella. True 0
59. High intakes of salt protect from hypertension. False 1
60. Limiting high-fat foods in everyday diet is protective against cardiovascular diseases. Unsure 0
61. Frequent consumption of oily fish contributes to atherosclerosis. False 1
62. Frequent consumption of grilled meats contributes to the onset of cancer. True 1
63. Vegetarian diet increases the risk of anaemia. False 0
64. Bio-yoghurts contain beneficial gut bacteria. Unsure 0
65. Vegetable oils and olive oil contain a high amount of cholesterol. False 1
66. Wholemeal bread have more fibre than white bread. True 1
67. Fruit and vegetables are a source of ‘empty calories’. False 1
68. Butter and fortified margarines have high content of vitamin A and D. True 1
69. Cheese is a better source of calcium than cottage cheese. True 1
70. Offal has high amounts of ‘bad’ cholesterol - LDL. True 0
71. In a healthy diet, complex carbohydrates should be replaced with simple sugars. False 1
72. In a balanced diet, proteins should be the main source of energy. False 1
73. Inadequate intakes of vitamin PP can cause skin inflammation and diarrhoea. False 0
74. Sun exposure increases the synthesis of vitamin D in the human body. True 1
75. Phosphorus is a component of neural tissue. Unsure 0
76. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus in a healthy diet should be 1:1. Unsure 0
77. Consumption of fruit with high content of vitamin C increases bioavailability of iron. True 1
78. Starting cooking vegetables in cold water helps to preserve the nutrients. True 0
79. Sweets and animal fats are particularly high nutrient dense foods. False 1
The data has been developed according to the scheme presented in suggestion II.
Total number of points = 15 points (between range 9-16 points).
Result: The respondent has a sufficient nutrition knowledge.
49
3.5.4. Part D. Lifestyle and personal data

The date of the interview and date of birth of the respondents should be used to calculate metrical
age of the respondents. The age of adults can be calculated in the simplified way, with the accuracy to
the whole years, by subtracting the year of birth from the year of the interview. For the respondents
below age of 18, it is recommended to calculate the age with accuracy to the whole months. In this case,
the specific real number should be assigned to each month according to below scheme:
 January = 0.083
 February = 0.166
 March = 0.249
 April = 0.332
 May = 0.415
 June = 0.498
 July = 0.581
 August = 0.664
 September = 0.747
 October = 0.830
 November = 0.913
 December = 0.996
The next step is to make new variables coding the "year and month of the interview" as well as "year and
month of birth". The "accurate metric age" should be calculated, which will reflect the biological age
better than the full years age.
Example 8
Date of the interview: 20th January 2014
Date of birth of the respondent: 5th December 1997
Coding variable "year and month of the interview": 2014.083
Coding variable "year and month of birth": 1997.996
The metric age calculated from the full ages only: 2014-1997= 17 years old
The metric age calculated with months: 2014.083-1997.996= 16.087 years old
Questions no. 90 and 91 concerning physical activity can be analysed and interpreted:
 independently from each other, for example calculating % of respondents with low, medium, or
high physical activity:
o during work or at school (question no. 90),
o during free time (question no. 91),
 together, after joining two question categories into one criterion of physical activity –
recommended way shown in table 18.
Table 18. Recommended way of joining two categories of questions concerning physical activity (no. 90
and 91)
Physical activity at work or Physical activity in the free time (question 91)
at school (question 90) Low (1) Moderate (2) High (3)
Low (1) Low Low Moderate
Moderate (2) Low Moderate Moderate
High (3) Moderate Moderate High
It is recommended to take body mass, height and waist measurements of the respondents. The
declared by the respondents numbers can be collected if there is no possibility of taking a measurement.
The declared numbers by the respondents can be used to calculate anthropometric indicators, such as
BMI, WHtR:
50
 directly (without any modifications),

 after correction with regression formulas (picked accordingly to age and gender of the
respondent) in order to approximate to accurate values (measured) and decrease the bias – this
way is definitely recommended, if the measures were not performed.
Regression formulas to correct the body mass and height declared are shown below (Niedzwiedzka et
al. 2006, 2014).
Regression formulas for adolescents (Niedzwiedzka et al. 2006)

Boys age 13-20
Measured_body mass (kg) = 0.9839 x declared_body mass (kg) + 0.0861 x age (years) (±2.6455)
Measured_height (cm) = 0.9590 x declared_height (cm) + 0.1938 x age (years) + 3.8458 (±2.3951)
Girls age 13-20

Measured_body mass (kg) = 0.9740 x declared_body mass (kg) + 0.1210 x age (years) (±3.1251)
Measured_height (cm) = 0.9428 x declared_height (cm) + 9.4831 (±2.5405)
Regression formulas for elderly (Niedzwiedzka et al. 2014)

Men age 64-90
Measured_body mass (kg) = 0.9991 x declared_body mass (kg) (±3.639)
Measured_height (cm) = 0.9976 x declared_height (cm) (±3.5833)
Women age 64-94

Measured_body mass (kg) = 1.0166 x declared_body mass (kg) (±3.5631)
Measured_height (cm) = 31.4867+ 0.7874 x declared_height (cm) (±3.3778)
Thanks to Professor Jan Gawecki, dr Magdalena Czlapka-Matyasik, and Katarzyna Boradyn for important
suggestions during the development of this manual, and the students from Science Club in Dietetics at Poznan
Univeristy of Life Sciences, under care of dr Magdalena Czlapka-Matyasik, for its testing.
51
3.6. References
Brennan S.F., Cantwell M.M., Cardwell C.R. et al.: Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: a systematic
review and meta- analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2010, 91, 1294-1302.
Gawęcki J., Czarnocińska J., Kulczak M.: Test do sprawdzania i oceny wiedzy żywieniowej [Test for
checking and evaluating nutritional knowledge] „GAROTA”. UP Poznan 2012.
Hu F.B.: Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2002,
13, 3-9.
Jarosz M., Taraszewska A.: Nadwaga i otyłość oraz wybrane elementy stylu życia jako czynniki ryzyka GERD
[Overweight and obesity and chosen lifestyle factors as risk factors for GERD]. Postępy Nauk
Medycznych 2011, 9, 749-759.
Kant A.K. & Graubard B.I.: A comparison of three dietary pattern indexes for predicting biomarkers of diet
and disease. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 2005, 24, 294-303.
Kant A.K.: Dietary patterns: biomarkers and chronic disease risk. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 2010, 35,
199-206.
Niedźwiedzka E., Długosz A., Wądołowska L.: Validity of self-reported height and weight in elderly Poles.
Nutr. Res. Pract., 2014, 1-9.
Niedźwiedzka E., Wądołowska L., Słowińska M.A., Cichon R., Przybyłowicz K.: Selfreported and measured
values of body mass and height vs. evaluation of the nutritional status of youth. Pol. J. Environmental
Studies, 2006, 15, 5b, Part II, 716-722.
Wądołowska L.: Zasady obliczania i interpretacji wyników. Rozdz. 4 (w:) Przewodnik metodyczny badań
sposobu żywienia [Rules for calculating and interpreting results. Chapter 4 (in:) Methodical guide for
testing the diet.]. Ed. Gronowska-Senger A., The Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish Academy of
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uncategorised/89-przewodnik-metodyczny-badan sposobu-zywienia
Waijers P.M.C.M., Feskens E.J.M., Ocke´ M.C.: A critical review of pre-defined diet quality scores. Br. J.
Nutr., 2007, 97, 219-231.
Wątroba J.: Wspomaganie statystycznej analizy wyników badań empirycznych w Statistica 9. StatSoft
Polska 2009 http://www.statsoft.pl/czytelnia z dnia 10.10.2013
Wirfält E., Drake I., Wallström P.: What do review papers conclude about food and dietary patterns? Food.
Nutr. Res. 2013, 57, 20523 – doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v57i0.20523.
Wirt A. & Collins C.E.: Diet quality what is it and does it matter? Public. Health. Nutr. 2009, 12, 2473-2492.
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Technical Report · January 2018

Marzena Jeżewska-Zychowicz Lidia Wadolowska

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Grzegorz Galiński Wojciech Roszkowski

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Tocopherols View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Behavioural Nutrition Team

*Behavioural Nutrition Team, Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences

2Faculty of Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Poznan

3 Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

percentage share of authors:

Translation into English: Marta Lonnie

Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire

version 1.1. interviewer administered questionnaire

Information in boxes are for the interviewer

1.Respondent code |__ | __ | __ | __ | 2. Interviewer code | __ | __ | 3. Centre code | __ | __ |

Part A. Dietary habits

7. How many meals do you usually consume daily?

8. Do you consume meals at regular times?

9. How often do you snack between the meals?

Question for people who snack between meals

12. How do you usually have your meat prepared?

13. What bread spread do you usually use?

14. What type of fat do you usually use for frying?

17. What type of water do you usually drink?

18. What day of the week was it?

Part B. Food frequency consumption

23. How often to you eat wholemeal (brown) bread/bread rolls?

38. How often do you eat fish?

39. How often do you eat eggs?

42. How often do you eat fruit?

43. How often do you eat vegetables?

46. How often do you eat tinned (jar) meats?

48. How often do you drink fruit juices?

54. How often do you have alcoholic beverages?

Part C. Nutrition beliefs

True False Unsure

True False Unsure

Part D. Lifestyle and personal data

80. Are you currently following a diet?

Question to respondents who are following a diet.

81. Please provide the type of a diet ……………………………………………………………………………………

Question to respondents who are following a diet.

82. How long have you been following this diet?

Question for respondents who drink alcoholic beverages.

84. What type of alcohol do you usually drink?

85. Do you currently smoke cigarettes, pipe or other tobacco?

86. Have you smoked cigarettes, pipe or tobacco in the past?

87. How many hours do you sleep a day during weekdays?

93. How would you describe your knowledge about nutrition?

94. How would you describe your diet?

96. How much do you weigh (kg)? |__ | __ | __ |, __ | kg

97. What is your height (cm)? |__ | __ | __ |, __ | cm

98. What is your waistline (cm)? |__ | __ | __ |, __ | cm

103. What is your place of residence?

106. How would you describe your financial situation?

1.Respondent code | | | | | 2. Interviewer code | | | 3. Centre code | | |

96. How much do you weigh (kg)? | | | |, | kg

97. What is your height (cm)? | | | |, | cm

98. What is your waistline (cm)? | | | |, | cm

96. How much do you weigh (kg)? | | | |, | kg

97. What is your height (cm)? | | | |, | cm

98. What is your waistline (cm)? | | | |, | cm